فیروز محمودی

for senior high school students in the experimental sciences. Utilizing a descriptive content analysis, the research scrutinizes three volumes of biology textbooks published in 2018. The analytical framework employed is the Family Resemblance Approach by Erduran and Dagher. Textbook sentences were coded according to eleven categories of the Family Resemblance Approach, and data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and Shannon’s entropy. The findings reveal that out of 4,912 units of analysis, the Cognitive-Epistemic System (comprising aims and values, methods and methodological rules, practices, and knowledge) dominates with a frequency percentage of 97.49%. In contrast, the Social-Institutional System (including social certification and dissemination, professional activities, scientific ethos, and social values) accounts for 2.25%, and the Institutional Systems Aspect (encompassing political power structures, financial systems, and social organizations and interactions) constitutes a mere 0.24% of the analyzed units. Overall, the analysis indicates that high school biology textbooks predominantly emphasize the cognitive-epistemic components of science over the institutional-social aspects. The findings suggest that high school biology textbooks significantly prioritize the cognitive-epistemic components of science, potentially underrepresenting the social and institutional dimensions, which may impact students’ holistic understanding of the nature of science. Therefore, it is necessary to address other components of the nature of science in textbooks in a balanced manner.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how the Understanding by Design (UbD) curriculum affected the science achievement and problem-solving perception of sixth-grade students in science. The study took place in Shabestar city during the fall semester of the 2023-2024 academic year and involved 60 students who were randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group, with 30 students in each group. The students had similar scores on a pre-test of science knowledge. The data collection instruments were a teacher-made achievement test and a problem-solving perception questionnaire was designed by Heppner and Petersen (1982) using a 5-point Likert scale. The instruments had a split-half reliability coefficient of 87% and a Cronbach’s alpha of 85%, respectively. The experimental group received instruction using the UbD curriculum, while the control group followed the traditional curriculum. To analyze the collected data, descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution tables, minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation and inferential statistics such as univariate analysis of covariance) with SPSS 25 software were used.The results showed that the UbD curriculum significantly increased the students’ science achievement and problem-solving perception compared to the traditional curriculum. These findings indicate that the UbD curriculum is a more effective and engaging way of teaching science to sixth-grade students, as it fosters their understanding of the subject matter and their problem-solving perception. This study contributes to the growing body of evidence that supports the use of backward design and authentic assessment in science education.

The development and establishment of instructional technologies in instructional environments is not enough merely due to its benefits, but it must be accepted by users. Acceptance of technology refers to the apparent interest among a group to use information and communication technologies in order to perform the tasks that these technologies are designed to support. Acceptance of technology by people who use it is one of the influential factors on its success, results, and positive effects for organizations. If the potential users of the technology resist its use, the desired goals cannot be achieved. One of the new technologies that has emerged in the Iran's education due to the Corona pandemic is SHAD system, which was created in line with electronic instruction for elementary schools. Since teachers have a key role in the effective use of the SHAD system in education and their perceptions and attitudes towards technology influence their effective use in the teaching and learning process, it is necessary to investigate the acceptance of the SHAD system among elementary school teachers. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting on the acceptance of the SHAD system among lementary school teachers in Tabriz.

The research method was correlational-descriptive. The statistical population included all the elementary school teachers in the five districts of Tabriz; based on the Krejcie and Morgan table and using stratified random sampling, a total number of 343 people were included in the sample. Gardner & Amoroso’s technology acceptance questionnaire (2004) was used to collect the required data. To assess the diagnostic reliability of the factor loadings of the questionnaire items, Cronbach’s α, composite reliability (CR), and average variance extracted (AVE) were used. All questionnaire items were acceptable, well defined, and had a range of 0.66 to 0.95. Cronbach’s α for all constructs was above 0.7, indicating a very high reliability of the instrument and its sub-components. To assess the CR of each construct, the Dillon-Goldstein coefficient (ρc) was used. Since PLS uses the factor scores of the subjects for analysis unlike ordinary regression, it was necessary to consider the factor loadings of each item in calculating the validity index. Therefore, the acceptable values of ρc should be 0.7 or higher. To assess convergent validity, the AVE was used and the results showed that the construct of interest accounted for about 50 percent or more of the variance of its indicators. To assess the discriminant validity of the constructs, Fornell and Larcker (1981) suggest that the square root of the AVE of a construct should be greater than its correlation with other constructs. This indicated that the construct h a higher correlation with its own indicators than with other constructs. The results obtained showed that the indicators were valid for the constructs. All constructs showed adequate convergent validity, with AVE values above 0.5. All constructs showed satisfactory reliability, with CR and CA values above 0.7. "Structural Equation Modeling" was used to analyze the data.

 The results showed that the variables of perceived usefulness, attitude towards use, and voluntary use, unlike the variables of perceived ease of use and perceived complexity, had a significant relationship with the behavioral intention to use the SHAD system (acceptance of the SHAD system) and 69% of the variance of the behavioral intention to use the SHAD system was explained through these variables.

In order to increase the acceptance rate of the SHAD system among elementary school teachers, it is recommended that teachers be taught how to use the SHAD system correctly and appropriately by instructional technology experts so that they are convinced to use and accept this system. The user interface of the system should be prepared in such a way that even teachers with the the least knowledge of technology can easily use it. A 24-hour support by experienced experts in the field of using the SHAD system should be provided for teachers so that they can use their guidance when facing problems

Education and awareness is the first step to encourage students to use native search engines; But to convert this group into permanent users of these search engines, measures must be taken.

This research is applied in terms of its purpose and has been done with qualitative approach and exploratory case study method. The statistical population of the study is female students of the eighth grade of one of the schools in Tabriz city. Out of 108 students in the eighth grade, 16 students were selected through purposive sampling for this study. In this research, two steps were taken to collect data, the first step included holding an educational workshop to familiarize students with the Parsijoo search engine.

the preventive factors mentioned by the students are: The inadequacy of teachers, universality and extensive advertisement of foreign search engines, the shortcomings and weaknesses of the Parsijoo search engine, such as unsuccessful retrieval, problems with image retrieval, the inability to share photos and videos, the lack of a Gif section, and weaknesses in the translation service; Lack of awareness, including the unawareness of the existence of the Parsijoo software, unawareness of changing the browser's default search engine, unawareness of the difference between search engines, and the unawareness of the existence of a Parsijoo's custom plugin. The strategies students have made to solve these problems are divided into three parts: Improve performance and practice with user suggestions, including enhancements to the features of the translation service, the ability to share photos and videos, customize user feedback, improve performance in image retrieval, provide English version, and provide various software; Informing and notifying about the participation of schools in introducing, introducing by academics, introducing in textbooks; and extensive advertising that includes mouth-to-mouth advertising, advertising in the media and cyberspace, and holding a contest for users.

Parsijoo is a native search engine and in recovery, it focuses more on Persian documents and files, but users are only interested in using one search engine and expect the search engine they use to meet their needs in every way. Unsuccessful recoveries can lead to users' dissatisfaction with Parsijoo's performance. The Parsijoo application can be downloaded and used in different ways, the simplest and easiest way is the Parsijoo home page. This application named "mobile application" is placed on the first page of Parsijoo search engine, which users can easily download and use through their mobile phones. Unfortunately, users' lack of attention and lack of knowledge about this issue has caused them to consider the lack of an application as one of the problems of this search engine. Quick and easy access to the search engine is one of the things that is important for users; Because it speeds up the search. Users always want to do their search in the shortest time and get the desired result quickly. This can be achieved by setting the default search engine in browsers. Every user can do this on his computer through browser settings. Parsijoo search engine has explained the default method of placing Parsijoo in the browser to facilitate the work for users on its home page; But the lack of awareness of users about this issue has made them face problems in this field. The aim of most of the researches conducted in the field of search engines is to improve the services and performance of search engines in various aspects. Improving the performance of the "Parsijoo" search engine was the topic that the students proposed as a solution.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between technology literacy with the learning approach (learner-centered, teacher-centered) and the variety of teaching methods of teachers in Ashnoye city.

The research method is descriptive and correlational, and among the 112 middle school teachers, 88 people were considered as the statistical population, 78 people responded to the questionnaires on the approach to learning and technology literacy, and out of 2845 people from 341 secondary school students were considered as a statistical sample using Morgan's Kargesi table, and 339 of them completed the teaching method.

The results of this research showed that there is a significant relationship between technology literacy and learning approach in both learner-centered and teacher-centered components, and there is no significant relationship between technology literacy and teachers' teaching diversity.

According to the obtained results, it can be said that with the positive relationship between technology literacy and learner-centered and teacher-centered approaches, the level of technology literacy in teachers should be improved by holding workshops and training courses in person and online.

 Focusing on power is one of methods to analyse modern punishment. The kind of inference of power makes different analysis’s methods and results. Michel Foucault was one of thinkers that have considered power as relation between forces; and he use of Nietzsche’s method of genealogy for his analyse. Foucault believed that power is everywhere and have correlation relationship with knowledge, his analytic method about the complexity of power and modern disciplinary power and punishment is discourse of power and knowledge. Then, some questions had been mentioned by this method; from the concept of discourse to its usefulness in analysis modern punishment and its bounding or lasting at time. It will be tried in the current article that to answer the three mentioned questions with the analytical descriptive method. In result, it seems due to avoided of prevalent inferences of power, exaggeration in some of his genealogies and some of his unsaid, lead to Foucault' method be expired, but preventive look in the field of modern punishment and his implicit emphasis on such that, that is, punishment is something more than punishment, makes a way for his method to last.

The primary Purpose of this study is to explore the motivating factors behind students' utilization of the Iranian search engine "Parsijoo."

Employing a qualitative approach, this research utilized the phenomenological method. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews with a sample of 16 eighth-grade female students from public schools in Tabriz city, selected using purposeful snowball sampling until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data analysis was conducted using Glaser and Straus's coding method to ensure validity and reliability through frequent review and matching.

The study revealed that students are drawn to using the "Parsijoo" search engine due to its ability to retrieve various types of documents, excellent performance in service delivery, and alignment with national culture.

Students identified the extensive results provided by "Parsijoo," particularly in academic matters, as a key advantage. They also appreciated the engine's capability to efficiently retrieve all file types and present relevant outcomes. Furthermore, students highlighted the unique features and services offered by "Parsijoo" as contributing positively to their user experience.

Value: 

Promoting education and awareness is crucial in encouraging students to engage with native search engines. To foster lasting usage among this demographic, ongoing evaluations must be conducted on these platforms based on practical experiences, case studies, and user feedback. Conducting qualitative studies like the one presented here can offer valuable insights for enhancing the effectiveness and quality of native search engines.

The present study aimed to evaluate cultural values and tendencies in Iranian primary school textbooks. This study used a comparative, descriptive approach employing content analysis for data analysis. The study population consisted of five primary school “Gifts of Heaven” (Religious Instruction) textbooks, which were selected through targeted sampling and analyzed in full. Two lists were used to code the content of the textbooks, one for individualistic-collectivistic values and the other for cognitive tendencies. Individualistic and collectivistic values were found in the studied textbooks, with collectivism being more prevalent. Self-direction and tradition were the most frequent components of individualism and collectivism, respectively, while stimulation and benevolence were least frequent. The textbooks showed a balance between individualistic and collectivistic tendencies. Individualistic and collectivistic categories were similarly distributed across grade levels, with greater prominence in textbooks for grades three to six. Lower grade levels, especially second grade, had a higher prevalence of collectivist elements compared to higher grades when examining the cognitive tendencies in studied textbooks. The study provides insights on Iranian cultural values in education. Iranian "Gifts of Heaven" textbooks show a balanced representation of individualistic and collectivistic values. This balance is essential in promoting respect for different cultures among students and facilitating their understanding and appreciation of cultural diversity. The key recommendation is for Iranian curriculum planners to maintain a balanced perspective that avoids radical deviations towards any one value and to prioritize including educational materials that expose students to diverse cultural perspectives, resulting in a more inclusive and tolerant society.

The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of project-based curriculum elements, design and validation of its model with a qualitative approach and documentary research method, using qualitative content analysis and analytical-inferential method. To identify and extract curriculum themes, project-based curriculum documents and resources and the views of curriculum experts were used. The method of data analysis was description of the basics and theoretical analysis and inference. Themes for curriculum goals rely on improving thinking skills and creating lifelong learning and cultivating scientific and practical knowledge in line with students' real-life lives. In the field of content there was an emphasis on richness and activity-oriented and its integrated organization; in the section of teaching-learning strategies the use of research methods and group exploration and problem solving were emphasized. And finally, the use of continuous and diverse evaluation and process-oriented, multiple and performance-based methods in the evaluation section was considered by this model. The validity of the proposed model was evaluated and confirmed using the content validity ratio formula and the Lawshe table.

Social skills are developed through exposure to social environments and a part of the education process that is implicit and unteachable (hidden curriculum) available to learners. This study aimed to represent the formation process of social skills in primary school students with the focus on hidden curriculum.

Therefore, a semi-structured interview was conducted using a qualitative method based on the Foundation's data theory, using a targeted sampling of 15 elementary school teachers in Mahabad city, until the theoretical saturation of the data. Data analysis was also done by continuous comparison method, through open, central and selective coding in the form of 9 general categories and 23 sub-categories under Max Kyuda version 2020 software. The data pattern of the foundation in this study was depicted through the graphic model (outputs of Max Kyuda).

The final model in the form of contextual factors includes; family, school and peers, process factors including; interaction with the environment, skill learning, changing and modifying behavior and training methods and consequent factors; including desirable social skills and undesirable social skills were extracted and categorized based on the three elements of the Strauss and Corbin (2008) model.

The results showed that social skills in students is a multi-dimensional process that requires a comprehensive and multi-faceted look at the educational system in the form of open curricula with an emphasis on the hidden curriculum and its functions (structure of educational centers, social atmosphere and family).

The purpose of this study was to design a model of elementary school curriculum Designing based on the characteristics of the contexts, levels and elements of the curriculum in relation to the localization of the curriculum. The research approach was qualitative and included content analysis and synthesis research methods. According to the type of indicators, the statistical population of the study was variable in different questions.The first population included primary education experts and educational groups, 13 of whom were purposefully selected by special sampling, and their views and opinions were assessed through interviews. The second community was a textual community in which the documents and scientific texts of the last twenty years in the field of curriculum decentralization were examined, as well as a community of curriculum specialists, experts and primary school teachers, 19 of whom were purposeful and chain sampling Were selected and information was obtained through interviews and study and review of scientific content. In data analysis, conventional content analysis and content analysis of Gall et al. Research findings showed: The statistical population includes curriculum specialists, primary education experts and departments, elementary school teachers and scientific texts in the field of decentralization. Information was obtained through interviews and review of scientific content with the amount of different samples selected. In data analysis, the method of customary content analysis and content analysis of Gall et al. The research findings are: 1) components of change discourse, soft subject areas, systems thinking and organic empowerment have been identified as necessary contexts for the implementation of the liberalization approach. 2) The decision-making process has four levels (social, academic, institutional and educational) which is based on the participation of provincial, regional and school officials and the institutional level acts as a link between academic (theoretical) and educational (practical) decision-making levels and Its role has a special place in the theoretical-practical (quasi-practical) dimension. 3) According to Klein, the elements of the curriculum interact with each other in a network structure and, influenced by the theory of social constructivism, emphasize the design of learning environments.

University curricula should include courses and requirements that enhance graduates' skills and prepare them for the challenging job market. Experiential learning is very positive in this field and internships are increasingly considered an important curricular option. The purpose of the present research is to design the ideal model of internship curriculum for university technical-engineering fields based on the ten elements of Akar. The current research is practical in terms of purpose; In order to design the ideal model of the internship curriculum, the synthesis research method (thematic analysis of interviews and document study) has been used. The population and statistical sample includes professors of educational sciences, technical-engineering fields and scientific resources including books, articles and treatises related to research. The sampling method was criteria-based and documentary studies and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The method of data analysis is thematic analysis. According to the Akar curriculum design model, the logic of the technical-engineering internship curriculum will enable students to solve challenges and apply what they have learned. Acquiring qualifications and continuity and sustainability of students' job performance should be one of the goals of the internship curriculum. Internship curriculum evaluation should be done in the real environment, based on accurate criteria and by direct observation of students' performance. It is necessary for planners and employers to pay attention to the indicators specified in the internship program template in order to improve the efficiency of internship courses.

The study was conducted to explain the difference between the mean score of technological trust of students and the level of knowledge and skills of TPACK high school teachers in Ardabil. This study is quantitative in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection method and descriptive in terms of the nature of the research. This study included all teachers and high school students in Ardabil. The research tool was that two questionnaires were used to collect information, one from TPACK questionnaire and the other from technological trust questionnaire. Univariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the research hypothesis after combining the school type variable with TPACK knowledge and skills. Regarding the hypothesis of expressing the difference between the mean score of students 'technological trust, although the interaction between school and educational knowledge, school and educational content knowledge has a significant relationship with student's technological trust. From this research it can be concluded that by increasing the level of knowledge and skills of TPACK teachers can help improve the technological trust of students.

The current research was to investigate the amount of implemented curriculum to the dimensions of national identity from the high school teachers perspective. This research was a type of descriptive-survey and Statistical population of this research includes all male and female high school teachers in Naghdeh who teach the textbooks of history, geography, literature and educational science And taught social sciences in the first and second years of high school who were 140 people. Also, the Statistical sample of this research includes 103 number of male and female teachers who were selected coincidental and based on the Morgan table. the research data collection tools was a researcher made questionnair. In order to Statistically data analysing, indicators and descriptive and inferential statistic methods were used. Singular sample of T testing coefficient was used to data analysing. Generally, the research findings showed that the amount of the implemented curriculum is low in the content and objective. In addition, the results show that there is a significant difference between the perspective of the male and female teachers in the dimensions of national identity and the amount of the teachers attention to dimensions of national identity for male teachers is at the higher level.

Nowadays, simulation in nursing education is a constant component in preparing and improving the clinical performance of nurses and is part of the curriculum of most undergraduate nursing programs. The aim of this study was to design a curriculum model based on simulation in nursing education through synthesis research method.

This qualitative research with aim of identifying components of curriculum based on simulation using directed content analysis method has been done The inclusion criteria for this study included all valid scientific research related to the subject between 2007 and 2021. By regular searches in the databases of PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Eric, Springer, CINAHL, 230 identified studies and 80 studies for the final review was selected. The researcher-made worksheet form was used to collect, record and report the initial research information. Findings were analyzed using the seven-stage qualitative content analysis. To ensure the coding method, two evaluators were used to re-codify the findings and to confirm the reliability of the Cohen Kappa coefficient formula was used. In this study, the agreement between the evaluators was 0. 81 or 81%.

Based on the results, the logic of this curriculum includes increasing critical thinking, increasing self-esteem, increasing competence, increasing team, and group cooperation, increasing self-efficacy, increasing patient safety, and its goals include creating basic knowledge, acquiring diagnostic skills, assistance Transferring learning, reducing the gap between clinical environments and theory classes, helps to increase the attractiveness of education, which can be achieved through methods such as role-playing, collaborative learning, problem-based learning, and so on.

The results showed that the simulation-based curriculum could fill the gap between theory and practice in nursing education.

The aim of this study was to investigate the process of primary school teachers resistance to implementation of the formal curriculum. The approach of the present study was qualitative and the Grounded theory method was used in this research. The statistical population included primary school teachers in East Azerbaijan province. The process of sampling and selection of participants continued until data saturation was achieved and Finally, 18 elementary school teachers were selected using available sampling method. The results showed that "rational resistance" as a central phenomenon, "Lack of teacher empowerment, lack of student participation and lack of facilities in education" as background conditions, "Curriculum deviations, teacher personality, textbook deficiencies and teacher weakness" as causal conditions, "Teacher beliefs and cultural conditions" as intervening conditions, "Consequences of the curriculum and the self-actualization of teachers" as a consequence And "Educational Strategies, Paying Attention to Student Needs, and Curriculum Optimization" were identified as strategies.

The aim of this study was surevying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the Corona virus outbreak in higher education from the perspective of students of the faculty of educational sciences and psychology.

The present study was an applied one in terms of its purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of the nature of the research. The statistical population of the present study consisted of students of educational sciences and psychology of university of Tabriz; according to the statistics received from the university, therer were 882 students. The Krejcie and Morgan table was used to determine the statistical sample size, based on which 268 participants were included in the sample using the available sampling method. A 79-item researcher-made questionnaire was given to the participants to gather the required data. To this end, after studying the relevant sources and background and interviewing several professors and students, the questionnaire items were extracted and divided into four sections: strengths (S), weaknesses (W), and opportunities (O) and threats (T). The content and face validity of the questionnaire were confirmed drawing on the experts’ opinions, especially the supervisors and advisors. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The reliability of each of the four components of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats was higher than 0.9, which was considered as an excellent level of reliability. To analyze the data, the proposed SWOT methods of Hossein, Adnan and Hossein (2014) were used.

The results showed that considering the strengths, the item of informing higher education institutions of their virtual infrastructure deficiencies was ranked as the first with a percentage of normalized weight of 6.83; flexibility in training places with normalized weight percentage of 6.68 was put in the second place; the item related to facilitating access to the content with a percentage of normalized weight of 6.58 was in the third place. Considering the weaknesses, the impossibility of students’ access to the physical facilities of the university with a percentage of normalized weight of 5.35 was ranked as the first; the item of not being able to gain newer and different experiences that can only be acquired by attending universities was the second one with a normalized weight percentage of 5.29. third rank; moreover, lack of affective bonds among between the students and the instructirs was considered as the third item with a normalized weight percentage of 4.92. As regards the opportunities, the possibility of education for employees with a percentage of normalized weight of 5.71 was put in the first place; global learning opportunities for the new generation with a normalized weight percentage of 5.23 was ranked as the second item; the item related to creating integrated e-learning systems in the form of virtual learning environments with a percentage of normalized weight of 5.21 in was considered as the third item. With regard to the threats, the item of physical injuries (eye injury, backache, etc.) with a normalized weight percentage of 5.42 was ranked as the first one; The item related to the decrease of the relationship between the instructors and the students was the second one with a percentage of normalized weight of 5.26; and the item related to a decrease in the student-student interaction with a percentage of normalized weight of 5.21 was ranked as the third one. Finally, internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external (opportunities and threats) factors were examined and strategies related to strengths-opportunities (SO), strengths-threats (ST), weaknesses-opportunities (WO) and weaknesses-threats (WT) were presented.

According to the results, it is necessary to make the best use of the opportunities provided for e-learning and to develop e-learning infrastructure and expand the interactive learning environments to take advantage of the strengths and opportunities, in order to move education towards a growing and desired direction. In this regard, weaknesses and threats can be reduced by grouping students in accordance with the health protocols, utilizing project-based evaluations, as well as attracting financial resources to strengthen the required infrastructure.

The present article deals with the rise and hegemonic discourse of political Islam in competition with its rival discourses, i.e. constitutionalism, traditional religious discourse and Pahlaviism. For this purpose, from a historical-analytical point of view, it has studied the contexts, content and causes of the hegemonic discourse of political Islam during the years after the constitution until the victory of the Islamic Revolution. Through this review, it has also been tried to tell a story about the relationship between the Shia clergy and the government in the Pahlavi era and also examine the developments within the discourse of the Shia clergy. The current article has analyzed the hegemonic process of political Islam by using the discourse analysis method. Based on this historical-discursive review of political Islam by using the historical contexts of the conflict between the state and the nation, the inadequacy of rival discourses and radicalization and as a result the instability of the ruling discourse on the one hand and by using From the charismatic leadership of Imam Khomeini and the creation of a metaphorical atmosphere like the umbrella of the revolution, in which all the small discourses and political currents found their hopes objectified; Succeeded in becoming hegemonic and establishing a political system c. A. Iran became Shiite based on ideas and teachings.

The aim of this study was to investigate the main elements of the project-based curriculum in elementary school, design and validate its model with a qualitative approach and content analysis method. In order to identify and extract the subjects of the curriculum, the documents of the elementary curricula, project-based curriculum and the viewpoints of the specialists of the curriculum and elementary education were used. The method of data analysis was description of the basics and theoretical analysis and inference. Themes for Curriculum Objectives in this curriculum relies on improving thinking skills, creating lifelong learning, and cultivating scientific and practical knowledge in line with students' real-life lives. In the field of content on richness and activity-oriented and its integrated organization; In the section of teaching-learning strategies, the use of research methods and group exploration and problem solving was emphasized. The use of continuous and diverse evaluation and process-based, multiple and performance-based methods in the evaluation section was considered by this model. The validity of the proposed model was evaluated and confirmed using the content validity ratio formula and the Lawshe table.

Currently about the study of students and experts TPACK teachers of scientific schools Smart and normal and naturally talk about it and think separately about international opinions and using the knowledge of students and TPACK trained teachers and also TPACK trained teachers and also presented in Ardabil. In this research, using the knowledge and ability of TPACK teachers and its relationship with respect to student’s technological anxiety has been published.   The statistical population in this study included all teachers and high school students in Ardabil. Sampling in this study was done as a criterion. Thus, the total number of normal and smart schools considered for conducting the research was 16 schools. From the mentioned schools, 160 people were randomly selected to test the TPACK skills, and according to that, three students from each class of those schools were randomly selected to test the technological attitude of 480 people. The research tool was that a standard questionnaire based on TPACK and technological anxiety was used to collect information.   In the study and analysis of research hypotheses, analysis of variance was used to express the difference between the mean score of student’s technological anxiety and the level of knowledge and skills of teachers' TPACK, which was presented in the form of four hypotheses.  The results showed that knowing the factors of technological anxiety can help teachers to improve the curriculum and the effectiveness of teaching methods so that students are successful in their learning.

Digital Divide refers to inequality in information and communication technology (ICT) which refers to inequality between the people who have access to digital technology and information and those who have very limited access or no access at all. Considering the fact that the Iranian education has entered the field of providing instruction in Corona pandemic conditions without having the necessary preparations and planning, examining the digital divide and knowing how to implement the instruction in these circumstances can improve the quality of instruction in schools. Accordingly, the current study was conducted with the intention of evaluating the amount of digital divide in the second secondary school education of Tabriz city in the condition of COVID-19 pandemic and identify the factors affecting it.

The descriptive survey research was used. The study population included all teachers and students of second secondary school education of Tabriz city in the second semester of the academic year of 2019- 2020 who were randomly selected using cluster-random sampling method in three schools from each of the five educational districts and the 12th grade class from each school.  The data were collected using the questionnaires of Hosseini et al. (2013), Gregg (2016), Zarei Zavaraki and Salemian (2015). The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experts in this field. The reliability of the questionnaires was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for Hosseini et al. (2013), Grieg (2016), and Zarei Zavaraki and Salemian (2015) questionnaires which were calculated to be 0.796, 0.86, and 0.92, respectively. Multivariate Analysis of Variance, independent T-Test and Friedman Test were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that there is digital divide between the teachers of the five educational districts of Tabriz city only in the amount of access to ICT and the amount of the usage of computers during the day. However, there is a significant difference between students in five educational districts of Tabriz city in most dimensions of digital divide, access to ICT, the usage of computers during the day and the year, and the level of their skills in using ICT. Teachers, as compared to students, have more access to ICT in most educational districts of Tabriz, but students' attitudes, skills, and their usage of ICT is better than those of the teachers in most districts of Tabriz city. According to the results related to the effective factors on the digital divide from the perspective of the teachers, the shortage of technical, financial, and economic equipment, cultural, motivational- educational weakness, and the shortage of management and planning infrastructures have been identified as the most important and effective factors on creating the digital divide in second secondary school of Tabriz City.

According to the findings, the digital divide is evident in the second secondary school education of Tabriz city. It is essential that the Ministry of Education, in addition to equipping schools, sets up ICT centers in the disadvantaged areas for better access of teachers and students to ICT, as well as providing ICT-related skills training courses.

Simulation is one of the new learning methods in medical and nursing education that can lead to useful learning outcomes. This study aims to explain the lived experiences of senior nursing students about education in simulated learning environments.

Simulation is one of the new learning methods in medical and nursing education that can lead to useful learning outcomes. This study aims to explain the lived experiences of senior nursing students about education in simulated learning environments.

This qualitative research was based on the phenomenological approach. To collect data, senior nursing students of both genders were purposefully selected and surveyed using in-depth and semi-structured interviews lasting from 40 to 60 min. The interviews continued until theoretical saturation after 15 interviews with the participants. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step method. Data reliability and validity were assessed using the reliability criteria proposed by Lincoln and Guba (1985).

In this study, the main themes include learning, support and technical factors, human factors, and advantages. As a new learning method, simulation encounters support, technical, and human barriers that can be overcome to achieve goals such as learning clinical skills, clinical judgment skills, increasing critical thinking, and improving patient safety.

Simulation is one of the methods that can develop and improve students' basic skills and help in deepening their learning. Nursing schools can provide the necessary provisions and facilities to improve the quality of curricula by expanding and integrating simulations into nursing curricula.

The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of problem-based learning on East Azerbaijan Payame Noor University (PNU) students cognitive load (CL) and educational achievement in advanced accounting II classroom. The method is a semi empirical research with pretest-posttest comparison-group designs. The statistical population consists of PNU accounting bachelor students. Two samples selected and putted in test and control groups via targeted sampling so that each one of them had 12 people. Test group exposed to problem-based learning and control group were trained by lecture-based method and then CL scores was obtained via standard questionnaire and with semester end marks was examined by MANCOVA method. Findings show that MANCOVA test was statistically significant (F=7.895 & P=0.004) and thus there is difference between two groups and so on at the ANCOVA tests there was no significant difference between two groups in cognitive loading (F=2.308 & P=0.147). Other finding show that there is significant difference between two groups in educational achievement (F=16.450 & P=0.001). Since the averages of educational achievement in test group are more than control group it shows that the problem-based learning has effective role in students learning. Considering the improvement in professional competencies and lifelong learning that PBL contains and other curriculums lacking such elements, it’s necessary to get more attention on it at accounting curriculum.

In-Service Training is a way of upgrading teachers’ skills and knowledge for improving teaching and learning which may lead to a better job performance. In order to reach this, affective participation of teachers is needed. The current qualitative study was conducted with a grounded theory approach on 28 teachers of the primary schools of Tehran city through targeted sampling and data saturation. The data collection method was carried out through a semi-structured interview and was analyzed using Strauss and Corbin (2008) method. Findings in the contextual conditions include: in-service course subject, in-service teacher, teachers’ need to in-service education, teachers’ economic situation, teachers’ social status, bonus, delivery mode, time and teachers' family Status. The strategies used by teachers who participated in this research were: Reaction to the legal requirement, motivational factors, self-regulation and results were teachers’ change of view, effectiveness of in-service training and self-esteem.

The aim of this study was to design a STEM project-based curriculum model in primary school based on synthesis method. The statistical population included all valid scientific researches related to the subject that by regular searches in databases and based on inclusion and exclusion criteria 67 researches were selected for final review. A researcher-designed worksheet form was used to collect, record and report the initial research data. Findings were analyzed using Hurd (1983) seven-step model and open and axial coding method. To confirm the reliability, the Cohen's kappa coefficient formula was used, which was 79% of the agreement between the evaluators. Research findings show that the STEM project-based curriculum is a student-centered curriculum that defines a completely different role from the traditional curriculum elements in all curriculum elements.