قاسم عبداللهی بقرآبادی

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment approach based on self-compassion on psychological well-being and flexibility. The research design was a semi-experimental pre-test and post-test type with a control group. Statistical population included 150 girls and boys in 13 to 18 ages from the Tunkabon, Tehran, and Qazvin cities, who entered the study by online invitation. Research sample included 15 in experimental group and 15 in control group that selected through the purposive sampling. Instruments encompassed Ryff psychological well-being and Bond and et al acceptance and action questionnaire-II for psychological flexibility that completed before and after intervention in pre-test and post-test. The intervention program acceptance and commitment therapy based self-compassion was implemented in eight online 90 minutes’ sessions and control group was also placed on the waiting list.  Multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance were used to analyze of data. The results showed that the approach of acceptance and commitment based on self-compassion has been significantly effective in increasing psychological well-being and psychological flexibility. Therefore, given these findings, this approach is appropriate intervention for psychological well-being and psychological flexibility in Adolescent’s life situations.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Gestalt play therapy on aggression and test anxiety of elementary school students with specific learning disabilities. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test & post-test design and a follow-up period of one month. The statistical population included all elementary school girls (first period) with specific learning disabilities in reading and writing who were studying in Kashan City in the academic year 1402-1401. The sampling method was purposeful. In this way, 30 female elementary school students with choice disorder were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people each). The tools used included the Nelson & Finch Children`s Inventory of Anger (CHIA), (2000) and the Abolghasemi et al test anxiety scale (TAI), (2015). The experimental group was treated in 10 sessions of 45 minutes twice a week and in three groups of five people, they were treated with a play therapy educational package based on the Gestalt method of Violet Oaklander (1997). The collected data were analyzed by repeated measure analysis of variance. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the averages in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages (p≤0.001), while no significant difference was observed between the averages in the post-test and follow-up stages, which indicates the stability of the effectiveness of the intervention. Therefore, using gestalt play therapy can be effective in reducing aggression and test anxiety of students with special learning disorders.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of mindful self-compassion training on rumination and social anxiety of mothers with autistic children. The current research was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test, post-test, and control group with a one-month follow-up. The statistical population of this research included mothers with autistic children who were referred to Anwar Aftab Kotsar Jamil Rehabilitation Center in Qom City in 1400. 30 mothers who met the criteria to enter the research (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group) were selected by purposive sampling. Mindful self-compassion training sessions were held for the experimental group for 8 sessions, once a week, and the control group was placed on the waiting list for training. The tools used included Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (1987, LSAS) and Nolen Hoeksma and Marlow's Ruminative Responses Scale (1993, RRS). The collected data were analyzed by repeated measure analysis of variance. The results showed that mindful self-compassion training is effective in reducing rumination and social anxiety of mothers with autistic children (P <0.05). Also, mindful self-compassion training has continued to reduce rumination and social anxiety of mothers with autistic children in the follow-up phase (P <0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the training in mindful self-compassion program has been effective in reducing rumination and social anxiety of mothers with autistic children.

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment based therapy on psychological well-being and social anxiety caused by Covid-19 in female high school students in Isfahan.

This research is semi-experimental in nature with the experimental and control groups by pre-test, post-test and one-month follow-up. The statistical population of this study includes high school girls in Isfahan in the second half of 1399. 30 people were selected as a sample and were replaced in two experimental groups and a control group. Each group consisted of 15 people, who eventually remained in the experimental group of 12 people. Available sampling method was used for sampling. Available sampling method was used for sampling. Then, the students were randomly divided into experimental and control groups and answered the psychological well-being and social anxiety questionnaires of adolescents before and after 8 treatment sessions. The Reef Questionnaire (1989) was used for psychological well-being and the Social Anxiety Questionnaire (SAS-A) was used for social anxiety. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software version 24 and repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results of data analysis showed that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment is significant on psychological well-being and social anxiety caused by covid-19 at the level of (p<0.001).

The results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy has a positive effect on increasing psychological well-being and reducing social anxiety caused by Covid 19.

The aim of the present study was to determine the Effectiveness of Mindful Self-compassion Training with Focus on Islamic-Iranian Life Style on the Modification of early maladaptive schema of Mothers of Children with Autism.This was a quasi-experimental study. The statistical population of the study was all mothers of children with autism who were registered in the Autism Association of Kashan in 2019. The statistical sample included 24 mothers who that purposeful sampling method to participate in the study. They were randomly assigned into two groups (12 mothers in the experimental group and 12 mothers in the control group). The experimental group participated in the training for 8 sessions and the control group was placed on a waiting list for training. To assess the early maladaptive schema, the Young questionnaire was used. To analysis the data Analysis of the variance with repeated measures was used. The results showed that Mindful Self-compassion with focus on Islamic-Iranian life style training had a significant impact in modulating the early maladaptive schema in mothers of children with Autism (p≤ 0/001). Therefore, it is concluded that the program training was effective in Modification of early maladaptive schema of mothers with autistic children.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness Mindful Self-compassion with focus on Islamic-Iranian life style program training on family functioning of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder.

The present study is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test and three-month follow-up. The population consisted of all mothers of children with autism referred to Kashan Autism Association in 2019 year. The sample consisted of 24 mothers of children with autism which were recruited through Targeted sampling. The sample were randomly assigned into two groups each of them 12 mothers as the experimental group and 12 mothers as the control group. The experimental group trained for 8 sessions in the field of Mindful Self-compassion with focus on Islamic-Iranian life style and the control group was put on the waiting list for a shorter version of the intervention. To measure the family functioning in mothers 60-FAD McMaster scale was used and descriptive statistics and analysis of Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data.

The results of the data analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that Mindful Self-compassion with focus on Islamic-Iranian life style training had a significant impact in Improve family functioning in mothers of children with Autism (p≤ 0/001).

Therefore, according to the results of the findings, The present program in Improve family functioning in mothers of children with Autism has been effective

 Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental conditions, i.e., characterized by impairments in domains, such as social interaction and communication across multiple contexts as well as the presence of repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. ASD imposes high stress on parents or caregivers. The stress negatively impacts parents’ Quality of Life (QoL) and coping styles, and disrupts their daily and social functioning. Findings indicate that caregivers, especially the mothers of children with autism, experience a poor QoL. Considering the effects of caregiving for a child with ASD on the family members and particularly parents and their QoL, it is essential to provide a solution to improve their QoL. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of mindful self–compassion training with a focus on the Islamic–Iranian lifestyle on the QoL of the mothers of children with ASD.

 This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and three–month follow–up and a control group design. The statistical population of the study was all the mothers of children with ASD who were registered in the Autism Association of Kashan City, Iran, in 2019. The statistical sample included 24 mothers who volunteered to participate in the current study. They were divided into two groups of test and control (n=12/group). The inclusion criteria for the mothers were holding high school diploma or higher degrees, being married, not being pregnant, not having respiratory and cardiovascular diseases (according to their medical records), not receiving any psychological or psychiatric treatments (according to their medical and psychological records), and scoring ≤50 in the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL–BREF) (1996). Absence in two training sessions and not performing homework assignments were the exclusion criteria for the mothers. To develop a mindful self–compassion program focused on Islamic–Iranian lifestyle, based on the theoretical framework of cognitive–behavioral approach and Islamic teachings, the material was firstly extracted from works of Kabat–Zinn on mindfulness (2003), Neff and Germer on self–compassion (2013), Germer and Neff mindful self–compassion (2020), Gilbert and Procter on the compassionate mind (2006), Kalhori et al.’s mindfulness–based on Islamic–Iranian Teachings (2020), as well as the Islamic sources and texts, the Holy Quran, Nahj al–Balaghah, Bihar al–Anwar, Mizan al–Hikmah, Ghurar al–Hikam, the Masnavi by Rumi, the Divan by Hafez, and Saadi’s Divan. Subsequently, they were organized using the content analysis method and the content and tasks of each session were designed under the supervision of the advisors of this research. To evaluate the content validity, the program was presented to 9 specialists (6 clinical, general, & exceptional children’s psychologists with the academic rank of professor and assistant professor and >10 years of clinical experience, 2 specialist in theology, religions, and mysticism with the academic rank of assistant professor, and 1 Persian literature expert with the academic rank of an assistant professor). After obtaining the opinions of experts and applying them, to quantify the content validity of the program, the Content Validity Ratio (CVR), proposed by Lawshe (1975) and Waltz and Bausell’s Content Validity Index (CVI) (1983) were used per session. The CVR and CVI amounts were approved at 0.78 and 0.88, respectively. The program was first applied to a preliminary single–group study, consisting of 5 mothers of children with ASD, and a poor QoL; then, it was prepared for the final implementation. To measure the explored mothers’ QoL, the WHOQOL–BREF, a short version of QoL, i.e., developed by the World Health Organization was used in the pretest, posttest, and follow–up stages of this study. The experimental group received an 8–session training, one session per week, and each session lasted two and a half hours; the training was performed by the first researcher and the control group remained on a waiting list for training. A 15–minute break was included in all sessions. First, the obtained data were analyzed by descriptive statistical measures, such as mean and standard deviation. The collected data were also analyzed by Studentchr('39')s t–test, Bonferroni test, Chi–squared test, and repeated–measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in SPSS. The significance level of statistical tests was α=0.05.

 The repeated–measures ANOVA results for the QoL components indicated that in physical health, mental health, and social relationships, group factor (p<0.001), time factor (p<0.001), and time and group relation (p<0.001) was significant. In environment health, group factor (p=0.440), time factor (p=0.875), and time and group relation (p=0.071) were not significant. The results of Bonferroni post–hoc test suggested a significant difference between the mean scores of physical health, mental health, and social relationships in the pretest and posttest stages (p≤0.001), also in the pretest and follow–up stages (p≤0,001); however, no significant difference was found between the mean scores in the posttest and follow–up stages. Plus, there was no significant difference between the mean values of environment health, in the pretest and posttest stages (p=0.077), as well as the pretest and follow–up stages (p=0.091).

 The present research findings revealed that the mindful self–compassion with a focus on Islamic–Iranian lifestyle program training was effective in improving the QoL of mothers of children with ASD. Therefore, educational and medical centers can use this training to improve the individual and social functions of the parents and caregivers of children with ASD or other developmental disorders.

This study aims to predict subjective well-being based on psychological capital in female nursing students. The design of the study was descriptive – correlation. The statistical population comprised female nursing students of  Kashan University of Medical Sciences in the 1395 year. The research sample consisted of 89nursing female students that were selected by the Systematic randomized sampling method. Luthans psychological capital questionnaire and Diener subjective well-being questionnaire was used to measure variables. The results showed that the hypothesis of this study is significant at the 99% level of confidence. It concluded that psychological capital could predict subjective well-being in female nursing students.

This study aimed to predict positive psychological states based on parenting styles among the female students of Payame- Noor University of Aran &Bidguol. The design of the study was descriptive – correlation. The statistical population comprised single female students of Payame- Noor University of Aran&Bidguol. The research sample consisted of 200 students and mothers that were recruited through the systematic randomized sampling method. Parenting styles Baumrind (1991) Assessment Scale and Positive Psychological States Rajae (2011) Scale were used to collect study data. The results showed that positive psychological states of female students were predictable based on parental parenting styles. The research hypothesis of this study was significant at the 95% level of confidence. It was concluded that there was a significant positive correlation between authoritative parenting styles and positive psychological states while the relationship between authoritarian parenting styles and positive mental states was opposite and contrary.

The present study aimed at an investigation of the effectiveness of the mindfulness training on test anxiety in Kashan guidance grade boy students. The present study is experimental with pre-test – post-test with the control group. The statistical population of the present study includes all of the guidance grade boy students in the academic years of 1394 in Kashan among whom 40 subjects were, randomly selected in sampling methods. The measurement instruments in the present study were of test anxiety questionnaire of Spielberger. Questionnaire pre-test, post-test, and follow-up were used. Statistical analysis of covariance showed that the hypothesis of the present study was based on a 99% level of confidence is significant. It is concluded that mindfulness training is effective in reducing anxiety.

The Purpose of the present research was to examine the effectiveness of sandplay therapy on reducing the symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder . The study population consisted of all children 7 to 9 years with ODD from Omid Asr Rehabilitationat 2015. Sampling method was purposeful and 24 children with ODD that have selected (12 children experimental group and 12 control group). This is a quasi– experimental study with a pretest /post-test experimental and control group. In this study to experimental group sandplay theray administered in 10 sessions and the control group not received treatment in this field. Instrument for the diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder was CSI.4 questionnaire were used. Results showed that sandplay therapy were effective in reducing symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder . Then, sandplay therapy is a useful intervention for reduction of symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder.

The aim of this study is to predict life satisfaction of parents of children with autism: With self-compassion intermediary.
This research is descriptive and correlational. Statistical sample of present study consisted of all parents of autistic children admitted to the center Omid-Asr in 2016, which is 48- parents of the children 4-12 year-old , 38 mothers and 10 fathers accessible for sampling were selected as a sample group. The measure of life satisfaction Diener and self-compassion Neff questionnaires was used.
Data analysis showed that the hypothesis 0/95 level of confidence is significant. Therefore is self-compassion predictor of life satisfaction for parents of autistic children

Choosing a strategy to control anxiety, stress and depression in mothers of children with Autism is crucial. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of training programs based on self-compassion on anxiety, stress and depression in mothers of children with Autism. A quasi-experimental research design of pre-test - post-test and follow-up was used to answer the research questions in this study. The population consisted of all mothers of children with autism referred to Omid-Asr center in Tehran in 1395. The sample consisted of 24 mothers of level one children with autism which were recruited through a convenient method of sampling. The sample were randomly assigned into two groups each of them 12 mothers as the experimental group and 12 mothers as the control group. The experimental group trained for 8 sessions in the field of self-compassion and the control group was put on the waiting list for a shorter version of the intervention. To measure the level of anxiety, stress and depression in mothers 21-DASS scale was used and descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results of the data analysis of covariance analysis showed that self-compassion training had a significant impact in reducing anxiety, stress and depression in mothers of children with Autism (p≤ 0/001). Therefore, according to the results of the findings, self-compassion training as psychological intervention strategy in reducing anxiety, stress and depression in mothers of children with Autism has been effective

The Purpose of the present research was to examine the effectiveness of communication skills training on aggression in children with ADHD. The study population consisted of all children 9 to 12 years with ADHD from Omid Asr Rehabilitationat 2014. Sampling method was purposeful and 24 children with ADHD that have aggression selected (12 children experimental group and 12 control group). This is a quasi– experimental study with a pretest /post-test experimental and control group. In this study to experimental group communication skills training administered in 10 sessions and the control group not received training in this field. Instrument for the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was CSI.4 questionnaire and for aggression measured by parent form (CBCL) Achenbach were used. Results showed that Communication skills training were effective in reducing aggression in children with ADHD.Then, Communication skills’ training is a useful intervention for reduction of comorbidities with ADHD.

Adolescents with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are vulnerable in behavioral, emotional, social and academic domain problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness therapy on symptoms of ADHD in Adolescents. Quasi-experimental method of pre-test, post-test and follow up were used for experimental and control groups. Statistical population was all of 14-17 years of adolescents with ADHD who referred to Omid Asar Clinic in 2015. Participant (28N) adolescents were selected by convenience sampling and assigned in experimental (n= 14) and control (n=14) groups randomly. The Instrument was Conner’s parent rating scales. Experimental group received 8 sessions of mindfulness therapy and control group stand in waiting list. Data were analyzed by the use of covariance analysis. Results showed, mindfulness therapy was effective on hyperactivity, attention deficit and impulsivity. Findings indicated mindfulness therapy as a new psychotherapy were effective and proper to hyperactivity, attention deficit, and impulsivity symptoms in adolescents.

The aim of this study was to predict cognitive flexibility based on meta-­worry, anxiety, duration and dose of methadone use.
The current research was a descriptive-correlational one. The statistical population of this study included all male drug-dependents who were under methadone treatment in Qazvin in 2016. From among this population, 254 participants were selected via purposive sampling method and completed Wells's Meta-Worry Questionnaire (2005), Beck Anxiety Inventory (1988), and Dennis and Vander Wal's Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (2010).
The results of step-wise multivariate regression method showed that meta-­worry and anxiety significantly predicted cognitive flexibility in men under methadone treatment (p 0/05).
It can be concluded that meta-worry and anxiety have a negative significant correlation with cognitive flexibility. In this way, the high levels of meta-worry anxiety lead to low cognitive flexibility. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on metacognitive components for achieving high cognitive flexibility; in addition drug addicts under methadone maintenance treatment are recommended to use metacognitive therapy.

The Purpose of the present research was to examine the effectiveness of Lego Therapy on social skills in children with Autism. The study population consisted of all boy children 6 to 12 years with Autism from OMID-ASR Clinic 2015. Sampling method was purposeful and 20 children with Autism selected (10 children experimental group and 10 control group). This is a quasi– experimental study with a pretest /post-test experimental and control group. In this study to experimental group Lego Therapy administered in 12 sessions and the control group not received training in this field. Instrument for the diagnosis of Autism disorder was DSM.5 and for social skills measured by Stone questionnaire were used. Results showed that Lego Therapy were effective in increasing social skills in children with Autism.Then, Lego Therapy is a useful intervention for increase of social skills with Autism.

Some studies showed effects of therapies on behavioral disorder in children that focus on modification in children and neglect therapies base on education parent’s then, present study investigated the effect of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) base on Parental training on Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Research design was semi experimental pre- test post- test design. parents who had a children with ODD (age 8 - 10) that diagnosis with clinical interview, DSM-5 criteria and Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) parents reports form participated in the study (10 experimental and 10 control group). Clinical protocol from first session to final session (nine weeks) administered by parents training at home. Analysis of Covariance was data analysis method. Results showed that significant differences between experimental and control group on symptoms ODD. There was a significant decrease in the symptoms of ODD in experimental, and then CBT base on parent training was useful for ODD treatments.

The current study investigated the impact of Sandplay therapy on reduction of aggression among students with deafness (age ranged 8 to 11age) in Tehran.The quasi experimental design was chosen by means of a pre and post tests using a control group. In the present study both descriptive (distribution tables and graphs, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (analysis of Covariance) were used to fulfill the considered aims and objectives. A convenience sample was recruited from “Emam Jafar Sadegh” elementary school for deaf and hard of hearing schools in Tehran. The sample was randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (N=12 in each group). The Achenbach system of Emprically based Assessment for Aggression measuring, Teacher's report form (TRF) has been implemented as pre-test and post-test for both experimental (group with high aggression) and control (group with low aggression) groups.comparisons of the students’ scores in pre-test and post-test showed that Sandplay therapy was effective on reduction of aggression in experimental groups while the control group still kept their previous level of aggressive behaviour. Statistical analysis indicated that there was a significant difference between experimental group and control group (p<0/005).current technique was effective on reduction of aggression in students with deafness.