قباد رمضانی

Undoubtedly, Rousseau's ideas in the field of application and practice can be given a prominent role in education. As in France itself, they recognized him late and understood his thoughts, and 16 years after Rousseau's death, his body was transferred to the Pantheon (the mausoleum of great men of that country) by the decision of the French Revolutionary Assembly and was buried here, perhaps for a period of time. It takes a lot to put his ideas into practice. But what is clear is that in the matter of teaching and learning, this theory can be greatly benefited in the following dimensions:1- Learner: Rousseau's emphasis on knowing the student is comprehensive and he believes that one should have the necessary and sufficient information about the student before any effective action. Modern psychological theories also emphasize the importance of knowing the student in the medical education group or other similar groups, the first step for teaching and learning should be the foundation of knowing the students. The teacher must know the learner in terms of cognitive processes, previous experiences, intelligence and talent, background, motivation, emotional maturity, etc. because all these things will be effective in his teaching and communication methods, and without the knowledge of these processes, he will build an intellectual scaffolding. And the pre-organizers cannot have high hopes for the results of their work. The teacher should know the needs of the learner and guide the curriculum in that direction, and the most important thing is to take into account the individual differences of the learners. It is also important to pay attention to the cognitive development stages of learners and what should be provided to Anna at each stage. 2- Instructor: The role of the instructor should be a facilitator and guide. The teacher should be a complete practical model for the learners. Even in theories of social-cognitive psychology such as Bandura, the role of the model and the fact that the giver must perform well in his position are mentioned. The teacher should motivate the students and according to Rousseau, the art of a teacher is to make his student enjoy the lesson. If a school is chosen for teaching a subject, it must have the necessary expertise in that subject and discipline and start it with sufficient motivation. The teacher should be able to establish a good relationship with the learner or learners and play the role of a friend and helper, and the learner should be able to learn by his side. 3- Environment: The environment is something that Rousseau is very sensitive about and he is forced to grow and cultivate his desire even in solitude. Rousseau does not accept an educational environment that imposes negative training on the individual or is not stimulating enough. Today, new theories of psychology have confirmed the correctness of Rousseau's theory. In the matter of teaching and learning, creating suitable, creative, and stimulating environments, suitable emotional atmosphere, suitable physical environment, sufficient facilities, and tools, etc., have a great impact on the amount and desirability of students' learning and it is necessary to create a dynamic environment. 4- Curriculum: the content presented to the learners should be consistent with their natural needs. Using learning with the help of the senses and applying the experimental method in teaching and learning was one of Rousseau's philosophical principles, which later became the basis of Dewey's theory of pragmatism. Curriculums should be comprehensive and should allow learners as much freedom in learning as possible. Also, curricula should be flexible and far from monotony and dryness. Emphasizing new teaching methods is one of the principles of this philosophical theory and teachers should not insist on traditional teaching. Curricula should be problem-oriented and make the learner think and reflect. Provide him with an objective and first-hand experiences. It is very important to include moral content in lessons and one should not ignore its hidden effects. Learning how to think should be included in the curriculum. Giving learners independence and freedom of action to touch and experience what they like to learn should be done with teacher facilitation.

Educational programs need to be evaluated in order to achieve educational goals, improve quality and maintain dynamics. Regardless of the type of evaluation, in every evaluation there is a possibility of bias in the evaluator's decisions. Therefore, meta-evaluation is necessary. The purpose of this research is to Meta-evaluate the PhD program in the field of medical education in Iran University of Medical Sciences, using the Staffel Beam meta-evaluation scale.
Research

This study is a cross-sectional research using Staffel Beam's meta-evaluation checklist, which includes four standards. The utility standard had 7 indicators, feasibility, 3 indicators, propriety 8 indicators, accuracy had 12 indicators, and each of which was checked separately.

The results indicated that the highest overall score was related to the accuracy and the lowest was assigned to the practicality and ethical issues. The highest amount of evaluation power was related to the feasibility standard and the lowest was related to the propriety standard. In the final review of four meta-evaluation indicators, it is clear that the status of the feasibility standard is very good and the moral standard indicator is average. The standards of usefulness and accuracy are also in good condition.

Taking into account of the scores, it seems that the focus should be on training the evaluators and the topic of evaluation to improve the current circumstance. Moreover, maintaining the standards with high score is important. However, more attention should be paid to ethical issues in evaluation, such as making agreements between the evaluator and the evaluation client.

One of the most important factors in studentschr('39') learning process is academic motivation that can affect different aspects of studentschr('39') performance in educational environments and directly affects their academic success. Motivation is also considered as the key to learnerschr('39') learning. The main goal of this study is to provide ways to increase educational motivation in postgraduate students.

This study is in the field of applied research and with nominal group technique. The statistical population of the study consisted of PhD students in medical education of Iran University of Medical Sciences. The study was conducted by asking the basic questions and then answering it in the nominal group process.

Variables such as benefiting from the presence of professors, the improvement of the learning environment, the proper interaction between the teacher and the subject, and the creation of appropriate welfare facilities would respectively be effective factors in increasing educational motivation among postgraduate students.

Identifying the factors influencing graduate students to continue education is essential. In this way, policy makers would be able to apply effective strategies to help graduate students in continuing education.

 The efficacy and success of an organization depend on its employees’ performance and satisfaction. On the other hand, motivating employees to improve their work quality and increase their productivity are essential principles of one organization's staff management.

 This research aimed to study the motivation and job satisfaction and their relations in hospital staff in Sanandaj Kurdistan province.

 As a cross-sectional study, 175 hospital employees in Sanandaj were selected through a simple random sampling method. Scales were Verve's Bayfield test for measuring personal satisfaction, and a researcher-made questionnaire according to the Herzberg theory for measuring job motivation which its initial Cronbach was in an acceptable range (0/87). Data were analyzed through SPSS version 22.

 The overall mean of job satisfaction for nurses was 3/12, for office personnel 3/09, and personnel in the service category was 2/75, these means are below the normal mean. Job satisfaction didn't show meaningful differences between groups but it has a positive correlation with motivation (r=0/572). Among motivational factors, the sense of responsibility with 3/9 score, development and progress 3/18, and health-related factors such as good income 3/9, and good relationship with others 3/81, were prioritized in the second level of determinative factors.

 According to the study findings, and the fact that motivation and job satisfaction are highly influential factors in increasing the productivity of an organization, hospital management should pay special attention to motivating employees and improving approaches to increase satisfaction among their staff.

Peripheral neuropathy is one of the most common problems in diabetic patients. The increased risk of Diabetic Foot Ulceration (DFU) and amputation would be a complication of diabetic neuropathy. The aim of this study was to compare the DFU healing in different severity classification of neuropathy.

This is a retrospective study that was conducted over a two-year period from April 2016 to March 2018 according to the information of patients records with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) referred to clinic of diabetes and metabolic disorders of Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Wound healing criteria including area, depth and healing duration were studied. Accordingly, changes in the area and depth of wounds were evaluated and reported during the first, third and sixth months after baseline. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS software version 16.

The results of the study of patients with neuropathic ulcer showed that males and age group of 56 to 65 years had the highest frequencies. In addition, most of these patients suffered from type 2 DM (79%). The rate of wound healing, which was measured by area and depth of wound in three time periods, differed in different severity classification of neuropathy; at mild level of neuropathy the area and depth of wound decreased faster but in severe neuropathy, duration of wound healing in both mentioned criteria has increased. Regarding to the increase in the duration of DM, the healing time increased too. However the rate of wound healing decreased with increased age (p-value = 0.001).

Evidence suggests that early identification of neuropathy can reduce the incidence of DFU and amputation. Due to the slow healing of the size and depth of the wound in diabetic patients with severe neuropathy, it is necessary to prevent DFU by conducting preventive care and educational interventions.

Suicide is one of the major causes of mortality which have being in the scope of attention for many years. In this realm, psychiatric patients are the major groups which noticed. It’s almost said that, in any suicidal action, we can find a psychiatric problem. So, the purpose of this study is to investigate the rate of suicidal thoughts and its relationship with psychological factors psychiatric patients such as self-esteem and stigma of mental illness.

As an analytic-descriptive study, among all patients who meet the inclusion criteria, those who admit informed consent (152 participant), complete questionnaires and other needed information. Other necessary data were gives from the psychiatric documentations of patients. Measures include: Beck scale for suicidal ideation, Rosenberg’s self-esteem Scale, and Stigma scale. Statistical analyses such as Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient, independent T test, and Simple Linear Regression were used for analyzing the data through the 20th version of SPSS software.

The sample size was 152 patients (111 males, 73% & 41 female 27%) with mean ages of 32 years and its SD was 10. The prevalence of suicidal thoughts was 29/6% which was so much more than normal population. There was a significant correlation between suicidal ideation with stigma and self-esteem.

Suicide is a psychiatric urgency and its predictability is very important matter. Psychological phenomenon are counted as determinant factors. Results of this study showed the importance of stigma and self-esteem among in-danger subjects. So it proposed to paid specific attention to psychological such parameters.

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between self-determined motivation and work engagement of faculty members of Iran University of Medical Sciences. This descriptive and correlational study was performed on faculty members of Iran University of Medical Sciences in four schools of health, medicine, paraclinical and behavioral sciences, and mental health. In total, 100 subjects were selected using the Cochran formula. Research tools included work engagement (Salanova and Schaufeli [2002] with 0.99 reliability). In addition, data analysis was performed in SPSS version 21 using normality, correlation, and multiple regression tests. According to the results, 44% of the subjects were male, and 56% were female. There was a significant and positive correlation between internal, introjected, and self-determined motivation and work engagement of the faculty members. On the other hand, there was a negative and significant relationship between internal and external amotivation and work engagement of the participants. Results indicated that 22% of the variance of work engagement could be predicted based on the dimensions of self-determined work motivation. In addition, 17% of the variance of self-determined motivation could be foreseen according to the dimensions of work engagement. According to the results of the study, high levels of self-determined work motivation could have positive outcomes, such as work engagement. Given the fact that work motivation could be predicted by the dimensions of work engagement, it is necessary to design methods to maintain a high level of work motivation in faculty members by planners and decision makers of this field.

Professional ethics as a branch of ethic knowledge, evaluates the moral duties in any occupation and attempts to provide guidelines that specify the duties for individuals and professional groups. Also; the second indicator of health support in universities is the professional ethics. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between ethics and administrative integrity of workers office.
The current study was applied- descriptive. The samples were the staff of two University of Medical Sciences. The data collected by Full census method via a questionnaire which was designed by author (0.86 reliability was determined by Cronbach's alpha test). Finally; structural equation modeling was used to analyzing the data.
Our results showed that professional ethics have relationship with some administrative health components (responsibility, honesty and loyalty to the covenant, respect for social values, Justice and fairness). But has no relation by some other components (for excellence and competitiveness, respect and reverence for others, etc).
Professional ethic is a rational thought process that aims to ascertain the fact that which values must preserve and promote by organization. If staff moral be guided can prepare important opportunities to achieve administrative health.

Today, knowledge and intellectual capital of the organization is one of the main advantages of competition and it is suggested that knowledge, the heart of the global economy.Designing and implementing knowledge management. Sensitive and important educational role of universities due to the implementation of effective management requirements. The aim of this study was to identify the components of knowledge management and the implementation of the University of Kurdistan. Methodology The survey is a little-functional and cross-discipline studies. The population of faculty members in the academic year 1393-94 were Kurdistan. Techniques and questionnaire survey was used to collect data and analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics Sray and spss software and Lisrel were used. The results showed that the more efficient implementation of a knowledge management system with components (IT capabilities of organizational structure and culture, elements and element management capabilities, knowledge management process), there is a significant relationship.

Aims: Evaluation is the most important tools for determining the quality and effectiveness of a process and Curriculum. The mission of universities and centers of higher education are teaching, research and Health care service. In this study were evaluated Faculty members’ teaching quality at the University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj and Kurdistan.
This research was descriptive. The sample of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, all faculty members and students in the academic year 1392- 93. randomly selected for each teacher. Data are gathered by questionnaires. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistical methods we use spss software version 20.
The results showed that the degree of faculty and teaching experience, as well as the quality of their teaching PhD with significant relations. However, no significant relationship between gender and the quality of teaching.
Evaluation as a valuable source of reliable information for feedback to teachers in order to improve the quality of education is supreme.

The aim of these studies is to identify the components of effective teaching and the application of these components in Applied Science University of Kurdistan Province. The method of study is descriptive -survey. The study sample (in Qualitative section) included students and experts in the area of curriculum (the number 10). Using the Delphi technique, the experts identified components of effective teaching. A questionnaire was designed and due to these components, Cornbrash’s alpha reliability test levels was determined by 0.86. In the second part of the questionnaire, 364 students (according to the formula of Cochran's sample size) were distributed. The data obtained from the study of self-answering using descriptive and inferential statistical indices were examined. Results of this study showed that the components of human relations, good lesson planning, paying attention to the learning environment, accurate performance of the suitable teaching methods, teacher characteristics, and on-time evaluation have the greatest impact on effective teaching variables.