لیدا مرادی

Azoospermia, defined as the absence of sperm in semen, is a common cause of male infertility. This study aimed to determine the combined effects of swimming exercise and stem cell transplantation on the expression of CD9 and CD63 tetraspanin genes associated with spermatogenesis in an animal model of azoospermia.

In this experimental study, male rats were randomly divided into several groups after the induction of azoospermia. The groups included a healthy control group, an azoospermia group, an azoospermia + exercise group, an azoospermia + stem cell group, and an azoospermia + stem cell + exercise group. One million stem cells were transplanted into the vas deferens of each rat one month after the induction of azoospermia. Swimming exercise was performed daily for 30 minutes, 5 days a week for 8 weeks. After stem cell transplantation and exercise, the expression of CD9 and CD63 genes in testicular tissue was measured using Real-time PCR.

Both swimming exercise and stem cell transplantation, individually and in combination, had a significant effect on the expression of CD9 (F=23.475, P=0.001) and CD63 genes (F=19.186, P=0.002). These findings indicate that both interventions are effective in improving the spermatogenesis process in the animal model of azoospermia.

The results of this study show that the combination of swimming exercise and stem cell transplantation can be considered as a novel therapeutic approach to improve fertility in men with azoospermia. The possible mechanism of this effect may be through the regulation of genes involved in spermatogenesis.

The use of new training for improve the learning of beginners in executive skills such as shooting is one of the topics of interest in recent researches. The aim of research was to investigate the effect of a course of resistance training and neurofeedback on improving shooting skills and neural performance of military beginners. For this purpose, 25 people (mean age 20 years and weight 73.8 kg) were randomly selected and using the pre-test-post-test plan, shooting score, and supraspinal nerve function. Using TMS, before and after 12 sessions of resistance training with SMR and Alpha, it was studied in five resistance, resistance-neurofeedback, neurofeedback, Sham, and control groups. Multiple variance analysis in the graphpadprism9 software showed that in intra-group changes, the shooting score in resistance-neurofeedback (P<0.0001), resistance (P = 0.0229), and neurofeedback (P = 0.0241) increased, and the amplitude decreased significantly in the resistance-neurofeedback (P = 0.0115), but latency increased only in resistance training (P>0.05). The follow-up test between groups in the post showed that the changes in the shooting score and the amplitude in the resistance-neurofeedback were not significantly different compared to other groups. Considering the importance of muscle strength and brain functions regarding the proper performance of the shooter and according to the results of this research, it can be said that the use of training methods to strengthen muscles and improve the function of brain waves related to shooting skills, probably at the same time Strengthening the supraspinal nerve function improves part of the learning process and skill implementation in this field.

Modern training methods to improve the learning of beginners in executive skills such as shooting is one of the topics of interest in recent researches. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a course of resistance training and neurofeedback on shooting indices related to psychological performance in military beginners. By using pretest -posttest plan and using the electronic scoring system, the shooting performance of 25 beginners, before and after 12 sessions of resistance training and reinforcement of SMR wave in C4 and reinforcement of alpha wave in F3 was studied .Statistical analysis was done using Graph Pad Prism 9 software and considering 5% measurement error, and it was found that training interventions increased the shooting score in resistance(P=0.0011), resistance-neurofeedback(p<0.0001) and neurofeedback(P=0.0014) groups; decrease in shooting speed in resistance (P=0.0014), resistance-neurofeedback(P<0.0001) and neurofeedback(P=0.0372) groups, increased stability in resistance(P=0.0005), resistance-neurofeedback(P<0.0001) and neurofeedback(p=0.029) groups. But accuracy did not change significantly. Also, the follow-up test between groups in the post-test showed the changes in the shooting speed in the resistance-neurofeedback group compared to the resistance group(P=0.0124) and the stability in the resistance-neurofeedback group compared to the resistance group(P=0.0315) and neurofeedback(p =0.0001) has been better.

Disturbance in the immune system is one of the main causes of endometriosis. Previous studies have shown the role of physical activity and antioxidant supplements on regulating the expression of genes related to improving the immune system, and reducing inflammation and infection. The present study examines the effect of swimming and vitamin E supplementation on the expression of NFKβ1 and P65 genes in endometriosis model rats.

Thirty female rats were divided into six groups (n=5 per group); healthy, endometriosis, without exercise-saline-endometriosis, exercise-saline-endometriosis, without exercise supplement-endometriosis, and exercise-supplement-endometriosis. Endometriosis was surgically induced. Physical activity included swimming for eight weeks, five sessions/week and 30 minutes/session, and supplement was provided by daily gavage of 200 mg of vitamin E/kg for eight weeks. Twenty four hours after the last swimming session, the animals were sacrificed and the endometriosis tissue was removed. Relative expression levels of NFKB1 and P65 genes were measured using Real-Time PCR. Data were analyzed using one-way and two-way ANOVA.

Induction of endometriosis caused a significant increase in the expression of genes studied (P<0.05). Exercise and vitamin E independently caused a significant decrease in the genes expression in rats (P<0.05). No synergistic effect was observed regarding the effect of exercise and vitamin E on the dependent variables (P>0.05).

According to this study, swimming and vitamin E supplement can be considered in improving endometriosis.

Endometriosis is a chronic, inflammatory and estrogen-dependent disease characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. The responses of the immune system, nutrition, sports activity are among the most important factors affecting this disease. The research aimed to investigating the expression of TLR4 and MyD88 pathway after a period of exercise and vitamin E consumption in endometriosis model rats.

The research is of fundamental and experimental type. 25 female Wistar rats were selected and divided into 5 different groups. After induction of endometriosis, rats in the training group swam 5 days a week. The vitamin E consumption group consumed the supplement daily. The studied proteins included TLR4 and MyD88. One-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used at the significance level of P≤0.05.

There was a significant difference between the research groups. The results of Bonferroni post hoc test showed that the expression level of MyD88 gene in healthy control group differed from endometriosis model control groups (P=0.0001), exercise group (P=0.019) and patient control group+vitamin E supplement (P=0.021). Significantly, the control group of endometriosis model was significantly different from the exercise group (P=0.002), the patient control group+vitamin E supplement (P=0.002) and the patient group+vitamin E+exercise (P=0.0001). There was a significant difference in the expression of TLR4 gene in the healthy control group with the control group of endometriosis model (P=0.048).

Induction of endometriosis strongly affects this pathway to cause inflammation in the tissue. Exercise with enzymatic adaptations may help slow the pathway and prevent inflammation and tissue cell proliferation down.

Mitochondrial disorder contributes to reduction of health, as well as onset and progression of the aging process. On the other hand, exercise enhances proteins, enzymes and mitochondrial function in human and animal samples. The present study aimed to evaluate eight-week moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on FOXO1 gene expression in the heart tissue of aged rats. 

In this experimental study, 24 old female rat (aging 16-18 months old, weighing 280-320 g) were randomly assigned into control (C), (MICT) and (HIIT) groups. HIIT exercises were performed with 85% to 110% VO2max intensity and 15-25 m/min speed; MICT exercises were conducted with 65% VO2max intensity and 25-25 m / min speed. Finally, the expression of FOXO1 gene was evaluated using Real time-PCR ΔΔ method and ΔΔCt formula. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc test in SPSS software version 22 were used to analyze the findings (p≤0.05). 

The results of the present study showed that compared to the control group, MICT significantly reduced the expression of FOXO1 gene in heart tissue (P=0.006). While HIIT had no significant effect on reducing FOXO1 gene expression (P=0.05). The results also showed a significant reduction in the level of gene expression in the MICT group compared to the HIIT group (P=0.03).

In comparison with HIIT, MICT exercises make the expression of FOXO1 gene in the heart tissue of aged laboratory white rats reduced. Controlling this protein can prevent excessive cardiac autophagy in elderly subjects.

Diazinon is an organophosphate insecticide that causes oxidative stress. However, physical activity improves the antioxidant status of the heart. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of an eight-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the indices of oxidative stress in the heart tissue in male rats exposed to diazinon.

In this experimental study, 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats with a weight of 150 to 200 gm and an average age of eight weeks were randomly divided into three groups )n=8), including 1) control (C), 2) diazinon (D), and 3) HIIT and diazinon (HD). Groups 2 and 3 received diazinon 1.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally for five days a week for eight weeks. Group 3 also underwent HIIT with an intensity of 85% to 110% of VO2max and a speed of 15-25 m/min for eight weeks. After eight weeks, Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) gene expression were measured in the heart tissue. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software (version 22) and running the Shapiro-Wilk statistical test, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey’s post hoc tests. Moreover, a P-value of ≤0.05 was considered significant.

The findings showed that diazinon significantly increased MDA (P=0.001) and decreased SOD and CAT (P=0.001) in the heart tissue. On the other hand, HIIT led to a decrease in MDA (P=0.001) and an increase in the antioxidant indices of SOD (P=0.001) and CAT (P=0.01) in the heart tissue of rats exposed to diazinon.

It seems that regular HIIT had protective effects against heart tissue damage by diazinon poisoning by reducing oxidative stress indicators and increasing antioxidant activities in the heart tissue.

Death from cardiovascular diseases is one of the leading causes of death in the elderly; Although the role of exercise and herbs in heart health has been reported, their cellular-molecular mechanisms are not yet well understood. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of continuous exercise with moderate intensity and intense periodicity along with spring orange (Ca) consumption on some markers of mitochondrial biogenesis in the heart tissue of elderly rats.

In this experimental study, 49 elderly female rats (18-16 months old, weighing 280-320 g) were randomly assigned to (1) control, (2) sham (orange spring solvent), (3) Orange Spring, (4) Continuous Exercise, (5) Periodic Exercise, (6) Continuous Exercise + Orange Spring and (7) Periodic Exercise + Orange Spring were divided. Periodic exercises were performed with an intensity of 85-110% VO2max and a speed of 31-45 m / min and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) exercises with an intensity of 65% VO2max at a speed of 25-25 m / min; Orange spring consumption was 300 mg / kg / day peritoneally. Expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC-1α), sirtoin 1 (SIRT1) and sirtoin 3 (SIRT3) were measured in cardiac tissue. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc test was used to analyze the results (P≤0.05).

There was a significant difference in the values of PGC-1α, SIRT1 and SIRT3 in the study groups (P ≤ 0.05). The expression levels of cardiac PGC-1α and SIRT1 in the continuous, intermittent and orange spring exercise groups were not significantly different from the control group. But in the periodic training group, SIRT3 levels were significantly higher than the sham group (P ≤ 0.05). Also, the levels of PGC-1α, SIRT1 and SIRT3 in the groups of continuous training + spring orange and periodic training + spring orange were significantly higher than the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Increased expression of PGC-1α in the combined group of continuous exercise + spring orange was more favorable than the other groups. However, the increase in SIRT3 in exercise groups, especially periodic exercise, was more than other groups (P ≤ 0.05).

Periodic and continuous exercise with orange spring extract seems to improve mitochondrial biogenesis in the heart tissue of elderly rats.

Given the current prevalence of COVID-19, the World Health Organization has ordered the implementation of health protocols and social distancing, as well as home quarantine as a way to control and manage the disease. Athletes' physical activity has been affected due to quarantine conditions, so this research was done to evaluate the physical activity of amateur athletes of Tehran National Gas Company in an attempt to provide a solution to maintain physical fitness.

This study was a descriptive-survey research and the data collection tool utilized in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 15 questions. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were checked by experts and provided online questionnaire by the google form software and was available to individuals. The variables examined in the questionnaire were: current status of athletes 'physical fitness, relationship with the coach, place of residence, physical activity at home, athletes' feelings, training programs, level of family support for Athletes' sports activity, number and duration of training sessions, training intensity, and diet. The statistical population of this study was 100 people. The sample size was determined based on Morgan table, and 70 people were finally selected through easy sampling method and entered the study.

  The results showed that most athletes were in the age range of 51-60 years. Most of the participants were active in the field of mountaineering. The majority of participants in the study had moderate physical fitness compared to the pre-quarantine period.

According to the findings of this study, most athletes in this study had a moderate level of physical fitness. The study suggests that we increase the intensity of physical activities under supervision of coaches to maintain the fitness and increase the health and immunity.

Now days, frying and heating the oils are used to prepare the food in all over the world. During the heating, the oil decomposes continuously at high temperatures in the presence of air and moisture, and oxidation, isomerization, polymerization, and hydrolysis occur. Oxidized and heated oils contain oxidized monomers, dimers, polymers, free radicals, hydroperoxidases and aldehydes. These products have detrimental effects on human health and can cause harmful changes in body organs. Free radicals and oxidative stress in heated oils influence the body's energy sources such as mitochondria and genes involved in mitochondrial dynamics. Mitochondrial dynamics factors include Opa1 protein (optic atrophy 1) and mitofusin 1 and 2 (Mfn1 and 2), dynamin-related protein (Drp-1) and fusion protein 1 (Fis1). Deviation towards fusion optimizes mitochondrial function and is useful in maintaining long-term bioenergy capacity. Conversely, deviation toward division leads to the removal of the damaged part of the mitochondria. Exercise has recently been recognized as an effective way to increase mitochondrial function, and the role of exercise in improving mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress in various diseases has been reported. On the other hand, today, researchers are paying attention to sports supplements to reduce the physiological damage caused by exercise such as oxidative stress. One of these supplements is octopamine, which according to studies has antioxidant properties and stimulates fat metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine the aerobic training and octopamine on the gene expression of Drp-1 and Mfn-1 and MDA concentration in liver of male rats fed with repeated heated oil.

In an experimental study, 25 adult male Wistar rats weighing an average of 300 to 350 g and aged 8 weeks were purchased. All the rats were kept in polycarbonate cages (5 mice per cage) at 22 ± 2 ° C, 55% humidity and under the light and dark cycle for 12:12 hours without restriction on water and food. All the rats were randomly divided into five groups, healthy control group (n=5), DFO group (n=5), aerobic training + DFO group (n=5), octopamine + DFO group (n=5) and aerobic training + octopamine + DFO group (n=5). Intraperitoneal injection of octopamine and Gavage of repeated heated oil were done five times a week and every day, respectively. The aerobic training protocol consisted of 4 weeks of aerobic training and 5 sessions per week. The training session included 5 minutes of warm-up at 7 m / min and 5 minutes of cooling at 5 m / min. The intensity of training started in the first week with 50% VO2max and a speed of 16 m / min, and in the last week it reached 65% Vo2max and a speed of 26 m / min. 48 hours after the last training session and 8 hours of fasting, all the rats were anesthetized with chloroform and then sacrificed. Blood samples were taken directly from the liver by heparin-soaked syringe and the liver tissue was immediately removed from the body and stored in a nitrogen tank at -80 ° C. Gene expression of DRP-1 and Mfn1 were measured by Real time-PCR and MDA concentration was measured by ELISA test. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analysis the data. The significant level was set at p<0.05.

The results showed that consumption of repeated heated oil induced significant decrease in gene expression of DRP-1 (P =0/001) and Mfn1 (P =0/001) and non significant change in MDA (P =0/071) compared to healthy control group. Interaction effect of aerobic training and octopamine caused the significant increase in gene expression of DRP-1 (P =0/001) compared to all the groups except that healthy control group and non significant difference in Mfn1 gene expression and MDA concentration (P =0/008) in comparison with DFO group.

During the oil heating process, mitochondrial oxygen species reduce the synthesis of new mitochondria and the mitochondrial network, and since this reduction reduces antioxidant defense, it results in oxidative stress in the cell. MDA is one of the final products of lipid peroxidation, which is considered as an indicator of oxidative damage. At the end of 4 weeks of training protocol, the groups were not significantly different from each other, but physiologically, a nonsignificant increase in MDA indicates an increase in oxidative stress. And a significant decrease in Mfn1 gene expression indicates a decrease in cell strength to maintain mitochondria and the integration process, which can act as a complementary defense process in the cell. In this study, mitochondrial fusion proteins tended to increase statistically insignificantly, possibly due to the increase in oxidative stress caused by consuming oil heated several times in liver tissue. However, direct comparisons between the effects of reheated oil consumption and mitochondrial dysfunction and the effect of aerobic exercise and octopamine on the expression of variables in the present study in the liver are difficult due to the lack of access to similar studies. Studies have shown that octopamine, with properties similar to epinephrine, can selectively and strongly bind to β3 adrenoceptors and increase lipolysis and fat metabolism in general. Fat loss is associated with a decrease in oxidative stress and subsequent increase in Mfn1 gene expression. Aerobic exercise can also increase Mfn1 gene expression by stimulating epinephrine, increasing β3 adrenoceptor gene expression, increasing fat catabolism, and reducing fat-induced oxidative stress, all of which interact physiologically to increase Mfn1 gene expression. Therefore, the use of aerobic exercise and octopamine as a stimulant to reduce fat and subsequently reduce ROS and maintain mitochondrial activity and homeostasis. In addition, since the transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial dynamics correlates with exercise intensity, there is likely to happen a positive interaction between consumption of repeated heated oil and effects of exercise intensity and even exercise duration that significantly increase Drp-1 gene expression compared to the DFO group. However, it seems that more studies are needed.

This study was mainly aimed at investigating gene expression of MyF5 and MyoG genes of eccentric and concentric resistance activity in the vastus lateralis muscle of healthy individuals. Ten healthy men were randomly assigned to two groups of concentric and eccentric contractions of five. Isokinetic contraction protocols included eccentric and concentric knee extension with a maximum power and angular velocity of 60 degrees per second. The torque set for each subject was considered the same in both protocols in order to match the load, and the reciprocating speed was 60 degrees per second. At the beginning and end of the activity, extensive biopsy was performed to examine the expression of MyF5 and MyoG genes. Results revealed that intra-group changes of MyF5 after one session of exercise were significant in eccentric (p = 0.001) and non-significant in concentric (p = 0.069) group. Moreover, inter-group changes showed no difference between the two group (p = 0.371). Besides, intra-group MyoG changes after one session of exercise were significant in the eccentric group (p = 0.001) and concentric group (p = 0.001). Furthermore, inter-group changes showed no difference between the two groups (p = 0.681). Overall, the present study showed that a session of eccentric and concentric activity leads to changes in the factors involved in skeletal muscle strength and hypertrophy. In addition, these changes in aggregate eccentric contraction are more than concentric.
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Free radicals increase with age and disease, so the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise and vitamin D on the expression of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin genes in bone tissue of rats poisoned with hydrogen peroxide.

In this experimental trial, 36 adult male Wistar rats were randomized into six groups of six rats, 1) control; 2) hydrogen peroxide; 3) hydrogen peroxide + vitamin D; 4) hydrogen peroxide + exercise; 5) hydrogen peroxide + exercise and vitamin D and 6) Sham. For eight weeks, groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 were given daily dose of 1 mmol/kg hydrogen peroxide on even days, groups 3 and 5 received 0.5 mg / kg of Vitamin-D daily, and sham group received only vitamin D solvent intraperitoneally. Groups 4 and 5 performed aerobic exercise 3 day/week. Osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase gene expression were measured by PCR and were analyzed using independent t-test, two-way analysis of variance and Boferroni’s post hoc test with SPSS 16 (p≤0.05).

The interactive effect of exercise and vitamin D on increasing alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin was significant. (p≤0.05); exercise increased alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin (p ≤ 0.05); vitamin D was also associated with increased alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin (p=0.0001). The greatest effect on increasing osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase showed in groups 5 and 3, respectively (p=0.001).

Exercise and vitamin D had a positive effect on bone tissue, so that even the systemic effect of hydrogen peroxide could not change the results of this constructive effect.

Endometriosis means the presence of endometrial glands and uterine stroma outside the endometrium and uterine muscle, which is a chronic benign disease of women, which is mainly seen in the pelvic peritoneum with the ectopic formation of stroma and endometrial glands. Endometriosis is associated with a range of symptoms, the most common of which are chronic pelvic pain and infertility. The pathogenesis of this disease is influenced by various factors such as reverse transfer of endometrial cells, immunodeficiency, genetics, metaplasia, hormones, and environmental conditions. A widely accepted mechanism is Simpsonchr('39')s theory of recurrent menstruation, in which stem/progenitor cells flow into the pelvis and attach to the peritoneal mesothelium, where endometrial tissue grows abnormally. Recently, treatment goals have focused on inhibiting stem cell flow and the onset and proliferation of endometriosis. In this regard, studies have shown that an issue that may increase the risk of endometriosis is oxidative stress. Oxidative stress means that the bodychr('39')s balance is disturbed by an increase in oxidizing agents that cause oxidation of vital substances and tissues in the body. Recent studies have shown the role of stem cells and oxidative stress in the progression and control, as well as their role in the pharmacological treatment of infertility diseases, in which the role of the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1A2) is recognized as an indicator in stem cells. This factor plays a role in the oxidation of aldehydes and the early differentiation of stem cells. Cells that are highly active in this enzyme have the ability to regenerate themselves. Under normal conditions (normal oxygen level), this enzyme effectively catalyzes the conversion of organic nitrate compounds, such as nitroglycerin, to nitric oxide. This factor plays a role in the oxidation of aldehydes and the early differentiation of stem cells. Studies have shown that the use of exercise interventions is effective in patients with endometriosis. Aerobic exercise is one of the most common training methods to improve infertility and gynecological diseases. B vitamins play an important role in the prevention and treatment of cancer by modulating cell signaling pathways. For example, vitamin B6 is known to be a potent anti-inflammatory, mutant, and nerve-enhancing agent that inhibits progression by activating tumor suppressor genes, inactivating angiogenesis, and activating anti-inflammatory genes, and inducing apoptosis. Cancerous tumors prevent many pathological changes that occur in response to the penetration of inflammatory cells. Endometriosis is a multifactorial disease that has complex pathophysiology and most of the details of this disease are still unknown; therefore, extensive research is needed to obtain information on the pathophysiology of this disease. Therefore, due to limited trial studies, inconsistencies and ambiguities in the results of the effectiveness of dietary and sports interventions, limited research on the preference of each of these methods with appropriate comparison, and the lack of a similar study in this community, The question is, does a low-intensity swimming training session with vitamin B6 affect the expression of ovarian tissue ALDH1A2 gene in rats of the endometriosis model?

The research method was experimental with a post-test design. In determining the sample size, according to the sample size formula for continuous scores, if the expected differences are equal to 1.5, with a test power of 80% at a significance level of α = 0.05, the number of subjects per the group is equal to five. For this purpose, 25 adult Wistar 6- to 8-week-old rats with a mean weight and mean weight of 202.85 ± 15.62 g were purchased from Pasteur Institute and transferred to the research center. The animals were kept in special polycarbonate cages in an environment with an average temperature of 22 ± 1.4 ° C, humidity of 55%, and a dark light cycle of 12:12 hours. The care of the animals was carried out by the guidelines of the International Institute of Health and the protocols of this study, in compliance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration and the rules of medical ethics. The animals were treated with free pellet food and water. The food consumed by the animals was given to the animal at the rate of 10 grams per 100 grams of body weight according to the weekly weight gain. The protocol of this research was performed according to the international laws on laboratory animals with the code of ethics IR.IAU.SARI.REC.1398.152 and was approved by the ethics committee of the Islamic Azad University of Sari. Twenty-five adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: healthy control, patient control, patient + exercise, patient + vitamin, patient + vitamin + exercise. To model endometriosis, the rats were first anesthetized and after opening the abdominal muscle, ovarian tissue and part of the uterine tube tissue were removed and placed in a sterile container with a PBS cc and cut into pieces. These pieces were then transplanted into the abdominal and ovarian areas. Vitamin intake was 60 mg/kg per rat body weight and the swimming training program was for 8 weeks and five days each week for 30 minutes each day. One-way analysis of variance and Tukeychr('39')s post hoc test were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that in the patient control group ALDH1A2 level was significantly reduced compared to the healthy control group, patient + training and patient + training + vitamin (P = 0.0007; P = 0.009 and 0.008, respectively P). Also in the patient + exercise group, the patient + vitamin level was significantly reduced compared to the healthy group (P = 0.0038; P = 0.006, respectively). This was while there was no significant difference between the other groups.

In general, the results of the present study indicate that changes in key molecules or signaling pathways and gene expression in the process of endometriosis can improve the level of the disease and regular aerobic exercise and concomitant use. Vitamin B6 helps to control this disease and improve the level of this disease.

Mitochondria are the most important sites for the production of energy and lipids, nucleic acids and amino acid precursors and are one of the most important sources for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Previous studies have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction increases ROS and oxidative stress, which are associated with diseases such as obesity, diabetes and cancer. Today, cooking oil consumption has increased worldwide. During heating, oils are continuously oxidized, releasing lipid hydroperoxides and finally free radicals. Free radicals and oxidative stress in heated oils affect the bodychr('39')s energy production sources such as mitochondria. Therefore, to maintain energy production, mitochondria need to activate factors that can remove damaged parts of the mitochondria to achieve a healthier mitochondrial network by reducing ROS production and mitochondrial biogenesis. This process of selective removal of the affected part of the mitochondria is a form of autophagy called mitophagy. Lysosome-associated membrane protein 2A (LAMP2A) is a lysosome membrane receptor to which damaged proteins attach, enter the lysosome, and break down. LAMP2A acts as an autophagy and its downregulation induces autophagy. Parkin protein is an E3 ubiquitin ligase and acts as a mitophagy in removing damaged mitochondria in various tissues of the body. Exercise has recently been recognized as an effective way to increase mitochondrial function, and the role of exercise in improving mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress in various diseases has been reported. On the other hand, today, researchers are paying attention to sports supplements to reduce the physiological damage caused by exercise such as oxidative stress. One of these supplements is octopamine, which according to studies has antioxidant properties and stimulates fat metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic training and octopamine on LAMP2A and parkin gene expression and SOD concentration in the liver tissue of male Wistar rats fed with the repeated heated oil.

In an experimental study, 25 adult male Wistar rats weighing an average of 300 to 350 g and aged 8 weeks were purchased. All the rats were kept in polycarbonate cages (5 mice per cage) at 22±2°C, 55% humidity and under the light and dark cycle for 12:12 hours without restriction on water and food. All the rats were randomly divided into five groups, healthy control group (n=5), DFO group (n=5), aerobic training + DFO group (n=5), octopamine + DFO group (n=5) and aerobic training + octopamine + DFO group (n=5). Intraperitoneal injection of octopamine and Gavage of repeated heated oil were done five times a week and every day, respectively. The aerobic training protocol consisted of 4 weeks of aerobic training and 5 sessions per week. The training session included 5 minutes of warm-up at 7 m / min and 5 minutes of cooling at 5 m / min. The intensity of training started in the first week with 50% vo2max and a speed of 16 m / min, and in the last week it reached 65% Vo2max and a speed of 26 m / min. 48 hours after the last training session and 8 hours of fasting, all the rats were anesthetized with chloroform and then sacrificed. Blood samples were taken directly from the liver by heparin-soaked syringe and the liver tissue was immediately removed from the body and stored in a nitrogen tank at -80 ° C. Gene expression of LAMP2A and Parkin were measured by Real time-PCR and SOD concentration was measured by ELISA test. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analysis the data. The significant level was set at p<0.05. 

The results showed that consumption of repeated heated oil induced significant increase in gene expression of Parkin (p<0.05) and significant decrease in gene expression of LAMP2A (p<0.05) and concentration of SOD (p<0.05) compared to healthy control group. The aerobic training caused increase in SOD concentration and non-significant difference in gene expression of  Parkin (p>0.05) and LAMP2A (p>0.05) compared to DFO group. Interaction effect of aerobic training and octopamine caused the significant increase in gene expression of SOD concentration (p<0.05) and non-significant difference in Parkin and LAMP2A gene expression (p>0.05) in comparison with DFO group.

Regarding the incremental effect of aerobic training on SOD concentration, it is likely that due to aerobic training, Nrf2 activity increases, and isolation of the Nrf2-Kaep1 complex, and binding of Nrf2 to the antioxidant responsive element occurs. Subsequently, the transcription of the antioxidant genes, that is SOD, takes place and it is increased.  The antioxidant properties of octopamine in interaction with the effect of aerobic training have also been able to significantly increase the concentration of SOD. Regarding the effect of aerobic training and octopamine consumption alone on the expression of the LAMP2A gene, it is likely that they exert their effect by reducing oxidative stress and increasing the inhibition of AKT1, which increases antioxidant activity in the liver tissue cells. The interactive effect of aerobic training and octopamine also showed an insignificant increase in LAMP2A gene expression compared to the DFO group, but this increase is physiologically beneficial. In contrast, Parkin gene expression showed an insignificant decrease due to aerobic training and octopamine consumption alone and simultaneously, indicating an increase in the activity of antioxidants, including SOD, which decreases oxidative stress and consequently reduces mitophagy (decreased expression of Parkin gene) in the liver tissue, by varying the intensity, duration of training, and dose of octopamine, better results may be obtained. In general, it seems that the interaction of aerobic training and octopamine can improve antioxidants and mitophagy in the liver.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of strength training and c4 supplementation on strength, arterial oxygen saturation and lactate accumulation in strength training men.

For this purpose, 45 men (age: 22 to 35 years) who had at least one year of regular resistance training history were randomly selected and divided into 3 groups of 15 controls, Strength training + placebo and strength training + supplement c4. Subjects performed the same resistance exercises for 6 weeks. Subjects in the supplement group consumed 5 grams of c4 supplement daily in 6 meals for 6 weeks and the placebo group consumed the same amount of starch 30 minutes before exercise. Pre and post intervention arterial oxygen saturation and lactate levels were measured.

strength training in both groups did not lead to significant blood lactate accumulation or oxygen saturation (P>0.05) in spite of significantly increased upper and lower muscle group strength values(p < 0.05). Moreover, no between group difference was recorded for amount of strength development throughout the intervention period (P>0.05).

c4 supplementation nor has benefits on strength performance, neither lowers blood lactate in strength trained athletes.

 Since obesity and overweight have dramatically increased in recent years, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of aerobic exercise training in normobaric hypoxia and normoxia conditions on the resting levels of the VEGF, body composition, and the VO2max among Overweight / Obesity Women.

 Twenty-four overweight women voluntarily agreed to take part in the study following the related announcement. The Mean±SD of their age, height, and weight were, respectively, 28.25 ± 3.7 (years), 161.8 ± 3.01 (cm), and 78.64 ± 7.18 (kg). The normobaric hypoxic training group performed aerobic training in hypoxic tents for six weeks, three sessions per week (with 60% of the maximum heart rate), and the normoxic group (control group) performed aerobic training for the same period of time as the hypoxic group. The training program included a 5-minute warm-up following 20 minutes of exercise at 60% of the maximum heart rate for the first week; every week, five minutes were added to the total exercise time.

 The results of comparing pre- and post-exercise changes in body composition indexes for the normobaric hypoxic and normoxic groups indicated that changes in weight (p=0.165) and BMI (p= 0.191) were not significantly different, but the changes in fat percentage (p=0.022) and waist (p = 0.031) were significantly different between the two groups. The changes in the maximal oxygen consumption (p= 0.008) and the VEGF (p < 0.001) following six weeks of training also differed across groups.

The significanlty larger increase in the resting levels of the VEGF in normobaric hypoxia conditions could indicate the importance of physical activity in such conditions in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and vascular endothelial function among overweight people.

Nesfatin-1is a reducing appetite peptide, on the other hand energy demand decreases in high altitude, thus it’s possible that training in altitude could have more reducing effect on weight. We decided to do this research in order to investigation the effects of 6-weeks aerobic training in hypoxic condition vs normoxic condition on resting Nesfati-1 and insulin resistance in overweight women. Twenty-four overweight young women (age: 28.25±3.7 yrs. height: 161.8±3.01 cm, weight: 78.64±7.18) were selected and randomly assigned into two experimental groups: hypoxia group (n= 12, 60% of HRmax, in hypoxic condition resembling of 3000 m altitude) and normoxy group (n= 12, 60% of HRmax, in normoxy condition). Training program was consisted of 6 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Anthropometric characteristic, glucose concentration, insulin concentration, insulin resistance and Nesfatin-1 plasma concentration were analyzed before and after training period. Dependent and independent t-test were used as statistical tests. Between group differences in weight (p=0.16), BMI (p=0.19) and glucose (p=0.23) was not significant, but for fat percent (p=0.02), waist circumference (p=0.03), insulin (p=0.001), HOMA-IR (p=0.001) and Nefatin-1 (p=0.002) were significant. The results of this study showed that aerobic exercise in hypoxic condition led to higher increase in Nesfatin-1 in comparison with normoxy condition. Presumably improvement in body composition and insulin resistance index are related to Nestin-1 changes and resulting appetite and energy demand decrement

A perfect test in a particular sport is designed based on the specific motor and physiological needs involved in that sport. The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of a newly-designed agility test for basketball.

The participants of the study involved 65 female basketball players from non-elite players and 105 from elite players. The designed test included various movements with and without the ball in the longitudinal range of the basketball court performed in both open and closed models. The standardized test for evaluating agility was the T test.

The results showed that, regardless of skill levels, there was a significant relationship between the participants’ performance on the designed test in both open and closed models and the T test (r > 0.8, p < .05); this correlation was higher among elite players (r > 0.9). Regardless of skill levels, the intraclass correlation (reliability) between the two performances of the newly-designed agility test in both open and closed models was high and significant (r > 0.9, p < .05). In addition, the designed test in both open and closed models could better evaluate agility when compared with the T test (p < .05).

It could be concluded that the agility test designed for basketball was a valid and reliable alternative to the T test in both open and close models and could better differentiate skill levels among female basketball players.

In the pathogenesis of endometriosis, a variety of genes are involved. The aim of this study was to investigate the GATA2 gene expression changes in endometriosis rat model following a period of aerobic exercise and vitamin B6 intake.

For this purpose, 25 adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, including: healthy control, patient control, patient+training, patient+vitamin, patient+vitamin+ training. In order to create an endometriosis model, rats were first anesthetized and after opening abdominal muscle, ovarian tissue and part of uterine tissue were removed and were inserted into a sterile container with one cc of PBS and sliced. Tissue fragments were transplanted into the abdominal and ovarian areas. The amount of vitamin intake was 60mg/kg and swimming program lasted 8 weeks, 30 minutes a day, five days a week. One- way ANOVA test and Tukey post hoc test were used for data analysis.

The results showed that a period of swimming exercise program in the patient + training group significantly increased the GATA2 level compared to the patient control group (p≤0.001). Also, the GATA2 gene expression level was significantly increased in the patient + training + vitamin group compared to the patient control group (p=0.002). However, its level in the patient group was significantly lower than that of the healthy control group (p≤0.001).

Regular aerobic exercise combined with intake of vitamin B6 may decrease GATA2 gene expression level in endometrial rat model.

E-selectin reflects endothelial degradation and activation, also plays an important role in inflammatory processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of high intensity interval resistance training on E-selectin and White blood cell indices in healthy men.twenty four active healthy men were selected and randomly divided into two groups: training (n=11) and control (n=12). Training group was performing high intensity interval resistance training for 8 weeks while control group continued their normal daily life styles. Dependent and independent t-test was used for statistically analyses of variances. Level of significance was p≤0.05.the results showed that 8 weeks of interval resistance exercise decreased significantly level of E-selectin (p=0.001), but differences between control and training groups in monocytes, lymphocytes, basophiles and eosinophils was not significant (p>0.05), also there was significant relation between body weight and E-selectin changes (r=.67, p= 0.001). The results indicate that the high intensity interval resistance training did not result in white blood cells' indices excitation because of enough recovery between sets and repetitions, but E-Selectin were sensitive to exercise pressure and load imposed on body by training and showing higher adaptation to high intensity interval resistance training.

Apoptosis is a highly regulated process that ensures the tissue and cellular homeostasis. This study aimed at investigating the effect of endurance training and the Ziziphus jujube extract consumption on apoptosis of cardiac tissue in male Wistar rats. In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats aged 8-12 weeks (weighing 195 mg±7.94) were randomly divided into four groups: control, jujube extract, endurance training and endurance training-jujube extract. A moderate endurance training program was conducted for eight weeks and five sessions per week. Rats were received a daily dose of 600 mg/kg of the extract orally. The gene expression of anexin-5 and caspase-3 in cardiac tissue was measured by the real-time PCR. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the mean weight of the heart tissue of male Wistar rats among different groups (P<0.001). Changes in anexin-5 expression of the cardiac tissue in training-supplementation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.012). Also, the results showed that changes in caspase-3 expression of the cardiac tissue in supplementation (P<0.001), training (P<0.013) and training-supplementation (P<0.0001) groups were significantly lower than the changes in the control group (P<0.012). According to the findings of this study, it seems that endurance training and jujube extract consumption can have an interactive effect in reducing apoptosis of the cardiac tissue.

  High-intensity interval training (HIIT), compared with continuous training, can result in relatively more improvement in max exercise capacity, mitochondrial enzymes, and other cellular factors involved in energy metabolism. So the present study was aimed to examine the effect of six weeks of HIIT on the insulin resistance index, HOMA-beta cell, and atherogenic index among overweight men. The participants included 24 overweight men that classified into interval training and control groups. The participants became familiar with the laboratory environment in several sessions, and blood sampling along with the measurement of height, weight, body composition, and maximal oxygen consumption was performed. Fasting blood samples were collected from the participants’ brachial artery in order to measure their glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL before HIIT and 48 hours after training. The results indicated significant changes in insulin, insulin resistance, and beta cell function index, however, glucose, lipid profile, and atherogenic index did not show any significant changes. Although the HIIT exercises are performed during a short period of time, they feature the same beneficial effects as those of aerobic exercises and other forms of training that take relatively longer time. It could, therefore, be said that such exercises could help inactive and overweight people to improve their insulin sensitivity and reduce the risk of diseases related to lipid profile, glucose, insulin, and high fat percentage. Therefore, it is suggested that overweight people, and even healthy people, benefit from this type of training

This study aimed to investigate the effects of endurance training and Gallic acid on Annexin-5 and caspase-3 of cardiac tissue in male Wistar rats undergoing Boldenone.

In this experimental study, 42 male Wistar rats aged 8-12 weeks (weight: 195±7.94g) were randomly divided into six groups of control, boldenone (5mg/kg), Gallic acid-boldenone, endurance training, endurance training-boldenone and endurance training-Gallic acid-boldenone. Moderate endurance training program was conducted for eight weeks and five sessions per week. Oral Gallic acid was taken by rats at a dose of 5 mg/100g of rat’s weight for 8 weeks (7 days a week). Boldenone was injected deep into the quadratus femoris muscle of rats once a week on a predetermined day. After anesthesia, autopsy was performed and the cardiac tissue was isolated. The data were analyzed by paired samples t-test, one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test at significance level of P<0.05.

The results showed differences among the groups in terms of mean amount of Annexin-5 and caspase-3 in cardiac tissues (P=0/001). The mean value of anxin-5 gene expression in the boldenone group was 1.27 ± 0.27, which significantly increased compared to those in Gallic acid-boldenone (0.40 ± 0.21), endurance training (0.38 (0.07), endurance Training-boldenone (0.766 ± 0.24) and endurance Training-Gallic acid-boldenone (0.71 ± 0.27) groups. Also, the mean value of Caspase-3 gene expression in the boldenone group was 2.14 ± 0.16, which significantly increased compared to those in acid-boldenone (0.92 ± 0.77), endurance training (0.59 ± 0.35) endurance Training-boldenone (1.19 ± 0.42) and endurance Training-Gallic acid-boldenone (0.94 ± 0.60) groups.

According the findings, it seems that boldenone causes apoptosis of cardiac tissues and endurance training and Gallic acid may reduce the apoptosis of cardiac tissues.

Adropin plays an important role in lipid metabolism; however, no research seems to have been done on the effect of exercise on serum adropin levels. Therefore, the present study attempted to investigate the effect of an aerobic exercise session with FATmax intensity on adropin levels and insulin resistance among overweight women.
The participants, who volunteered to take part in the research through announcements, included 24 overweight women with the means and standard deviations of their age, height, and weight being 25.34±4.1 y, 163.6±4.07 cm, and 76.94±4.56 kg, respectively. The exercise group performed an acute endurance activity, while the control group rested for the same amount of time. In an acute endurance activity session, the participants ran on treadmills for 30 minutes at their FATmax intensities. Changes in the data for the two groups were calculated, before and after the activity session and then compared using independent-samples t-tests. The significance level for all the statistical analyses was set at p Results showed significant differences between the two groups in terms of insulin (p=0.030) and insulin resistance (p=0.031), but not such a difference for glucose (p=0.327) and adropin (p=0.330). It seems that this type of activity, despite its largely aerobic nature, simply failed to stimulate adropin, due to the effect of the control group’s fasting state on increasing adropin levels, and/or the lower duration and intensity of the activity