لیلا آلیلو

One of the most crucial factors in the success of breastfeeding premature babies is breastfeeding self-efficacy. Nursing mothers should prioritize getting enough sleep and rest during the postpartum period, because breastfeeding prevents mothers from getting enough sleep and as a result often causes them to sleep less during this period. The study aimed to assess the predictive impact of sleep quality on breastfeeding self-efficacy in premature infants at Kosar Medical Education Center in Urmia in 2023.

The present study was a descriptive cross-sectional correlational study conducted on mothers of premature babies in Kosar Educational and Therapeutic Center in Urmia, Iran in 2023. One hundred and fifty mothers were selected using the convenience sampling method. Mothers who met the inclusion criteria and were in the NICU filled the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaires, a shortened version of the Dennis Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, as well as an informed consent. After data collection, descriptive statistics and central indicators including mean and standard deviation were used for statistical comparisons. Inferential statistics such as Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis were used to predict breastfeeding self-efficacy by sleep quality. The obtained data was analyzed using SPSS software version 17.

Descriptive statistics showed that the mean sleep quality score was 2.96 ± 1.15, and the mean score of breastfeeding self-efficacy was 6.66 ± 4.25. Pearson correlation test indicated a significant inverse relationship between sleep quality and breastfeeding self-efficacy (P < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that sleep quality, type of delivery, and number of deliveries predict 71% of the variance in breastfeeding self-efficacy score. Sleep quality can predict about 32% of breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers of premature babies.

According to the results, there was an inverse and significant relationship between sleep quality and breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers of premature infants. This inverse relationship between sleep quality and breastfeeding self-efficacy shows that reducing sleep disturbance can have a positive effect on the breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers of premature babies. It is recommended to conduct more studies in this field and compare it with the results of the present study.

Anxiety is a common psychiatric disorder in patients with chronic kidney disease, and Benson muscle relaxation is a non-invasive, non-pharmacological treatment to reduce anxiety and improve the condition. Considering the problems of these patients, it seems helpful to use this method in relieving these problems. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of Benson's muscle relaxation method on hemodialysis patients' anxiety.

This semi-experimental study was conducted on hemodialysis patients at Taleghani and Emam Khomeini Treatment and Educational Center of Urmia University of Medical Sciences in 2023. Sixty eligible patients undergoing hemodialysis were selected using convenience sampling. The selected patients were randomly divided into two control and intervention groups. Before the intervention, a pre-test was conducted on both groups using the Beck anxiety questionnaire. The intervention group received Benson's relaxation approach during eight sessions. At the end of the intervention, both groups completed the questionnaire again, and the data were analyzed in SPSS ver.16.0 using Chi-square and t-test statistical tests.

A statistically significant difference was observed in the mean anxiety scores in the Benson relaxation group before and after the intervention (p<0.001). However, no statistically significant difference was observed in the mean anxiety scores in the control group(P=0.687).

The introduction and application of Benson's sedation method can effectively reduce the anxiety of hemodialysis patients. Health policymakers can include this intervention method in nursing students' curricula.

Suicide is among the most important indicators of the mental health of the people in a society, which is caused by several factors, and depression is one of the most critical factors related to suicide attempts. Cognitive psychotherapy is one of the effective methods for people with suicidal thoughts, which can be effective on depression symptoms. Therefore, a study aimed to determine the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on the depression of people attempting to commit suicide who were discharged from medical education centers in Urmia in 2020.

This semi-experimental study was conducted on 60 participants who tried to commit suicide and were discharged from medical centers in Urmia City, Iran, in 2020. With the convenience sampling method, 60 people were selected from the suicide attempters and then randomly and equally assigned to control and intervention groups. The short form of Beck depression questionnaire and demographic questionnaire were used to collect data before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, and three months after the intervention. The training package for the intervention group was held during eight sessions of 60-90 minutes with a frequency of two sessions per week. No intervention was done for the control group. Data collected by SPSS software (22) were analyzed through Chi-square statistical test, Fisher's exact test and Repeated Measure ANOVA.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the trend of depression scores of the suicide attempters discharged from the treatment centers (P<0.001). The pairwise comparisons based on the Bonferroni test showed no statistically significant difference concerning the depression score of people attempting to commit suicide discharged from medical centers in the control group in the periods before and after the intervention (p=0.001). However, there was a statistically significant difference between the periods before, after, and three months after the intervention in the intervention group (P<0.001).

In this study, the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy was observed in the intervention group, and the symptoms of depression improved significantly. Therefore, it could be concluded that cognitive behavioral therapy may have a significant improvement in reducing suicidal thoughts and despair. In addition, this treatment can positively affect a person's behavior and improve the quality of his/her life. However, more studies are needed to measure the exact effectiveness.

Hospitals, as the most important medical institutions, must have sufficient preparation before accidents to guarantee a quick response to the incident when faced with crises. This study aimed to determine the level of preparedness of medical education centers of Urmia University of Medical Sciences in the face of accidents and disasters.

This study was a descriptive study that was carried out in the medical education centers of Urmia, Iran. For this purpose, the level of preparedness of all 5 medical education hospitals of Urmia University of Medical Sciences in 10 areas was measured by an observational checklist of 210 questions, whose validity, content, form, and reliability were measured in a previous study. The data was analyzed using SPSS v.17 software.

Based on the results, support, management and command, emergency, security, communication, and human resources were the highest among the other goals with the score of%74.28, %73.63, %68.33, %66.25, and%62.85 scored, respectively, and so were in good state of readiness to deal with accidents and disasters. The overall level of preparedness of affiliated hospitals of Urmia university of Medical Sciences was considered to be at a good level with a score of%62.24.

Based on the results obtained in this research, it was determined that the level of preparedness of the hospitals is at a good level, however, due to the importance of the role of hospitals in the crisis and according to the history of disasters in the country, it seems that the managers and officials should pay more attention to educational planning to deal with disasters, and strengthening hospitals and holding training exercises will play an influential role in increasing the readiness of hospitals.

Low physical activity increases the symptoms of mood disorders, including anxiety, depression, and stress in the patients with diabetes; so it will always be difficult for a person with diabetes to accept the fact that he has to change his life based on the disease. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the state of existential anxiety and central self-evaluation in the patients with diabetes and their relationship with their life orientation in the patients with type 2 diabetes referring to Urmia Diabetes Society in 2021.

This descriptive-analytica study was conducted on 360 patients with type 2 diabetes in Urmia, Iran, in 2021. Demographic questionnaires, Good's existential anxiety questionnaire, life orientation questionnaire, and Jaj’s central self-evaluation scale were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS statistical software version 16. Independent t-test and ANOVA test were used to compare the mean score of variables between two groups or more than two groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression test were used to investigate the correlation among the variables. The significance level was considered P<0.05 in this study.

The results showed no statistically significant relationship between the central self-evaluation scores and the existential anxiety of the participants in the research (P=0.547). However, based on the Pearson correlation test, there was a direct and significant statistical relationship between the central self-evaluation scores and the life orientation of the participants in the research (P=0.022). Also, there was no statistically significant relationship between the existential anxiety scores and the life orientation of the participants in the research (P=0.065).

Since there is a significant relationship between the central self-evaluation scores and the life orientation of patients with type 2 diabetes, it is recommended that necessary education be provided to these patients by nurses during hospitalization and discharge to increase the positive vision, reduce pessimism, increase the ability to achieve success, enhance emotional adaptability, and improve the attitude of the patients.

One of the basic and important needs of hemodialysis patients is vascular access. Nursing students as members of the health team and future nurses, play an essential role in the safety management of hemodialysis patients and therefore, their training is important to support patient safety. Today, evidence-based education with the objective of explicit and rational use of the best common evidence provides sufficient and necessary knowledge in the field of safe and effective management of patients according to evidence-based guidelines for nursing students. Therefore, the present study was designed and implemented with the aim of determining the effect of evidence-based education on the knowledge of nursing students in the care of hemodialysis vascular access in 2021.

In this experimental study, 65 fourth-year nursing students of Urmia College of Nursing and Midwifery were selected and divided into two intervention and control groups. Then, in the intervention group, evidence-based training was provided to students in 4 sessions each for 1.5 to 2 hours, but the control group did not receive any training. Information was collected with demographic information and hemodialysis vascular access questionnaires, and analyzed and compared using SPSS version 16 software.

The results of this study showed that the knowledge scores of nursing students before the intervention did not differ significantly between the two groups (p=0.749). However, the scores of awareness after the intervention were significantly different in the two groups (p=0.0001). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the scores of knowledge of nursing students about hemodialysis vascular access at the beginning and end of the study in the control group (p=0.107). Also, the scores before and after the knowledge of the students in the intervention group were significantly different (p=0.0001).

According to the findings of the research, it can be concluded that the implementation of evidence-based education was effective on the awareness of vascular access among nursing students. Therefore, it is suggested to emphasize the importance of knowledge of evidence-based guidelines in order to promote the transfer of theoretical knowledge to the bedside for nursing students.

Schizophrenia and major depression are among severe and chronic psychiatric disorders that affect the most important area of a person's life, namely quality of life. Quality of life is very important in patients with chronic psychiatric disorders and is still low even after partial recovery. Today, quality of life is considered as one of the most important consequences of treatment of diseases, because quality of life is an important criterion for determining the effects of disease and its treatment on the individual and can be a useful guide to improve the quality of care. Hence quality of life assessment is important in patient care and clinical research. The purpose of this study is to compare the quality of life between patients with major depression and schizophrenia.

This cross-sectional study was performed in Razi Psychiatric Educational and Medical Center in Urmia in 2021. A total of 100 patients with major depression and schizophrenia were selected by convenience sampling method. The MC GILL questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life of patients with major depression and the SQLS Wilkesen questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life of patients with schizophrenia. Data were analyzed using t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient.

The mean age of the patients with depression was 34.28 ±7.257 and the mean age of the patients with schizophrenia was 36.80 ±9.225. The mean quality of life in patients with major depression was 45.62 ±14.75 ehile was73.56 ± 10.369 in the patients with schizophrenia. Comparison of the overall quality of life in patients with major depression and schizophrenia showed that the quality of life of patients with schizophrenia is in a more unfavorable situation (p<0.05). In general, it can be acknowledged that the quality of life in patients with psychiatric disorders can vary according to the type, severity of the disease, gender, age, and social support.

Major depressive disorder and schizophrenia affect major aspects of patients' quality of life. The impact of these two diseases on the quality of life of patients is different; as the quality of life of patients with schizophrenia are more affected by the disease than patients with major depression. Paying attention to the quality of life of these patients can be an important factor in the relative recovery of these patients.

The normal cognitive status of a person is impaired with age and in patients admitted to the ICU, this disorder causes severe complications such as delirium. Active participation of the family can be one of the factors affecting the cognitive status of patients admitted to ICU. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of family involvement on the cognitive status of patients admitted to the ICU of Khoy hospitals.

This study was performed as an experimental intervention by random sampling using a two-week time block method on 60 patients admitted to the ICU of Khoy hospitals. In the intervention group, the effect of family participation for three days with a scheduled appointment in the morning and the evening on the cognitive status of patients admitted to the ICU was assessed. In the control group, the normal ward care was performed. The RASS scale was used to assess the level of agitation-sedation and the MMSE scale was used to determine the cognitive status. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 17.

The results showed that the two groups were completely identical, and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, sex, and education. The interaction effect of time and intervention on the mean scores of restlessness - drowsiness over time was significant (p <0.05) and the total score of MMSE criterion increased in the intervention group (23.40) compared to the control group (22.30) which was not statistically significant (p <0.05)

According to the findings of the study, by increasing the number of visit days, the patients' cognitive status improved compared to before the intervention. Therefore, family involvement can be an effective and low-cost non-pharmacological method to prevent cognitive impairment and severe delirium in ICU patients.

Colonoscopy is performed in order to examine the gastrointestinal tract. It can be used to evaluate the patients who suffer from certain medical conditions including chronic diarrhea of unknown etiology, occult bleeding, and anemia. The first essential step in performing an effective colonoscopy is adequate bowel preparation.

The present study was a descriptive cross-sectional study that involved 180 patients who underwent colonoscopy and were referred to the colonoscopy unit of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia. It was conducted in a three-month period of time. The samples of the study were selected randomly. The demographic information questionnaire and the Boston preparation scale were used to collect the data. The data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software.

The quality of the patients’ bowel preparation was assessed based on the Boston bowel preparation scale. The obtained results showed that 26.1% of the subjects had inadequate bowel preparation. Moreover, based on the results of the study, the lowest frequency of referral to hospital for colonoscopy was related to the weight loss. On the other hand, the highest frequency of these referrals was related to positive occult blood test. Furthermore, the analysis of the results showed that the mean bowel preparation score in all of the samples was 6.4 with a standard deviation of 2.61. Finally, the left colon had the highest mean preparation score (2.33) and the right colon had the lowest mean preparation score (1.86).

According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that bowel preparation is affected by various factors that influence the quality and the results of colonoscopy, cause misdiagnosis, and increase the treatment costs for the patients and health system. Therefore, considering the importance of the issue, educating patients, and using up-to-date knowledge about the patients’ bowel preparation can play an important role in the provision of solutions to these problems.

The issue of trauma in modern and industrial societies today is one of the most important issues and problems that have been considered in most countries. Because pre-hospital care is the first component of a trauma care system, doing it right can reduce the problems of long-term disability as well as deaths from trauma. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of training based on a modified team-based learning method on trauma patient management skills by Urmia emergency medical personnel in 2020.

The present study was a before and after clinical trial study in two groups during which 98 technicians of Urmia Emergency Center were selected by stratified random sampling method. Sample members were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, trauma patient management skills were taught by a modified team-based learning method. The tools used to collect information included two sections: demographic information and a trauma assessment skills checklist. The results were analyzed using SPSS software version 17.

The results of analysis of variance test with repeated measures showed a significant difference between intervention and control groups in learning trauma patient management skills (p <0.001) which was determined by examining the effect of test repetition and the effect of interaction. The changes of the studied variable in TBL groups were significantly more than the control group (p <0.001).

The results of the current study showed that training based on a modified team-based learning method is effective and improves personnel readiness in this field.

Hemodialysis is the most common treatment for patients with chronic renal failure and one of the problems reported in these patients is their non-adherence to diet and fluid restriction. This study aimed to determine the effect of teach back method training on dietary adherence and fluid restriction in hemodialysis patients.

In this study, 60 patients undergoing hemodialysis referred to Urmia teaching hospitals in 1399 were randomly assigned to the control and intervention groups. In the intervention group, in addition to routine training, the patient was given feedback-based training in two areas of diet and fluid restriction during 3 sessions for 45 to 60 minutes. The control group received only the usual training in the ward. Data collection using demographic questionnaire and adherence to treatment of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD-AQ) subscale of diet and fluid restriction in three stages: pre-test, post-test (7 days after intervention) and follow-up (30 days Was performed after the intervention. Data were collected using SPSS software version 16, Chi-square, independent t-test, repeated measures analysis of variance tests.

There was a significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the mean score of fluid restriction (P <0.001). This means that at first the means of both groups were almost the same. In the control group, the means were almost similar during the following times and did not change significantly with each other, but in the intervention group in the following times, the mean score of fluid restriction increased and also the mean scores of compliance with fluid restriction in each intervention group. The two stages of post-test and follow-up were significantly higher than the control group (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in the mean score of diet adherence between the intervention and control groups (P <0.01).

The present study showed that teach back method education has a significant effect on adherence to fluid restriction in patients undergoing hemodialysis, but has no effect on adherence to the diet of these patients. It is suggested that nurses working in hemodialysis wards increase patientschr('39') perception of their disease by increasing the number of teach back-oriented training sessions and as a result can play an important role in self-care of hemodialysis patients and their adherence to diet and fluid restriction.

Assessing learnerschr('39') perceptions of the educational environment and using its results to improve the quality of the educational environment is always considered by those involved in the designing, implementing, and evaluating curricula. Clinical education environments are of special importance due to their unique and complex features and the present descriptive study has been conducted with the aim of determining the status of hospital education environment in Urmia educational and medical centers from the perspective of medical residents in 2020.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed using the PHEEM standard questionnaire to evaluate the clinical education environment. The questionnaire was given to all residents who had experienced the training environment for at least six months. 205 first to fourth-year residents of all fields in Urmia University of Medical Sciences completed the questionnaire. This questionnaire consists of 40 questions that assess the three areas of perception of teaching, role independence, and social support of residents. The statistical analysis were performed using SPSS 16 software.

Based on the findings, out of 205 subjects who completed the questionnaire, 99 were female (48.3%) and 106 were male (51.7%) with a mean age of 33.08 ± 5.41 years. The mean and standard deviation of the sub-criteria of perception of role independence, perception of teaching and perception of social support were 25.77 ± 9.62, 24.72 ± 11.93, and 20.35 ± 7.18, respectively. The average total score of the questionnaire was 70.27 ± 83. The results also indicated a significant relationship between the variable of the total score of the questionnaire and the specialty of students (p <0.05). However, there is no significant relationship between the total score variable with the variables of gender, degree, and hospital (p > 0.05).

According to the results, the clinical education environment of residency in educational-medical centers of Urmia city needs to be improved and promoted and requires the attention of medical education managers. As there are opportunities to improve the learning environment, it is recommended to pay attention to the expectations of the residents. Perhaps one of the most important steps to improve educational conditions is to conduct such studies with a higher sample size in other educational and medical centers in the country.

Nurses are the largest group of health care providers and their decisions play a very important role in the clinical fate of patients. Due to the importance of nurseschr('39') decisions, this study was conducted to investigate the clinical decision-making ability of hemodialysis nurses in Urmia hospitals.

The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study performed on 60 nurses working in hemodialysis wards of hospitals affiliated with the Urmia University Medical Sciences. The samples were selected by counting. Data were collected from the Demographic Information Questionnaire and the Lauri and Salantra Clinical Decision Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS-17 software and descriptive and inferential tests.

The average score of nurseschr('39') overall clinical decision-making was 8.62 ±93.53, of which 57.5% of nurses had intuitive decisions, 22.5% had analytical-intuitive decisions, and 20% had analytical decisions.

The research findings showed that with increasing age and clinical history, nurseschr('39') decision-making progresses towards analytical decision-making, while younger and less experienced nursechr('39')s benefit more from intuitive decision-making.

Applying spiritual intelligence in the workplace can lead to improved communication skills and optimal clinical care. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of spiritual intelligence training on patient communication skills in nurses working in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Mahabad in 2019.

The present study is an experimental study with a control group of pre-test-post-test that was conducted in 2019. The statistical population of this study is all nurses working in Imam Khomeini Hospital of Mahabad. At first, nurses were included in the study based on the inclusion criteria and 70 of them were randomly selected from each ward. Then, the participants in the study were divided into control and intervention groups based on random allocation. Demographic characteristics form and King Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire were used to collect information. For the intervention group, 7 sessions of spiritual intelligence training were held in a workshop for 2 months. Immediately two weeks and one month after the intervention, both groups completed the questionnaire. No training was given to the control group. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 17 and descriptive and inferential statistics.

The results showed that the two groups were completely identical. Also, the results of Bonferroni multiple test showed that the mean scores of intelligence before the intervention in the two groups were not statistically significant (p = 0.162). The mean score of spiritual intelligence in the intervention group before training was 54.19±48.57 and it increased significantly (14.12±61.80) two weeks after training. Multiple Bonferroni comparisons showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the mean scores of spiritual intelligence before and two weeks after training and in the follow-up phase among the nurses in the control group (p = 1.000). However, in the intervention group, the mean scores of spiritual intelligence before and two weeks after training and in the follow-up stage were significantly different (p <0.001).

The findings of the study indicate the effect of education on nurseschr('39') spiritual intelligence. Since spiritual intelligence can affect all areas of nurseschr('39') work, it is better to use the findings to improve the quality of nursing care and increase patient satisfaction.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States and the third leading cause of death in Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of peer-to-peer self-care training based on gastrointestinal complications in cancer patients.

The present study is a clinical trial. This was done with the participation of 80 cancer patients using the available sampling method and random sampling in two groups of tests and controls (40 people in each group). In addition to the usual training of the center, the members of the intervention group were provided with self-care training in the field of tolls and how to manage tolls. The control group received only routine training from the center, ie training by a physician and a hospital nurse, and training through posters and pamphlets at the center. The data collection tool was a questionnaire for the management of chemotherapy complications. Data were collected at the beginning of the study and during the first course of chemotherapy. Finally, the data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical tests and SPSS software version 16.

After the intervention, there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the mean score of gastrointestinal complications due to chemotherapy and treatment, and the mean score of the intervention group was lower (Kay Square, p <0.05). The mean score of self-care behavior after intervention also showed a significant difference between the two groups and the mean score of the intervention group was higher (independent t, p <0.05).

Peer-to-peer training promotes behavioral management of chemotherapy, so the use of this training method is recommended for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy along with other training methods.

Colonoscopy is the most important diagnostic and therapeutic method for colorectal diseases. Patients' satisfaction with such aggressive procedures is an important criterion for assessing the quality of health care. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of compilation education through video tutorials and visual aids on satisfaction in patients undergoing colonoscopy.

This quasi-experimental study was performed on 180 outpatient colonoscopy candidates referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia in 2018. The participants were selected by convenience sampling method and they were randomly assigned to control and intervention groups. Training videos and educational charts on colonoscopy before colonoscopy and on colonoscopy day were screened for the candidates of the colonoscopy, and the additional information and patient questions were provided. Patients' satisfaction after intervention was assessed by GHAA-9 questionnaire. SPSS software version 16 was utilized and descriptive and inferential methods were used for data analysis.

The mean score of satisfaction was 46.07 ± 5.03 in the intervention group and 24.72 ± 7.94 in the control group. The independent t-test results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups after the intervention (p <0.0001).

The combination of education through educational videos and video cards significantly increased patient satisfaction, therefore the colonoscopy unit staff are recommended to improve the quality of care and patient satisfaction by using such methods.

This study aims to investigate the complications and outcomes of premature neonates with very low birth weight in Shahid Motahari Hospital of Urmia in 2017. In this longitudinal descriptive study, all the premature infants with less than 37 weeks of gestation and birth weight less than 1500 grams that were born in Shahid Motahari Hospital of Urmia during the second six months of the year 2017 and were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of this center were included in the study. Information regarding the complications of the prematurity and low birth weight were recorded on the checklist. All the data were analyzed by SPSS version 21. Of the 97 infants, 52 (53.6%) were male and 45 (46.3%) were female. The mean birth weight was 1392.06±137.7 gr. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was the most common disorder among neonates and it was observed in 70 premature infants (72.1%). Of the 82 neonates born with cesarean section, 55 neonates (67.1%) were discharged from the hospital and 27 neonates (32.9%) died. It can be concluded that the rate of neonatal recovery and discharge in the study population is comparable to that in most developing countries. In other words, increasing the healing rate, especially in newborns weighing less than 1500 grams, improving the quality of perinatal cares, reducing preterm labor and the rate of the births with low birth weight, leveling the perinatal services and personnel training to restore standards in the delivery room, the early use of the NCPAP, improving the parenteral nutrition status, and the transmission process of infants, and standardizing the care protocols of these newborns will decrease mortality and morbidity without long-term complications in this group of infants in the future.

The effects of general anesthesia and seizure caused by electroconvulsive therapy increase the risk of cardiovascular changes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of reflexology on physiological indices after electroconvulsive therapy.

This clinical trial was performed on 56 patients with depression, who were selected by stratified random sampling after an electroconvulsive therapy and randomly allocated to the intervention and control groups. Data were collected using a demographic characteristics questionnaire and a vital sign record form and its tools. In the intervention group, vital signs were recorded after electroconvulsive therapy and patients’ vigilance, followed by performing a 20-minute reflexology session at reflex points. The vital signs were measured 10 minutes after the intervention and compared to vital signs immediately after vigilance and with the control group one hour later. In addition, data analysis was performed in SPSS version 24 using the Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon test.

In this study, the mean and standard deviation of blood pressure in the control and intervention groups were estimated at 111.60 ±11.47 and 114.92±10.54, respectively. Moreover, the results of Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon test were indicative of a significant intra and intergroup difference between the control and intervention groups in terms of the mean and standard deviation of patients’ blood pressure. After the intervention, the mean and standard deviation of pulse in the control and intervention groups were reported to be 83.35±4.83 and 78.64±5.07, respectively. According to the results, there was an intra and intergroup difference between the control and intervention groups in terms of the mean and standard deviation of patients’ blood pressure.

According to the results of the study, reflexology affected the rapid improvement of physiological indices after ECT in depressed patients and caused relaxation and balance of physiological indices in these patients. Therefore, nurses can use this method as a branch of complementary medicine to be effective in balancing the physiological indices of patients.
Keywords: Depression, Electrotherapy, Physiological Indices, Reflexology

Pain is one of the most important complications after Electroconvulsive therapy. Failure to take this pain reduces the satisfaction of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate patients' satisfaction with post- Electroconvulsivetherapy pain control by means of massage therapy in patients with depression. This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 56 patients with depression who referred to the Department of Electroconvulsive Therapy at Razi Psychiatric Center, Urmia, during the sampling period. Admission and random access criteria were categorized into control and intervention groups. The data collection tool was a demographic questionnaire, a visual scale of pain assessment, and patient satisfaction questionnaire. In the intervention group, the location and severity of pain were determined by using the dummy shapes and visual instrument for pain assessment by the patient, and Reflexology for 20 minutes at reflex points and the patient's satisfaction form was completed. The results were analyzed with SPSS-24 software using satisfactory The results showed a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of satisfaction of the studied units. In other words, a significant reduction in the severity of pain after ECT in patients with depression and patient satisfaction was significantly affected by pain control (P <0.001) According to the results of this study, it can be suggested that by incorporating a reflexive massage in the nursing plan to control the complications after medical treatment, it would increase patient satisfaction and their survival in the treatment program.

Death anxiety is one of the most common problems in cancer patients and can affect the beneficial course of treatment. This study aimed to compare the death anxiety among women with reproductive and gastrointestinal cancers and related factors in healthcare centers of Isfahan, Iran in 2017. This descriptive and analytical research was conducted on 160 women with breast and cervical cancers and gastric and colon cancers divided into two equal groups of 80. The subjects were selected via random sampling, and data were collected applying demographic characteristics questionnaire and Templer death anxiety scale. In addition, data analysis was performed in SPSS version 22 using statistical and descriptive tests. In this research, the highest frequency of breast and cervical cancers (52.5%) and gastric and colon cancers (53.8%) was related to the age range of 41-60 years. Results demonstrated that the mean score of death anxiety was significantly higher in women with breast and cervical cancers (47.8±20.30), compared to the subjects with gastrointestinal cancers (44.19±41.10) (P=0.045). Moreover, in the participants with gastrointestinal cancers, death anxiety was less observed in those with no children, compared to the subjects with children (P<0.05). According to the results of the study, death anxiety level was higher in women with breast and cervical cancers. It could be concluded that cancers associated with damage to female identity cause more anxiety in women. Therefore, it is suggested that this issue be considered by nurses of the cancer wards to provide spiritual support with the help of support systems (e.g., family of patients).

Premature or low birthweight infants and neonates who need special care (respiratory distress, apnea) are usually admitted to Intensive Care Unit (NICU). The infants should have discharging conditions and parents should acquire sufficient preparedness before going home. Very low birthweight infants and premature ones are expected to have more complications than others.
Babies stayed at NICU for at least 7 days. Levels of parental preparedness for discharging in first days after hospitalization and on discharging day were investigated according to the questionnaire. Then infants were followed up for 3 months.
The average levels of prenatal preparedness in first days after hospitalizing and on discharging day were calculated 15.38 and 24.19. And 43% of neonates were girls and 57% were boys. As said above, they were followed up for 3 months. The results show that 105 cases (86.6%) were apparently normal, 11 cases (9%) had mild developmental delay, 1 case had mild hydrocephaly, and 1 case had severed hydrocephaly. Heart disease was observed in 1 case and 2 cases (1.7 %) died.
In this study, level of prenatal preparedness after training by nurses, had significant statistic value compared with the primary preparedness (P

Dental caries is one of the most common child illnesses, and each year the number of teeth loss due to caries development. Given the destructive nature of the caries, fast treatment is necessary to prevent future tooth decay in order to improve the overall oral health. According to what was said above, the use of stainless steel crown (SSC) in pediatric dentistry is very important and many dental associations do insist on using it. Unfortunately, some dentists are less likely to use it. The aim of this study was the evaluation of general dentists’ knowledge about the indications of SSC and their willingness to learn and apply these techniques at office.
This cross-sectional study was performed on all Urmia dentists that work in an office .A questioner was performed in two sections (personal information and questions about SSC) and dentists answered it. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and Pearson correlation coefficient. The dentists were 80 male and 48 females and the mean age was 42.66 years old, and the mean time passed from their graduation was 15.05 years
So 128 dentists (80 males and 48 females) participated in this study. Fourteen questions were proposed in the area of knowledge. 44 dentists had moderate awareness. The remaining 84 dentists all had good knowledge. There was no significant correlation between graduation and the age of dentists with knowledge. While the relationship between the knowledge and the training college was significant. But relations between the sexes was not statistically significant but the awareness was higher in men than in women.
The results indicated that knowledge of dentists in Urmia about SSC was sufficient, but the use of SSC was low. Therefore we recommend some organized educational programs in this field.

Cholecystectomy is a most known procedure in patients with gallbladder disease such as choleducolithiasis. This study aimed to study the effect of ampibactam prophylaxy (ampicillin/sulbactam) on the low-risk patients who were candidates for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This clinical double blind work study was evaluating the elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 160 low-risk patients with choleducolithiasis with informed consent 2010-11. The patients were randomly divided into two groups including group A as study group that received 3gr dose of ampibactam (Jaber-ebne-Hayyan Inc) intravenously and group B as the control group that received 10cc normal saline (N/S). The information about age، sex، weight، body mass index (BMI)، routine tests، hospital stay for all patients was collected. The patients during hospitalization and within 30 days after surgery were followed for incidence of infectious complications. According to this study، 1 patient (2. 1%) of the intervention group and 2 patients (5. 2%) in the control group were infected with the Fisher exact test showed no significant differences between the two groups، and the incidence of infection (P=4. 0). In all three cases (9. 1%) had an infection in one patient (6. 0%) from the intervention group and 2 patients (3. 1%) of the control patients had a skin wound infection (P=5. 0). (P= 8. 0). The infection complications have seen in one pationet in control group after 6 and in 2 patients of study group after 5 day after cholecystectom. The mean duration of hospitalization after cholecystectomy in 80 patients in the intervention group was 2. 08 ± 0. 28 days versus 2. 17 ± 0. 4 d in the control group (P=1. 0). This study results such as other studies results، don’t demonstrate the efficiency of prophylactic antibiotics in low-risk laparoscopic cholecystectomy. So preferably it''s not recommended to prescribe antibiotics in low-risk laparoscopic cholecystectomy conditions.

This study was done in hem dialysis patients who referred to Imam Khomeini hospital of Urmia for insertion of arterial -venous fistula with Gore-tex, in whom there was not possibility of natural fistula. Objectives were assessment and comparison of complications and patency of arterial-venous fistulas was done with 6 and 8 mm Gore-tex graft in the upper limb and comparison of them with the 8 mm Gore-tex graft in lower extremities in a year after the operation. A follow-up study was done on 65 hemodialysis patients referred to the Imam Khomeini hospital of Urmia for insertion of arterial-venous fistulas with Gore-tex. Considering that the patient's situation and the best move for them would determine the appropriate size and position of graft, there was not possibility of making randomized groups for study. So in 32 (49/2%) cases 6 mm Gore-tex and 33 (50/8%) cases 8 mm Gore-tex was used. Anterior-venous fistulas with Gore-tex in the upper limb of 48 (73/8%) cases and in the lower limb of 17 (26/2%) were inserted. After collecting all information, data analysis was done using SPSS software. In order to analyze data and graphs survival distribution with Kaplan-Miere method was used; and to assess the significant differences in the distribution of graft patency between the size of grafts and position of insertion depending on data distribution and status in a group Cox regression and Log rank tests were used. According to the results of this study no significant differences in the one year patency and complications between graft size and or location of insertion were seen. The graft can be inserted based on clinical situation and the vascular status of patients. Although this point should be noted that our study sample size and duration of follow-up is low and these recommendations should be used with caution.

This Research was aimed to determine the efficacy of home care education on knowledge and performance of hemodialysis renal patients discharged from hospitals of Urmia University of Medical Sciences, 2010. This experimental study included 70 hemodialysis renal patients discharged from hospitals. They subjects were divided to two groups as case and control by randomized method (each group contains 35 patients). The independent variable was home care education and the dependent variable was knowledge and performance of patients. The data were collected using a questionnaire that was prepared in three parts. The patients were interviewed to determine their knowledge and performance in two stages. In the first stage, some demographic information, and knowledge and performance of both groups were gathered, and then home care education was performed plus offering some booklets. The second stage for the study and control group started after 30 day of the last self care education section. In other to analyzing the data, SPSS were used. Both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were applied. The majority of the samples were female, married and were 25-44 years old. The average of acquiring knowledge was 26.9 before education which increased to 47.7 (P<0.05) for the study group. But in the control group was 30 in pretest and in posttest 30.1. The average of different performance was 44.4 before education which increased to 76.6 (P<0.05) for study group. But in the control group was 46.6 in pretest and in posttest was 45.5. There is a significant increase in both awareness and performance after the education. H ome care education of hemodialysis renal patients increases their knowledge and performance.