مجتبی ایمانی راستابی

Parrotia persica, a native species of the Hyrcanian forests, is distributed from the west to the east of the forests of northern Iran. This study investigated the genetic diversity of Parrotia persica using molecular information from populations collected from three habitats in Gilan, four habitats in Mazandaran, and three habitats in Golestan. Using the Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) marker, 826 bands were obtained, with more than 90% of the bands being polymorphic. The mean content of polymorphic information (PIC) and marker index (MI) were calculated to be 0.24 and 22.4, respectively. Cluster analysis based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient and Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) algorithm revealed a wide variety in the collected samples. Based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient, the range of genetic similarity varied from 0.26 to 0.44. The results of the molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) showed that 21% of the total genetic diversity in Parrotia persica populations was due to genetic diversity between the populations of the three provinces of Golestan, Mazandaran, and Guilan. Genetic diversity within the populations of the habitats accounted for 79%. It can be concluded that there is no difference between the populations based on the diversity of molecular information, but there is diversity within the populations. The diversity among the evangelical populations seems to be more influenced by the environment than genetically. However, for a more accurate conclusion, it is suggested that different ecotones of the population be examined with molecular markers.

Iron wood (Parrotia caspica (D.C) C.A. Mayer) is one of the endemic tree species of Iran that is widely distributed in Hyrcanian forests from west to east. Due to the fact that climatic factors in the northern forests are variable, the relationship between the ecological conditions of the habitat and the leaf stomata of Iron wood tree species was investigated in this study. For this purpose, leaves of 10 populations were collected from three provinces of Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan and the morphological characteristics of their surface, density, length and width of the stomata were investigated. Also, habitat characteristics of diameter equal to tree trunk, altitude of habitat, temperature and rainfall were used for climate modeling. The results showed that with a 99% probability there was a significant difference between the stomata characteristics of Iron wood trees in different habitats (P<0.001). The trend of stomata density changes from west to east of northern forests was decreased, but stomata area increased from west to east. The predicted model showed that altitude and temperature had a significant effect on stomatal density (P<0.001). Temperature and rainfall had a significant effect on the stomata area (P<0.001) but the effect of altitude and diameter at breast height on the stomata area was not significant. In general, it can be said that the characteristics of the stomata are closely related to the climate conditions prevailing in the habitat.

Commercial volume trees are an important variable that contributes to economic decision-making and analysis in forest management. In this regard, Commercial Volume modeling in Hyrcanian forests is the key to implementing sustainable forest management plans. Due to time and cost constraints and the lack of local or public volumetric measurements in the equations, most forest managers still use traditional expansion factors to estimate volume. Therefore, using independent variables in volumetric modeling is an essential step in fitting models to representation. Therefore, the present study aims to model and predict business volume with minimal error using two ANN and CART algorithms. The study area was parcels 14, 16 and 24 of the educational-research forest of Sari Faculty of Natural Resources located in Darabkola, one of the functions of Sari city. After rotating the forest, masses with different forest types were studied according to the purpose of the study: Trees of pure beech, pure hornbeam and beech-hornbeam. For this purpose, at least 20 trees fell in each type and all standing trees in each sample parcel were measured. In each plot, quantitative characteristics of all trees including total tree height, trunk height (length), diameter per chest and qualitative characteristics including the degree of tree rot were measured. After measuring all the required characteristics of fallen trees at the level of Study forest types by species, to accurately estimate the volume was measured. Then the actual volume of the tree was calculated in the form of different trunk parts based on the ESmalian relationship. Finally, ANN and CART algorithms were used for modeling in STATISTICA12.0 software environment. The results of modeling the commercial volume of three masses of pure beech, pure hornbeam and beech-hornbeam with two ANN and CART algorithms showed the values of R2 explanation coefficient (0.82; 0.77), (0.44; 0.72) respectively and (0.91; 0.84). The results of modeling the commercial volume of three masses of pure beech, pure hornbeam and beech-hornbeam with two algorithms ANN and CART showed that the ANN algorithm with a R2=0.91and the percentage of RMSE%= 10.51 is more precision. Finally, the findings showed that the ANN algorithm leads to better prediction than the CART algorithm. Also, the performance of this algorithm for beech-border mixed mass is higher than any of the pure beech and hornbeam masses.

The aim of this study was to investigate the trend of changes in basic density and green moisture content of hornbeam trees in the vertical and radial direction of trunk wood. Therefore, a complete disk was prepared from 10 fallen trees in 20-40, 40-60 and 60-80 diameter classes and different decay degrees (grades 1, 2 and 3). The disks were prepared at intervals of 5, 35 and 65% of the vertical sections of the trunk. Then, the sample pieces with a fixed volume of 2× 2× 2 cm3 were fragmented at a ratio of 10, 50 and 90% of the radial sections of the disks and were obtained their basic density and green moisture content. The results showed that the green moisture content and trunk basic density of hornbeam trees in different diameter classes with the degree of decay had a significant difference with a probability of 99% (P <0.001). The highest mean basic density values were observed in the distance of 5% in the vertical direction and 90% in the radial direction of the trunk wood with 0.59 and 0.60 g / cm3, respectively. The highest mean values of green moisture content were observed in 90% in the radial direction of 0.65 and the distance of 5% in the vertical direction of 0.66. Of course, green moisture content in vertical sections showed a significant difference with changing the degree of decay (P> 0.05), but no significant difference was observed in radial sections. The results of correlation showed that basic density has the highest significance correlation with diameter equal to the breast and the lowest significance correlation with the coefficient of moisture.

Protecting the germplasm of native tree species of the Caspian hyrcanian forests, especially the Caspian locust (Gleditschia capsica Desf.) is a priority of the research. In this study, somaclonal diversity in regenerated plants from different explants of Caspian locust was investigated using the Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) marker under in vitro conditions. Mother leaf (natural) and stem, root and cotyledon explants from the regenerated plants as studied genotypes were selected and they were cultured in MS culture medium containing 0.5 mgL-1 TDZ and 0.5 mgl1 2,4-D. Somaclonal diversity was examined after six subculture inoculations. Polymorphism (PIC), Nei and Shannon diversity traits were used to investigate the diversity between genotypes and then clustering of genotypes was performed using UPMGA algorithm and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The polymorphism percentage was 87.9% using 10 primers. Molecular Analysis of Variance (AMOVA) showed 16% diversity between genotypes and maternal origin. The results of cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into three distinct categories, which was also confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA). Accordingly, the mother basal and stem genotypes were grouped in a group. The mother basal had the highest and lowest similarity coefficients with stem and root genotypes, respectively. Therefore, it was suggested to use stem explants that have high genetic similarity with the mother genome for studies of Caspian locust tissue culture. In general, the results showed that somaclonal diversity among regenerated plants will increase with increasing number of subcultured.

Somaclonal diversity is a genetical test that can be used to study the genetic variation and genetic stability of a propagated plant relative to the mother plant. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic stability of Caspian honey locust (Gleditsia caspica Desf.) regenerated plants under the influence of BAP growth regulator and CPZ growth inhibitor. For this purpose, native and regenerated plants genotypes were compared in culture media containing growth regulator BAP (20 μmol) and CPZ (0.3, 3 and 15 μmol) used by molecular marker of ISSR. The highest percentage of shoot proliferation and number of shoots was observed in 20 μmol BAP treatment. The presence of CPZ in the culture medium greatly reduced the shoot proliferation percentage and with increasing CPZ concentration, the decreasing trend of the studied characteristics increased. The results showed that the use of 10 ISSR molecular markers produced a total of 107 DNA bands that had 87.9% polymorphism. Cluster analysis dendrogram based on Jaccard similarity matrix by UPGMA method showed that the studied genotypes were divided into two groups with similarity coefficient of 0.27. It seems that the presence of CPZ, despite the growth inhibitory effect on the plant, will increase diversity and reduce the genetic affinity between the regenerated plants and the mother plant.

The thornless Black berry (Rubus occidentalis) contains components such as elagic acid, anthocyanin, campherol and salicylic acid. So, it has high antioxidant activity that can inactivate the free radicals and prevent many diseases, such as cancer. Optimization of tissue culture methods for mass production and gene transfer is very important for blackberry. The present study was aimed at determining the effects of different plant growth regulators concentrations on regeneration and rooting and the effects of different concentrations of sucrose on rooting of thornless black berry (Rubus occidentalis L.) under in vitro conditions. Interaction of BA (0.2, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg.L-1) and IBA (0 and 0.1 mg.L-1) was investigated on lateral bud explants regeneration. In the rooting stage, the effects of IBA and NAA each at four levels of 0.2, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 mg.L-1 as well as sucrose at four levels of 1, 1.5, 3, and 4.5% were studied. BA (1 and 1.5 mg.L-1) + IBA (0.1 mg.L-1) was the best regeneration treatment (regeneration: 100%, number of shoots: 4.6, and shoot length: 1.30 cm). The results indicated that the best rooting medium contained NAA (0.75 mg.L-1) and sucrose 3 and 4.5% (rooting: 100%, number of roots: 7.5, and root length: 2.88 cm).

Gleditschia  caspica Desf is one of the one of the tree species of the Hyrcanian forests. Extreme grazing, overexploitation of livestock, and the lack of natural regeneration system in diverse ecosystems have put Gleditsia caspica in danger of extinction. In this study, the conditions of the callus induction and regeneration were investigated under different growth regulators treatments. For this purpose, Stem, hypocotyl and root specimens were cut from sterile intact seedlings and considered as a separate explant. The MS medium supplemented with IBA, NAA and 2,4-D at different concentrated levels (0.5, 1.5, 3 and 4 mg / l) and TDZ, 2ip, BAP and Kin at different concentrations (0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/l) were used for callus induction. Growth regulators of TDZ and 2,4-D on 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/l concentration in MS medium were used to regeneration. Regarding rooting, callus-derived plantlets exposed to 5 µM IBA in MS media. The characteristics of callus percentage, fresh and dry weight, callus area, color, type and growth curve of calluses were compared. Also, the proliferation percentage and mean number of shoots in each explant were examined. The results showed that the effect of explants and hormone type on the callus induction percentage showed a significant difference at the level of 99%. The percentage of callus induction in the stem explants were much higher than that of the hypocotyl and roots. The effect of different hormones on all stem explant characteristics was significantly different at 99%. The results showed that the 2,4-D yielded the highest and IBA resulted to the lowest percentage of callus induction among the studied auxins. Among the cytokines, Kin had the lowest and TDZ leads to the highest percentage of callus induction. The growth curve of fresh and dry weight in regenerated calli indicated the privilege of 2,4-D compared to other hormones(P<0.05). In general, according to the obtained results, it is recommended to use MS + 0.5 mg/l 2.4-D + 0.5 mg/l TDZ formula for indirect regeneration of Gleditschia  caspica.

Sustainable forest management standards and measurement instruments subject and use them as the main tool is very important for monitoring and control in forest management. Sustainable progress monitoring and measuring possible by tools and standards. Tools and standards to help sustainable forest management can be more accurate and better information provided to forest managers and decision-makers. Sustainable forest management, including the different levels of tools and standards, criteria, indicators, confirming and reference value values. Measurement data confirming called reference value method. Reference values, a standard expression for the forestry action plan to help the indices. In this research, sustainable forest management standards and tools presented in the case study of Kalgachi locally system. Reduction in the number of forest offenses, rate of improved livelihood of forest dependent communities, grassroots participation and equity and forest dependent community’s involvement (numbers of organized groups and women) indicators of maintenance and development of socio-economic functions and conditions were examined. Confirming the reference value used to evaluate the monitoring field, the local people in the form of a combination of a questionnaire survey and interviews, distributed questionnaires and interviews with experts and organizations involved document review were used. The results of reference value of rate of improved livelihood of forest dependent communities’ indicator showed the need to improve the livelihood of farmer households, households with monthly income of at least 20 million Rials and animals, the monthly income of at least 12 million Rials. The minimum contribution to the local community, a cooperative of local men and women combined, and for natural resources and promoting a culture of awareness, held two meetings with the public in the run-up to local communities to participate as a value indicator.

In Iran, Acacia victoriae is not native to tree in Iran but it is used for important goals such as stabilize hills and the beautify landscape in the southern regions of the Iran, especially in the Khuzestan and Ilam provinces. Researches that include the development of native and non-native trees, which are compatible with the conditions of dusting areas in the western provinces of Iran, are very important. Undoubtedly, in vitro culture of trees is one of the fastest and most reliable approach to achieve mass production of trees. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different plant medium cultures on the morphological characteristics of Acacia victoria under in vitro conditions. Required seeds of Acacia victoriae were prepared from the center seed of koludeh institute of Amol. The present study was conducted in a completely randomized design with six treatments including MS, WPM, DKW, B5, L2 and N6 culture media and each treatment with 24 replications. The studied morphological characteristics, including germination percentage, shoot and root length, number of shoots, shoot and root fresh weight total dry and fresh weight of plantlets were measured for 42 days. After data collection, SAS software was used to analyze of variance and mean comparison and Excel software was used to draw all the charts. The analysis of variance results showed that there was a significant difference at 1% level between studied media, except for the shoot: root ratio. Mean comparisons showed that number of shoots, shoot dry weight, fresh and dry weight of the root, total dry weight and total fresh weight of plantlets had the highest values in WPM. Also shoot and root length and shoot fresh weight had the highest values in L2. Despite the expectation, results showed that MS medium culture had the poorest results in comparison with other media. It can be predicted that the WPM and L2 cultures will be better for seedling production from Acacia victoria seeds than in other culture media.

This study aimed to investigation the status of participation in the sustainable management of the Kalgchy traditional area forests. Questionnaire was the main instrument which used in this study, that its various items were chosen by documentary studies and expert panel composed of prominent country experts and elite experts and distributed between local people and experts. Determination of the relationship between indicators was used by fuzzy techniques DEMATEL and for the role of social and economic factors on the participation of communities in sustainable forest management was used by logistic regression model. According to local people and experts, the participation of local people is low to moderate in the planning and implementation of projects. The results of model DEMATEL showed that the "help to upgrade facilities and human resources for the conservation and restoration" as the most influential and "administrative and technical co-operation" as an indicator of richest of participatory management indicators. Age and usage history of the forest area variables had inverse relation with the participation and the Pearson’s test results showed that there is a significant positive correlation between the incomes of local people with participate of sustainable forest management indicators.

One of the important factors in planning and decision making for sustainable forest management in the context of sustainable development is assessment stakeholders and their attitudes towards forest sustainability criteria. The seven benchmarks of the Near East process for sustainable management of Iranian forests include: the size of forest resources, biodiversity, forest health and survival, forest resource production functions, forest resource conservation functions, socio-economic functions, and the legal, political and organizational framework. Following the Rio International Conference, sustainable development in Europe, held by the Ministerial Conference on Forest Conservation in Europe, became sustainable forest management, and since then the definition of sustainable forest management has been applied and more than a series Criteria and indicators were used as a tool for assessing sustainable forest management (26). The instrumental criterion for measuring the principle is Iswanuto (2001) and instrumental tool for measuring the criterion (22, 33). In order to make decisions for management and planning, in line with the principled and successful policy of natural resources, full understanding of forest managers and their identification criteria is very important. Decisions in natural resources management due to the multivariate nature of the services and benefits of natural resources, the difficulty of valuing the services of indigenous people and the involvement of a large number of stakeholders are often accompanied by complexity, irreversibility and uncertainty, and the decision Challenges have always been challenged (3). People, resources and partnerships form the three pillars of sustainable development (42).
The purpose of this study was to compare the attitudes of different forest managers in identifying sustainable management indicators in a part of central Zagros forests located in Kuhdasht city in west of Lorestan province. The practitioners included individuals from local communities, executive experts, and university professors who were selected through field studies and bibliographic studies. In this regard, 50 questionnaires were distributed among practitioners. Cronbach's alpha and SPSS16 software were used to determine the reliability of the questionnaires. Likert scale was used to evaluate the responses. Then, the status of the importance of the most important indicator of each criterion, proportional to its relative weight, was obtained from the attitude of three groups of forestry practitioners.
Results and The results showed that the reliability of the questionnaire was 0.729, which is indicative of acceptable reliability. Evaluation of the results of the opinions of the groups for each criterion and its related indicators showed that the two criteria for "protective functions" and "health, happiness and integrity" are the same. Finally, in order to investigate the significant relationship between the attitude of the practitioners, the Chi-I test or binomial test were used which did not show any significant difference between the attitudes of the three groups.

In Iran Zagros forests, forest dwellers on forest and forest products overdependence understanding of socio-economic issues in order to prevent and even reduce forest degradation is essential. The aim of this study was to investigate some forest dwellers livelihood dependence on forest resources in the northern part of city functions Kouhdasht is Namjoo watershed. For this purpose, the household data collection questionnaire and interview with the forest residents, Statistical Center of Iran, and the information contained in VA village and County of Kouhdasht were used. The results showed that local people's income is less than their cost. This caused the locals to cover their living costs to cultivate their unauthorized forest understory. This contribution is causing deforestation and degradation. The relationship between income and household expenses using the Pearson test showed that there are no significant correlation between them (R2 = 0.041; p = 0.784). Also, the results have proved that the relationship between the dependent and the income derived from forest are no significant (R2 = 0.327; p = 0.36).

In an era of unprecedented industrialization and urbanization, sustainable forest management (including management and conservation measures) are particularly essential. In this context, the criteria and indicators are considered as means for defining, monitoring and assessment of forest sustainability. However, the existing database of research on such criteria and indicators in Iran is still limited. Hence, this study aims at defining a set of criteria and indicators in an example of Kalgachi local system, Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiari province. This research was performed in several stages using different methods. In the first stage, socio-economic indicators of the Near East Process were prioritized by questionnaires to adapt the regional conditions. The indicators were further compared pair wise using further questioners. In the last step, a set of expert interviews, field studies, local community survey and document reviews in related organizations within the study area were conducted to determine the criteria and indicators. Based on the results, the finally-selected socio-economic indicators based on expert’s opinions and forest-dependent communities included the reduction in the number of interferences to forest areas, improvement of livelihood of forest-dependent communities, cooperation of local communities with equal rights (e.g. in number of groups and man/women share) and cooperation on agricultural development and conditions.