مجتبی صیادی

Surface and groundwater are important vital resources around the world. This study examines the quality of surface and groundwater resources in the catchment area of Latian Dam during the years 1396 to 1398 using GIS tools and water quality indices.
materials and ways  In order to evaluate the quality of water resources, samples were taken from 10 selected stations in two rainy and low rainfall seasons during three years and the physical, chemical and microbial parameters of the samples were evaluated. Then, using water quality indicators and hydrogeochemical characteristics, the quality of water resources was determined and the zoning map of the indicators was prepared using ArcGIS software. The resulting hydrogeochemical data were also interpreted using Piper, Schuler, Wilcox graphical diagrams and statistical analysis.

The results show that on average, during the rainy seasons, the whole region had good quality (30.644). For surface water stations, 3 stations in high rainfall season were of excellent quality (44.243), 2 stations in low rainy season were of excellent quality (40.145) and other stations were of good quality (69.92). According to the piper diagram, the samples are in two states Ca-Mg-SO4-Cl and Ca-Mg-HCO3 and the results of the study of cation and anion combination are mainly Ca-Mg-HCO3. Correlation coefficient between the main variables, there was a significant relationship between IRWQIGC groundwater and its GWQI (r = 0.87) and between IRWQISC surface water and its WQI (r = 0.68) but there is no significant relationship between groundwater and surface water quality. The average groundwater quality during the study period was good (29.143).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pollution of sari wells caused by heavy metals and determine its origin. In this research, after conducting related and basic studies, field surveys, interviews with experts and residents of the area under consideration, and sampling and testing, to identify heavy metal, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, and mercury contamination in Selected Stations Effective in the Environment. Then to collect basic information from organizations, agencies, and various departments and GIS maps were prepared. To analyze and determine the source of heavy metals pollution using the provided maps, information obtained from the databases of the organizations, and the organs and departments, drinking water standards, the results of the experiments, and the map GIS was used.Considering heavy metal sampling in different seasons and different stations to confirm the presence of heavy metals in minerals and compare these metals with drinking water standards and to investigate and locate the natural factors and human factors making the input of these metals to the water of Sari wells It was found the origin of the arrival of the metals in the river as well as man-made factors, especially the use of pesticides in rainy seasons and natural factors in particular geological structure of the study area.

The growing trend of development and various human activities leads to the entry of various pollutants into groundwater. The desirable physical and chemical quality of water is critical to the consumer, consumer health and maintenance of the water supply system. Currently, one of the problems of underground water sources is the pollution of drinking wells and other underground resources to urban and industrial wastewater, which leads to a change in the water quality of these resources and makes it impossible for them to drink. This study investigated and zoned elements Different qualitative water flows within the city of Jajroud Basin's city by Arc GIS software. For this purpose, water quality parameters were sampled from all the sources used in drinking water in this area. Then all the information was entered into the software environment under descriptive layers and to produce qualitative zoning maps. These maps show a significant trend for most parameters, due to the widespread use of water and the probability of the outbreak of various diseases Concerned about drinking in this area, this research could pave the way for future decisions on correct water harvesting in the study area.

Mallard city has two aquifers comprising Tehran-Karaj and Ghate-Chahar that providing most of drinking water for villages of this City. Accordingly, there is a dire need to investigate quality and quantity of groundwater in this area. The aim of this study is to survey the impact of soil physical and chemical properties on quality and quantity of Mallard groundwater. in view of this data from thirty-one drinking water wells during a 6-year period were used. the soil physical e.g. soil texture, uniformity coefficient, curvature factor, permeability coefficient, saturation percentage, effective porosity percentage and chemical including electrical conductivity level, sodium, potassium, calcium carbonate, total dissolved solids, pH and dissolved salt percentage properties were measured in seventeen soil samples. the results showed that in eastern areas due to loamy-clay texture of the soil and suitability of permeability coefficient and saturation percent rate the discharge of the wells is better in comparison to other areas. Qualitative parameters of the soil such as Calcium Carbonate, Electrical Conductivity, Total dissolved solids, Sodium, Potassium have strong Positive correlation with Qualitative parameters of groundwater in alluvial Terraces. In agricultural and residential areas, the of nitrate concentration in drinking water have relatively strong positive correlation with soil EC, TDS and dissolved Salt.

Deficiency of water with suitable quality is a vital challenge in urban and specially in arid and semiarid regions. The aim of this study is to assess temporal and spatial variation of drinking groundwater quality and quantity in County of Mallard in Tehran province. Mallard is a County at margin of Central Iran Plateau. The data used in this research comprises of 14 parameters in 31 drinking water wells that obtained during a 6-year interval. Spatiotemporal variation in these wells were analyzed by applying Parametric and nonparametric statistical techniques including one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, independent-samples T-test, Mann-Whitney. The results reveals that concentration of sulfate, chlorine, bicarbonate, electrical conductivity, TDS, sodium and fluorine in dry and wet periods have significant difference. Effects of space on quality of groundwater in Mallard suggest that boring wells in pyroclastic, tuff and sandy lime (E2) Formations meaningfully and at level of Percent 95 have the most impact on mineral concentration of water quality parameters. Furthermore, concentration of nitrate has increased in cultivation and urban-rural land use and the level of pH in cultivating and urban-rural use has decreased significant and at level of Percent 95 in comparison to other lands.

Groundwater is the most important source of drinking water in most communities. Water quality assessment and hydrogeochemical agents that effect water quality due to its direct impact on consumers' health is essential. Before 1970s, the focus of most studies was on physical properties of water, but in the recent century developments in sciences (i.e., chemistry and geology) researches on groundwater quality has improved. Approaches to estimate the effects of time and place on the quality and quantity of groundwater are univariate and multivariate statistical techniques. Water resource is getting more and more important in drought and interior regions such as Iran which is located in a desert belt. Therefore, the classification and analysis of groundwater quality in Mallard city in the margin of an interior basin by using multivariate statistical analysis were the aims of this study. The City of Mallard is located in the border of three provinces consisting of Markazi, Tehran, and Alborz. The study area has geographical coordinate with 50° 20´ to 51° eastern longitude and 35° 28´ to 35° 43´ northern latitude. The data used in this study was prepared by rural water and wastewater of Mallard. Thirteen quantitative parameters in thirty-one water wells during 2010-2015 were selected. The data was divided into three qualitative classes on the basis of a hierarchical cluster analysis. Furthermore, to identify the most important water quality parameters in each homogeneous region, a factor analysis on the basis of main component analysis method was used. In order to recognize the suitability or merit of the data, before performing factor analysis, KMO and Bartlett's spit test were done. Hence, the number of factors and main components of groundwater quality were determined. Furthermore, to a better recognition of sample's number on the basis of connection between the factors and their values a graph was depicted that breaks in the axis of the graph defined the number of the main components. In this study, to show the results of the cluster analysis, factor analysis, and one-way variance analysis, SPSS software was applied. After performing a statistical analysis on the basis of the interpolation method and by applying Arc GIS software, the study area was mapped. After registration of the location of any well by GPS, the estimation of use land and geological states was done. Based on the quality of water wells in Mallard city, all wells were divided into three qualitative clusters. Accordingly, ten wells were settled in the first cluster, twelve wells in the second cluster, and nine wells in the third cluster. The qualitative zoning showed Mallard's wells in terms of the cluster analysis. The distance between the wells is due to solidarity and self- solidarity between qualitative characteristics of the water wells. The cluster analysis on Mallard groundwater quantitative data resulted in three quantitative classes for water wells in this city. Therefore, each cluster was analyzed by the measurement of a meaningful data and accordingly quantitative status of the clusters were determined. From first toward third clusters, the concentration of all quantitative parameters except PH increased in a meaningful way. The results revealed that the water quality in the third cluster was low. In each cluster, three factors, as the main parameters that effect and change the water quality, had respectively total variance of 92.85, 83.58, and 88.93. In addition, evaporate formations, using chemical fertilize, household wastewaters, and non-principle repulsed of poultry farm garbage were the effective parameters on water quality changes in the study area.

As providing the quantitative and qualitative supply of safe and healthy drinking water is one of the most important responsibilities of all governmental organizations.There fors,according to the climatic conditions of our country,which is located in the semi-arid geographical part of the world,with rainfall les them 250mm and improper utilization and consumption of underground resources of water supplies in different fields in cluding agriculture,industry and social services,has brought about dramatical challenges to provide the country with healthy dirinking water.so constant bio- environmental and qualitative threats of this limited quantitative sources of water have endangered the safety and health of the people and other exploiters. so here in addition to identifying either of any environmental challenges in terms of their sources and causative organisms and its effectiveness on the health and safety of the in habitants of the villags and towns of RobotKarim , we have classified them in the forms of maps,GIS actions, ultimately providing institutional solutions to organize the challenges to minimize the deleterious effects in the future.This way we hope to provide the chances of permenant development of the target villages

Awareness of the quality of water resources is essential for assessing pollution trends for each region. The study area is located in the villages of Damavand city in Tehran, which is used to study the water quality parameters . Within 8 months , from January to August 2016, has focused on sampling and measuring physical parameters (Ec, TDS, turbidity, pH, hardness and alkalinity) of the water from 11 wells in the villages of Damavand city, which was chosen according to the location of the village's residential texture and its proximity to agricultural areas as sample wells. Also, by sampling and analyzing for two times, the quality of each parameter in the studied area and finally a qualitative map for each parameter was prepared. The results of this study suggest that given the fact that the southern marginal areas of Damavand area, especially the village of Wadan, have the highest concentration in most water quality parameters, this area can be considered as a narrow zone of high-risk man-made pollution hazard due to the rise of the rock floor and reduced permeability. In addition, the state of governance of the village of Wadan at the end of sedimentation basin has caused the role of the effectiveness of natural (geological) and hydrogeological factors in this section to be quite evident, the effects of which are increasing the concentration of physical parameters in this area. Due to the fact that some of the qualitative parameters have been observed in the groundwater resources of the area and, on the other hand, the only source of water supply in the Damavand area is groundwater, it is necessary that the quality of drinking water of the inhabitants of the area should always be considered.

Nowadays, pollution of groundwater by heavy metals is encreasing. Heavy metals are one of the most widespread cause of pollution in water and the presence of increasing levels of these metals in the environment is causing serious concern in public opinion owing to their toxicity.
This study aims to assess the concentration and distribution pattern of heavy metals (Cadmium, Chrome, Nickel, Lead and Zink) in groundwater of an industrialized region in Eslamshahr which located in the southeastern of Tehran
Presently, groundwater is the predominant source of drinking water in this town. For this purpose, 92 samples were taken from 23 wells in 4 seasons.The concentration of heavy metals in the samples was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. ARC GIS software was applied for preparing the distribution patterns.
The results showed that chrome and zinc concentrations were lower than the permissible level in the drinking water. However, the concentration of cadmium in 8.7% of samples taken in winter were higher than the permissible level determined in drinking water standard of Iran. Nickel concentration in winter was 8.7% higher than the permissible level. Lead concentration of samples in 47.8% and 4.35% of samples taken in summer and winter were higher than the permissible level, respectively. The high level of water pollution in southern part of Eslamshahr is attributed to the large number of industries, big farm lands, application of chemical fertilizers and the pesticides containing heavy metals, busy main and secondary roads , and most importantly, the hydraulic slope from northwest to southeast of this region.

Bachground and Role and importance of water in life and health of human being is a clear matter and it is evident to everyone and more clear reality is that drinking water resources whether surface or underground in various ways is posed to pollution and shortage of ensured resources alternatives today has become one of most complicated problems in human society.Based on above,every factor which qualitatively and quantitavely treats resources ,will be followed with sensivity and considered.With considering that providing large part of drinking water in villages of Shemiran province from underground water and also because of existance of farm lands and gardens and use of fertilizers and poisens in this area ,examining quality of underground water is prompt.Also,because of establishing some wells of drinking water in Lavasanat village,so potential of effecting pollution to these wells and water analysis of waters are necessary.
In this research,4 no. wells in 4 villages called Hanzak,Anbaj,Kond olia and Kond sofla in two period of July and December are sampled and physical and chemical properties of water by adapting standard conditions and in trustful laboratory of environment ministry have been analysed .
Findings: Based on findings and comparing them with existing standards, all of the physiochemical parameters of water were consistent with astandard state and only Phosphate, Fluoride, Magnesium and Total Hardness are slightly higher than astandard.
Discussion and Based on results and comparing them with existing standards for drinking use by Schuler diagram, quality of water is relatively in suitable range.

In this work, the collected database of 6 wells (longitude, latitude), was surveyed in the season of winter 1394 and summer 1395, then sampling and physicochemical analysis of samples and the quality and quantity of reservoirs zoning in GIS were proceeding respectively.
The surveyed wells named Gomorkan No. 1 & No. 2& No. 3 and Akhtarabad situated in the eastern north of the Akhtarabad and Goybelagh No, 2 & No, 3 , Goybelagh dakin situated in the western north of the Akhtarabad in the Malard county. 11 of the physicochemical parameters were studied in the indicated wells (pH, Electrical Conductivity EC, Total Dissolved Solids TDS, Total Hardness TH, Cat ions and Anions) and was determined affected environmental geology on the mentioned parameters.
The findings show, EC and TDS and the elements of Na and SO4 as results, were higher than WHO standards in all of the Gomorkans and Akhtarabad and Goybelagh 3 & Goybelagh dakin wells. The element of F is lower than WHO standards in the same wells.
Totally, all of the mentioned wells that were situated in the Akhtarabad region, have been classified in the medium area for drinking usages according to plotted Schoeller diagrams.
In spite of This area was impressed by geology impacts that lead to increasing EC & TDS of water reservoirs and decreasing water drinking quality, there is strongly the potential for finding better quality in underground water reservoirs and more aquifers.

Fluoride is one the vital anions and the drinking water is the main source of preparing it for the human body. Nonetheless, the aim of this paper is to investigate the Fluoride rate in water supplying wells by using GIS environment according to decay, missing or filled (DMF) index.
This research is an analytic and cross-sectional descriptive study with sampling approach of 12 water supplying wells of Damavand villages in summer and autumn the year 2013. The Fluoride concentration was measured by standard method SPADNS using MN-Nano color 400 Photometer in laboratory of Rural Water and Wastewater Company of Tehran. Then DMF was investigated for local students and finally the obtained data were modeled in GIS.
The average of Fluoride concentration was 0.094 to 0.212 mg/L in summer and 0.137 to 3.48 mg/L in autumn. The DMF index was estimated around 5.46 for all evaluated students that the mentioned index was 7.635 and 3.29 for male and female pupils respectively which are statistically significant difference.
The amounts of fluorine in drinking water supplies in rural Damavand villages are lower than the international water standards. According to the results of experiments and lack of fluorine ion in the villages of this town, required fluorine should be done by drinkable water fluoridation and continuities of implementation plan for fluoride ion among the schools until reaching the fluoride concentration to the standard threshold, Supplying required fluorine of body by mouth-wash materials for people of this region.

Increasing the application of chemical fertilizers 100 times in Iran during 40 years, soil and water resources have been becoming contaminated gradually. Because of providing a significant portion of drinking water demand in Shemiran villages from groundwater resources and existing many agricultural lands and gardens as well as using chemical fertilizers there, monitoring of groundwater quality in this region is vital. Therefore, this research was performed in 1389 in order to investigate the effects of chemical fertilizers on Shemiran villages’ groundwater.
This research was an analytical and descriptive research so for doing it, the water of 5 wells in 5 villages were sampled seasonally and their nitrate, potassium and phosphate concentration were measured.
The results showed that nitrate, phosphate and potassium concentration were in the range of 5-25, 0-0.24 and 2-20 mg/L respectively.
Meeting drinking water standard of Iran and no relation between nitrate, potassium, phosphate concentrations and the quantity of used fertilizers showed that the chemical fertilizer use in the studied region was efficient and groundwater of the studied region was clean. But due to existing phosphate in Henzak well, constant monitoring of its water is recommended.

Underground water resources in many regions of the world are the most important factor to create cities, and life in many areas depends on these waters. Also, in Islamshahr city, water supply of this area is ground water. Among 26 active wells in the rural part of city, by considering distribution of agricultural, residential and industrial areas, slope of the land (north west to south east), dispersion wells, having well’s information during 10 years and considering all Islamshar area, 14 wells were selected to study. The objective of this study is to evaluate the land use on the quality of water and study of process of changes on drinking water quality parameters in this area by using AqQa software, and GIS during 10 years (1385-1394). After study different elements and components of water and prepare their quality maps and determine the general trends of changes, it was known in the north west area, south west and south areas, most of chemical parameters of water have maximum concentration that in some cases these amounts are more than the limit set. Particularly for some elements like EC and TDS is more tangible. Finally, the study showed Geological structure, agricultural activities, Urban Development and population density are the most effective factors on the quality of ground water in Islamshahr city.

The use of various additives containing lead compounds in the production of thermoplastic tubes and the growing use of these materials in plumbing and water distribution systems, it has increased concern release metals like lead in drinking water. Lead is a neurotoxic metal. The aim of this study was evaluation of the probability of water pollution due to lead leaching of thermoplastic pipes in drinking water distribution networks. In this study two un-plasticized polyvinyl chloride pipes (entitled UPVC 1, 2) and a polyethylene(PE) pipe were Investigated using locally manufactured pipes and with a length of 50 cm. the effects of pH, alkalinity, chloride /sulfate mass ratio, total dissolved solids and water temperature were studied on thermoplastic tubes. This study showed that the effect of the parameters on UPVC1 tubes were measured less than the standards. The release of lead in The PE pipe from the effect of pH and dissolved solids were measured over the standard (EPA). The release of lead in The UPVC2 pipes from of different concentrations of pH, chloride/sulfate mass ratio, temperature were measured over the standard (EPA) and guidelines (WHO) and national standards. Statistical analysis of the results showed that lead release of tubes are significant and have reliability in probability of 95% (p ≤ 0.05). By attention to effect of chemical parameters on the release of lead and importance role of the thermoplastic pipes in distribution of water system, to protect the health of society, authorities’ surveillance is necessary on the thermoplastic pipe plants.

Robat Karim, is located on southwest of the Tehran province. Most villages in the Robat Karim use underground water resources for potable use. During the period 1393-1392 from 10 deep wells were sampled for drinking water of village and after performing physical and chemical tests, the results of the quality of each variable were determined. Calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, hardness, bicarbonate, fluoride, conductivity and total dissolved solids of the tested variables and then used kriging method has the potential to provide maps and software Arc GIS10.2 the pollution was zoning. The results of 30 samples from 10 villages reflect the fact that the quality of groundwater in rural parts of East and Southeast of Ali Abad shows mg / l 64nitrates, in Shahrestanak with mg / l 667sulfate and Hakimabad with the electrical conductivity of 3100 μmho / cm and total dissolved solids mg / l 1918 exceeded the permitted level and is generally lower than other areas.
The causes of pollution in southern and eastern regions can be geological, slope, existing residential and industrial areas, and not respecting the wells Quality Policy.also northern and central parts of the region are in suitable quality level and these areas are appropriate for new wells .

Z‌e‌o‌l‌i‌t‌e‌s a‌r‌e m‌i‌c‌r‌o‌p‌o‌r‌o‌u‌s, a‌l‌u‌m‌i‌n‌o‌s‌i‌l‌i‌c‌a‌t‌e m‌i‌n‌e‌r‌a‌l‌s c‌o‌m‌m‌o‌n‌l‌y u‌s‌e‌d a‌s c‌o‌m‌m‌e‌r‌c‌i‌a‌l a‌d‌s‌o‌r‌b‌e‌n‌t‌s a‌n‌d c‌a‌t‌a‌l‌y‌s‌t‌s. Z‌e‌o‌l‌i‌t‌e‌s h‌a‌v‌e a p‌o‌r‌o‌u‌s s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e t‌h‌a‌t c‌a‌n a‌c‌c‌o‌m‌m‌o‌d‌a‌t‌e a w‌i‌d‌e v‌a‌r‌i‌e‌t‌y o‌f c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s, s‌u‌c‌h a‌s $N‌a^+, K^+, C‌a^2+, M‌g^2+$ a‌n‌d o‌t‌h‌e‌r‌s. T‌h‌e‌s‌e p‌o‌s‌i‌t‌i‌v‌e i‌o‌n‌s a‌r‌e r‌a‌t‌h‌e‌r l‌o‌o‌s‌e‌l‌y h‌e‌l‌d a‌n‌d c‌a‌n r‌e‌a‌d‌i‌l‌y b‌e e‌x‌c‌h‌a‌n‌g‌e‌d f‌o‌r o‌t‌h‌e‌r‌s i‌n a c‌o‌n‌t‌a‌c‌t s‌o‌l‌u‌t‌i‌o‌n. T‌h‌e‌i‌r w‌e‌l‌l-d‌e‌f‌i‌n‌e‌d p‌o‌r‌e s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e a‌n‌d a‌d‌j‌u‌s‌t‌a‌b‌l‌e a‌c‌i‌d‌i‌t‌y m‌a‌k‌e t‌h‌e‌m h‌i‌g‌h‌l‌y a‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e i‌n a l‌a‌r‌g‌e v‌a‌r‌i‌e‌t‌y o‌f r‌e‌a‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s. T‌h‌e i‌o‌n e‌x‌c‌h‌a‌n‌g‌e p‌r‌o‌p‌e‌r‌t‌i‌e‌s o‌f z‌e‌o‌l‌i‌t‌e‌s a‌r‌e w‌i‌d‌e‌l‌y e‌x‌p‌l‌o‌i‌t‌e‌d i‌n w‌a‌t‌e‌r i‌n‌d‌u‌s‌t‌r‌y t‌o r‌e‌m‌o‌v‌e c‌e‌r‌t‌a‌i‌n c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s i‌n‌c‌l‌u‌d‌i‌n‌g $C‌a^2+$ a‌n‌d $M‌g^2+$ i‌n w‌a‌t‌e‌r s‌o‌f‌t‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g p‌r‌o‌c‌e‌s‌s‌e‌s. I‌n t‌h‌i‌s s‌t‌u‌d‌y t‌h‌e a‌p‌p‌l‌i‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f m‌o‌d‌i‌f‌i‌e‌d z‌e‌o‌l‌i‌t‌e‌s f‌o‌r r‌e‌m‌o‌v‌i‌n‌g w‌a‌t‌e‌r s‌a‌l‌i‌n‌i‌t‌y w‌a‌s i‌n‌v‌e‌s‌t‌i‌g‌a‌t‌e‌d. T‌h‌e r‌a‌w m‌i‌n‌e‌r‌a‌l z‌e‌o‌l‌i‌t‌e u‌s‌e‌d i‌n t‌h‌i‌s r‌e‌s‌e‌a‌r‌c‌h w‌a‌s f‌r‌o‌m m‌i‌n‌e‌r‌a‌l s‌i‌t‌e‌s o‌f S‌e‌m‌n‌a‌n p‌r‌o‌v‌i‌n‌c‌e. T‌h‌e o‌r‌e c‌o‌n‌t‌a‌i‌n‌e‌d t‌h‌r‌e‌e-d‌i‌m‌e‌n‌s‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l n‌e‌t‌w‌o‌r‌k s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌s‌t‌i‌n‌g o‌f t‌e‌t‌r‌a‌h‌e‌d‌r‌a‌l $[S‌i‌O4]^4$, a‌n‌d $[A‌l‌O4]^4$ c‌o‌m‌p‌o‌u‌n‌d.T‌h‌e r‌a‌w m‌i‌n‌e‌r‌a‌l r‌o‌c‌k w‌a‌s g‌r‌i‌n‌d‌e‌d a‌n‌d s‌i‌e‌v‌e‌d t‌o p‌r‌e‌p‌a‌r‌e s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s o‌f g‌r‌a‌n‌u‌l‌a‌r s‌i‌z‌e‌s o‌f 0.5 -1, 1-2 a‌n‌d 1-3 m‌m d‌i‌a‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r‌s. A p‌a‌r‌t o‌f t‌h‌e p‌r‌e‌p‌a‌r‌e‌d s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s w‌a‌s c‌h‌e‌m‌i‌c‌a‌l‌l‌y t‌r‌e‌a‌t‌e‌d b‌y w‌a‌s‌h‌i‌n‌g w‌i‌t‌h h‌y‌d‌r‌o‌c‌h‌l‌o‌r‌i‌c a‌c‌i‌d t‌o i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e i‌t‌s a‌c‌t‌i‌v‌i‌t‌y. A‌c‌t‌i‌v‌a‌t‌e‌d z‌e‌o‌l‌i‌t‌e w‌a‌s c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌e‌d t‌o u‌n‌t‌r‌e‌a‌t‌e‌d s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s i‌n r‌e‌m‌o‌v‌i‌n‌g w‌a‌t‌e‌r h‌a‌r‌d‌n‌e‌s‌s a‌n‌d s‌a‌l‌i‌n‌i‌t‌y.T‌h‌e a‌c‌t‌i‌v‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n p‌r‌o‌c‌e‌s‌s d‌i‌s‌s‌o‌l‌v‌e‌s a‌n‌d r‌e‌m‌o‌v‌e‌s s‌o‌m‌e o‌f t‌h‌e s‌a‌l‌t‌s c‌o‌n‌t‌a‌i‌n‌e‌d i‌n t‌h‌e m‌i‌n‌e‌r‌a‌l s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e a‌n‌d i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e‌s t‌h‌e a‌d‌s‌o‌r‌p‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌d e‌x‌c‌h‌a‌n‌g‌e q‌u‌a‌l‌i‌t‌y o‌f t‌h‌e m‌i‌n‌e‌r‌a‌l.T‌h‌e e‌x‌p‌e‌r‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t‌s w‌e‌r‌e \ c‌a‌r‌r‌i‌e‌d o‌u‌t \ w‌i‌t‌h s‌a‌l‌i‌n‌e \ w‌a‌t‌e‌r w‌i‌t‌h k‌n‌o‌w‌n s‌a‌l‌t \ c‌o‌n‌c‌e‌n‌t‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n. T‌h‌e z‌e‌o‌l‌i‌t‌e \ c‌o‌n‌c‌e‌n‌t‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n \ r‌a‌n‌g‌e‌d f‌r‌o‌m 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20 a‌n‌d 50 g‌r‌a‌m p‌e‌r l‌i‌t‌e‌r. T‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌f e‌q‌u‌i‌l‌i‌b‌r‌i‌u‌m t‌i‌m‌e o‌f 15, 30, 40, 45, 60, 90 a‌n‌d 120 m‌i‌n‌u‌t‌e‌s w‌e‌r‌e e‌x‌p‌e‌r‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t‌e‌d. A‌s e‌x‌p‌e‌c‌t‌e‌d l‌o‌w‌e‌r d‌o‌s‌e‌s o‌f a‌d‌d‌e‌d z‌e‌l‌o‌l‌i‌t‌e h‌a‌s l‌i‌t‌t‌l‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t i‌n s‌a‌l‌t r‌e‌m‌o‌v‌a‌l d‌u‌e t‌o l‌o‌w a‌d‌s‌o‌r‌p‌t‌i‌o‌n/e‌x‌c‌h‌a‌n‌g‌e c‌a‌p‌a‌c‌i‌t‌y o‌f t‌h‌e m‌i‌n‌e‌r‌a‌l. I‌t w‌a‌s c‌o‌n‌c‌l‌u‌d‌e‌d t‌h‌a‌t e‌q‌u‌i‌l‌i‌b‌r‌i‌u‌m t‌i‌m‌e o‌f 40-60 m‌i‌n‌u‌t‌e‌s i‌s a‌d‌e‌q‌u‌a‌t‌e a‌n‌d l‌o‌n‌g‌e‌r c‌o‌n‌t‌a‌c‌t t‌i‌m‌e h‌a‌s l‌i‌t‌t‌l‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌n t‌h‌e r‌e‌m‌o‌v‌a‌l e‌f‌f‌i‌c‌i‌e‌n‌c‌y.T‌h‌e r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s i‌n‌d‌i‌c‌a‌t‌e‌d t‌h‌a‌t z‌e‌o‌l‌i‌t‌e‌s u‌s‌e‌d w‌e‌r‌e o‌f c‌l‌i‌n‌o‌p‌t‌i‌l‌o‌l‌i‌t‌e v‌a‌r‌i‌e‌t‌y. T‌h‌e u‌n‌t‌r‌e‌a‌t‌e‌d s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s w‌e‌r‌e f‌o‌u‌n‌d t‌o b‌e i‌n‌e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e i‌n r‌e‌d‌u‌c‌i‌n‌g w‌a‌t‌e‌r s‌a‌l‌i‌n‌i‌t‌y a‌n‌d i‌n s‌o‌m‌e c‌a‌s‌e‌s i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e‌d c‌h‌l‌o‌r‌i‌d‌e c‌o‌n‌t‌e‌n‌t o‌f t‌h‌e s‌o‌l‌u‌t‌i‌o‌n. H‌o‌w‌e‌v‌e‌r t‌r‌e‌a‌t‌e‌d s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s s‌h‌o‌w‌e‌d g‌o‌o‌d q‌u‌a‌l‌i‌t‌y i‌n r‌e‌m‌o‌v‌i‌n‌g w‌a‌t‌e‌r h‌a‌r‌d‌n‌e‌s‌s a‌n‌d t‌o s‌o‌m‌e e‌x‌t‌e‌n‌t h‌a‌s t‌h‌e a‌b‌i‌l‌i‌t‌y t‌o r‌e‌d‌u‌c‌e s‌a‌l‌i‌n‌i‌t‌y. I‌n t‌h‌i‌s r‌e‌s‌p‌e‌c‌t u‌n‌t‌r‌e‌a‌t‌e‌d z‌e‌o‌l‌i‌t‌e s‌h‌o‌u‌l‌d n‌o‌t b‌e u‌s‌e‌d f‌o‌r w‌a‌t‌e‌r p‌u‌r‌i‌f‌i‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n b‌u‌t a‌c‌i‌d-a‌c‌t‌i‌v‌a‌t‌e‌d z‌e‌o‌l‌i‌t‌e c‌a‌n b‌e u‌s‌e‌d f‌o‌r m‌o‌d‌e‌r‌a‌t‌e d‌e‌s‌a‌l‌i‌n‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n.

Wetlands are one of the simple and useful tools for rural wastewater treatment. Artificial wetlands are very economical for municipal and industrial wastewater treatments, as these wastewater treatment plants need low energy and budget in both surface and subsurface wetland system forms. In this study, the capability of Yucca filamentosa wood (herbaceous system) to remove Nitrogen and Phosphorus from wastewater was investigated in an artificial wetland with horizontal subsurface flow in Moradtapeh village, Eshtehard city, Alborz province, Iran. The average removal efficiency rates of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the artificial wetland system were about 87.3% and 83.06%, respectively. The nutrient removal efficiency significantly increased, compared to artificial everglade systems as the efficiency of everglade systems decreases in cold seasons. In summary, use of herbaceous systems for the treatment of wastewater is highly recommended in Iran, because of their various advantages such as low energy consumption, low manufacturing costs and no need for complex facilities or specialists.

Today the River of Karaj is exposed to all kinds of pollutions and destruction of ecosystem because of the destructive effects of Tehran, a city with millions of residents. So it is important to examine the quality of the water of this river to collect information about the current situation. The objective of this study is to find out the role of the Purkan sanitary wastewater refinery on the quality of the water of the river. In current study, samples were collected from four stations: into, out of, before, and after the refinery, in seasonal form, four stages. Concentration of NO3,NH3,PO4,BOD5,COD,TSS,pH indices were tested according to methods suggested by standard methods reference. Considering the results of the samples, data analysis was done using statistics. The results of physical, chemical and microbial analyses of the samples show that the refinery has no good role in decreasing basic parameters such as COD, TSS and FC (specially in summer season). In many cases, the parameters were more than the limit. The water in the river has an almost fixed condition, so; entrance of the wastewater into Karaj River does not show a great negative effect. As a result, it seems necessary to make a program to find a solution to remove the problems. Prevention of the direct entrance of the wastewater into the river, modification of refinery function, optimization of filteration, and the use of wastewater in artificial irrigater may help remove these problems.

Sand production is defined as the extraction of amounts of fine grain sand and silt while drilling and exploitations of wells. This phenomenon has resulted in quantity, quality, engineering, and environmental problems within parts of the country. The villages of Islamshahr province are among such regions within the country which have been facing this problem in recent years. The goal of this study is to introduce this issue and to explore the reasons, and quantify sand production in 10 fresh water wells within the villages of Islamshahrprovince. In this respect, according to the measurements made within five consecutive cycles in a day(starting point, one, four, eight, and twelve hours) using well head facilities from 1stBahman 1389 untillAban 1390, during which it was proved that HassanabadKhalese, Malekabad, and Shatereh villages located in the southern part of the province do exhibit fine grain sediments which as with the start of pumping and after 4 hours, the sand production reduces; however after 12 hours of the starting point, sand production increases. Although within the northern, and north western regions of Islamshahr province (for instance Ahmadabad Mostofi, FiroozBahram, and Goldasteh,…) which exhibit coarse sediments, as the starting point and after four hours, sand production deemed to be major while after 12 hours of pumping, this amount decreases. Therefore it is recommended to reduce sand production by use of the natural well developments based on proper leaching, pumping tests using controlled motor cycles, artificial development including the implementation of sandy gravel pack, and double gravel pack, along with dual layering of wells, and application of polymer pipes, and sieving filters.

All countries are trying to reuse the waste water. In this study, in order to feasibility of wastewater reuse, parameters such as temperature, turbidity, pH, EC, COD, BOD, TSS, TDS, SAR, carbonate, bicarbonate, alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, sodium, ammonia, magnesium, calcium, total difficulty, phosphate, fecal coli in wastewater of Anbaj treatment plant (Shemiranat region) were investigated seasonally between 2010 and 2011 and restrictions on the reuse of different uses were identified. Quality of studied wastewater for agriculture was in accordance with Iranian Environmental standards except in microbial parameters. EC, TDS and bicarbonate has low to average limitations for irrigation. Based on Wilcox diagram, studied wastewater is located at medium stage (C3 S1) considering alkalinity and salinity. The studied waste water has some problems for aquifer artificial recharge considering the ammonia parameter. According to discharge standards for surface waters ammonia and calcium have some constraints. BOD and ammonia couldn’t be used for aquaculture, environment, recreational and wildlife usages. The studied waste water wasn’t appropriate for industrial use and is classified in waters with medium quality by power ministration.

The objective of this article is introducing the sedimentation and precipitate potential of fresh water in guy bolagh region placed on the north west of Shahriar – Tehran. (Rainfall year 1390). This research is done by the descriptive method, part time period and use of RAYZNER and saturation parameter and SHULER diagram. In this study these parameters: (alkalinity, calcium hardness, electrical connectivity, temperature and PH) were analyzed. The results of experiments and calculations suggest it hand and average saturation index versus 0/54, and the average index rayzner against 13/7 is. Based on a standard table ministry of health figures indicate deposition and slightly corrosive drinking water wells in the village Guy Bolagh is based onresults and accomplishment ,the fresh water of this region is sedimental and a little corrosion that this factor is influenced by regions geology and continent features. So in the area of water quality parameters based on PH, alkalinity, hardness and … should be Occur. In this regard, use of corrosion resistant materials and pipes and consider using incendiary devices deposition.

An intensive decrease has been occurred in discharge of drinking waters in some of villages of Damavand city which caused dramatical changes in quality and quantity drinking water of these wells. This research tries to study probable qualitative changes in these resources, as well as evaluating role of qualitative condition of water in reduction of its quantity. According to the conducted studies, reduction in quantity of wells of the villages can be attributed to two reasons: 1. Tectonic factors and geology of the region; 2. Chemical factor. Geological and tectonic studies revealed that tectonic factors had no effect on reduced discharge and quality, because tectonic functions linearly, while this was a point event. Therefore, it is more likely that there is arelation between changes in quality and chemical factors and conditions. Finally, based on physical and chemical analysis of water samples and calculation of Langelier’s index and Rayzanar’s index on one hand, and study of geological formations, especially sequences of sediments in north of the region, with most frequent facies being chile followed by carbonated, dolomite facies, on the other hand. it can be said that water of studied wells make sediments. Therefore, study of hydrochemical conditions of groundwater of the studied zone, persistent monitoring of ground water, videometery of wells, persistent discharge measurement, and identification of sediment of pipe wall are recommended. Also, application of proper methods such as waterjet, ultrasound, acid pickling, and magnetic air shock (separately, or in hybrid manner) results in dissolution of sediments formed on the wall of well.

Targets: Pollution of water resources by pesticides is one of the environmental problems because application of such these pesticides is increased by development of agriculture and variety of plant pests. As there are too many agricultural lands, farms and orchards in Shemiranat which are sprayed by poisons periodically and because drinking water of people is provided by groundwaters, there is the probability of leaking of poisons to water wells. So pesticides can be a serious threat for drinking water resources of the region. Study

This research is a descriptive study based on sectional analysis method. In this research 12 samples of water are collected from 3 drinking groundwater preparation stations in Shemiranat during 4 seasons of 2009-2010. The samples are analyzed by GC/MS mechanism and by chromatography gas method to measure the rest of organophosphate pesticides and by GC/ECD mechanism and by chromatography gas method to measure the rest of chloro-organic pesticides.

According to analysis of phosphate pesticides in three water wells of Hanzak, Anbaj and Kand-Sofla, no phosphorus organic pesticide was seen in samples of water for all seasons, but according to analysis of chloro-organic pesticides in these three water wells, some amounts of pesticides were found in condensed water of all three wells especially in the samples of June. It should be mentioned that the amount of pesticides in samples of water are less than authorizes level according to 1053 National Standard principle. The pesticide in condensed samples of water indicates leakage of poisons into the drinking water resources of the region and is an alert of more pollution in future.

Islamshahr is located 30 km away from the capital. Over the past decades, it has grown quickly, but irregularly; a growth which has led to the pollution of ground water at which those living in the region have protested. No doubt, it is their right to have access to pure healthy water.Since the only source of drinking water provision for the villages of Islamshahr is ground water resources (i.e., wells), it is obviously important to study the quality of the water of these wells. In this research, which extended for 14 months from December 2005 to January 2006, the quality of drinking water of the region from the microbial point of view was determined twice through sampling and bacterial tests on the water of 14 wells situated in the residential areas of villages.Coliform pollution is reported in Nezamabad, Raziabad, Rrahimabad-shokrabad, Islamabad and Jafarabad Jangal villages. The excremental coliform pollution is not seen in the area except for one case in Islamabad village. As microbial pollution exists in some wells and as the only source of drinking water in Islamshahr is ground water, it is necessary to always pay attention to the quality of drinking water in this area.