مجید ایروانی

Abstract
The present research was carried out with the aim of identifying and prioritizing indicators of positive organizational behavior based on the positive human resources architectural model in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. In the positivist human resources architecture model, the organization categorizes employees using the three main dimensions of strategic value, unique value, and positive behavior value, and selects the appropriate strategy for each group. Positive human resources architecture is the process of determining and combining the elements of human resources management and positive organizational behavior in order to create and present an image of the organization's human resources, in which the harmony between the behavior of employees, the human resources system, human resources activities, the missions and goals of the organization is evident and be noticeable.
The structural nature of medical universities is different from other organizations due to their special tasks. Risk of environmental changes affecting this organization due to the breadth and diversity of duties and the special role it plays in the health of society and also the importance of duties, diversity of manpower in terms of knowledge, attitude and skills and expertise, the geographical extent of service and direct interaction with All sections of society, rapid change of technology, rapid change of social needs, etc. have both parameters of high Frequency and Severity. As a result of these changes, the human resources of this organization will be no exception to the impact of changes. With this view, paying attention to the characteristics and occupational and psychological differences of the staff can help the university in advancing the goals, providing services tailored to social needs, as well as flexibility in the face of environmental factors.
Case study
Qazvin University of Medical Sciences has taken important and extensive measures to protect and retain staff. But the competition in recruiting and employing human resources in human resource management and the different needs of employees has caused attention to psychological aspects in this sector to become more and more important. Since the University of Medical Sciences has an important role in maintaining health, the efficiency of health services and mental peace of citizens in need of medical services, Is necessary and essential the presence of human resources that have psychological characteristics appropriate to the type of job and have the necessary capabilities to do things.
Extensive studies in the field of human resources have been done in the University of Medical Sciences, but according to the scope of the researcher's studies, lack of attention to the priority of positive behavior dimensions and the importance and distinction of these dimensions in each occupational groups of human resources architecture model by adding positive behavior dimension to the HR architectural model, Developed the Positive-Behavior Based Human Resource Architecture Model, ​were identified as research gaps. In order to fill the existing gap and show more precisely the dimensional differentiation, the prioritization of the positive behavior dimensions in the occupational groups of the human resources architecture model was examined as a basic model to identify and priority the position of each dimension. With this approach, human resource strategy can be designed in any of the Occopation groups and by focusing on grroups with higher positive-behavior value that have been identified and introduced in the positive-behavior based human resource architecture model, the waste of organizational resources can be avoided (Iravani, Alvani & Hamidi, 2021).
Conceptual framework
The Positive-Behavior Based Human Resource Architecture Model is a combination of HR functions, topics and tools that are geared towards creating and delivering value to customers, employees and stakeholders as well as the community. By combining the three indicators of strategic value, unique value and positive-behavior value, positive-behavior based human resource architecture model provides an integrated configuration of the strategic characteristics of human resources, employment modes, employment relationships and psychological state. the Positive-Behavior Based Human Resource Architecture Model consists of three elements: the task or function of human resources, human resource chapters, and human resource tools. These elements are used in the definition of the Positive-Behavior Based Human Resource Architecture Model. Positive Organizational Behavior: Develop and study the strengths of a positive human resource and psychological capacity that can be measured and effectively used to improve performance in today's management work environment. In positivist organizational behavior based on the positivist psychological capital model, four indicators of hope, resilience, self-effecacy, and optimism have been used (Luthans, 20111, p44).
 Statistical population: The study population was senior managers and middle managers of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences that 15 people were selected by judgmental sampling method to answer the questionnaire and their opinions were received. The standard questionnaire of psychological capital (Lutans and Avi, 2014) was used to collect data and the priority of the positivity index was identified in the four groups of the positivist human resource architecture model. Due to the use of the standard psychological capital questionnaire, the validity and reliability of this questionnaire has been measured and confirmed by its authors (Lutans, Ave, 2014). The chi-square ratio of this test is 24.6 and the CFI and RMSEA statistics in this model are 0.97 and 0.08, respectively. According to the data type, gray theory was used to convert qualitative data into quantitative and quantitative model testing. Gray numbers are uncertain and usually qualitative. Due to the status of the output numbers, the scores are "indistinguishable" in gray. Due to the inseparability of the data, triangular fuzzy numbers were used to increase the measurement accuracy. Thus, each variable declared by the experts will be equal to a triangular fuzzy value with three numbers lower limit L, medium limit M and upper limit U. The shape of a triangular fuzzy number is displayed as M = (L, M, U). Experts' opinion was transformed into triangular fuzzy numbers using the fuzzy geometric mean method. Therefore, after applying the triangular fuzzy mean to the six sets of questions, the opinion of each expert became 4 fuzzy numbers. Next, the decentralization of the center of gravity method was performed. The numbers were bleached using this method and the research was continued quantitatively. Positiveness criterion ranking was performed using qualitative data that became quantitative data in each occupational group.
Discussion and By entering the data obtained from the basic models of human resource architecture and the model of psychological capital into the model of positivist human resources architecture, the order of priority of the dimensions of positivism in the occupational groups is identified as follows:In knowledge-based employment, the priority of positivity indicators are: the first priority is self-efficacy, the second priority is optimism, the third priority is hope and the fourth priority is resilience.
In  job-based employment, the priority of positivity indicators are: the first priority is hope, the second priority is self-efficacy, the third priority is resilience and the fourth priority is optimism.
In contractual employment, the priority of positivity indicators are: the first priority is optimism, the second priority is hope, the third priority is self-efficacy and the fourth priority is resilience.
Among the partnership arrangement, the priority indicators of positivity are: the first priority is resilience, the second priority is self-efficacy, the third priority is optimism and the fourth priority is hope.
According to the priorities obtained from the method of gray theory and fuzzy triangular, positive behavior priorities were identified and priorities in each of the job groups. The priority of the positive behavior index in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences is in the contractual employment related to the self-efficacy index, in the knowledge-based employment related to the optimism index, in the partnership arrangement related to the resilience index and in the job-based employment related to the hope index.

The human resource architecture model is the process of determining and combining appropriate elements of HRM in order to present an image in which coordination between the behavior and activities of HR, missions, and goals of the organization can be viewed. Positive organizational behavior is the study and use of HR strengths and psychological capacities that can be measured and trained to improved performance.

The research is to identify the dimensions of the Positive Human Resource Architecture Model, which is a combination of indicators of strategic and unique value, and adding dimension of positive behavior. This research in terms of goal is development and in terms of data type and method is quantitative.

16 experts in the field of HR and psychology were selected by judgmental sampling. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire, analyzed by the Fuzzy Delphi method. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were evaluated and confirmed by content, and Cronbach's-alpha methods.

This study confirmed the uniqueness and strategic dimension and confirmed the positive-behavior dimension in the Positive Human Resource Architecture Model.

The Positive Human Resource Architecture Model with eight occupational groups, based on three main dimensions, was identified and introduced.

The structure and composition of plant communities are mainly affected by fire and grazing, especially in arid and semiarid rangelands. This study aimed to investigate the role of fire and grazing on soil seed bank characteristics (density, diversity and species richness) in semi-steppe rangelands of Central Zagros. A stratified random sampling was used to collect the data from 12 sites with one and five years after the last fire, and with long term light and heavy grazing history. Soil samples were collected in the autumn by auger from 0-5 and 5-10 cm from the soil surface, and the samples were cultivated in the greenhouse. All the germinated seeds were identified and counted for a 6-month period. The results showed that the one year after fire treatment under both light and heavy grazing resulted to a significant decrease in density, richness, and diversity of the soil seed bank. The richness and diversity of soil seed bank in the five-year after fire treatment and under light grazing pressure increased significantly compared to its control site. According to the results, the soil seed bank in 5 to 10 cm from the soil surface did not vary statistically under fire and grazing pressure, indicating the role of soil depth in reducing the impact of fire and grazing. Overall, it can be concluded that the grazing management after a fire event has a key role in vegetation restoration through its effects on the soil seed bank.

Among various destruction factors affecting forests and grasslands, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, fire is considered the more dangerous factor and results in different physical, chemical, and biological changes in soil properties depending on the conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the residual effects of previously burned pastures on some soil chemical properties in Fereydan region of central Zagros. Fire in these areas was mainly due to human impacts. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with unequal replicates. Calcium carbonate equivalent and organic matter contents, soluble sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium, available phosphorus, iron, manganese and zinc were measured by standard methods. The results showed that fire had a significant effect on some of the measured soil chemical properties. Soil organic matter content, soluble potassium, calcium and magnesium, available phosphorus, iron and manganese were increased due to firing. Mean comparisons showed that soil organic matter increased from 2.10% in the unburned to 4.12% in the burned portion of pasture. The soluble potassium, calcium and magnesium increased from 0.45, 6.42, and 1.19 in the unburned to 0.95, 9.91, and 2.22 meq/l in the burned areas, respectively. The available phosphorus, iron, and manganese were increased from 31.30, 18.22, and 37.29 mg/kg in the unburned to 34.17, 20.39, and 55.64 mg/kg soil in the burned soil. The overall impact of burning on soil chemical properties was greater in the first year after the fire, and the effect decreased with time.

The present research was aimed to assess the potential seed dispersal of plant species by different-sized herbivores of hare (Lepus capensis), Persian gazelle (Gazelle subguttrosa) and wild goat (Capra aegagrus) in rangeland habitats of Kolah-Ghazi National Park in Esfahan. Ten freshly pellet groups (dung sample) of herbivore species were randomly collected in each of selected habitat sites during spring and autumn growing seasons (April to June and October to November). Seed content of dung samples were determined in greenhouse germination experiments over a period of 8 months. In total, 1637 seedlings from 60 plant species (19, 43 and 45 seed species in dung samples of cape hare, Persian gazelle and wild goat, respectively), mainly annual with attractive inflorescence and small seeds were recorded in dung samples of the three herbivore species. Seed content found in the all herbivores dungs were differed significantly, in addition, numbers of dispersed seedlings were correlated to herbivores size. However, the observed differences in dung seed density of herbivore species was not related to their sizes; so the highest and the least number of seeds were recorded in dung samples of wild goat and Persian gazelle, respectively. Given that most of plant species recorded in the Park regenerate by seeds, and that seeds of different plant species dispersed by herbivore species, seed dispersal via dung of different-sized herbivores may play an important role in vegetation conservation and dynamics of these rangelands habitats, only if required environmental factors met. While increasing knowledge of plant seed dispersal, results of the present research can be specially applied in managing country’s protected ecosystems and rangeland habitats.

Rating system organizations is done as the empowerment of the Human resource National Conference of Iran. The lack of transparency of the rating agencies, the possibility of assessing the impact of personal opinion, need to copy and use the experience of successful organizations, existing gaps in the ranking model. In this study, the sub-main criteria and application of the model have been introduced. Then the evaluation process and criteria used ADLI discussed the results of LeTCI has been done. On the basis of the questionnaire was designed by using gray theory rating two levels on each of the main criteria and ranked based on the total level and finally the total points were done. As a result, the improving of the ranking model was determined by using the gray theory and the strengths and weaknesses of each model were identified in each of the criteria.

Fire products (smoke، ash and heat) have widely been recognized as a germination cue for some species from both fire prone and fire-free ecosystems. It is an important factor for the understanding of vegetation dynamics and could have potential use for ecological management and rehabilitation of disturbed area. This study attempts to understand the effect of the main fire products (smoke، ash and heat) on germination of the three dominant species in the semi-arid rangelands of Feridan in Isfahan province including: Astragalus adscendens، Astragalus susianus and Astragalus verus. Six treatments including: 3 of heat (60°C، 80°C and 120°C)، 1 of smoke، 1 of Ash، and 1 of control were tested in the current study. Results showed that the seeds were incubated in a germination chamber with a photoperiod of 12 h of light at 22. 5°C and 12 h of darkness at 17. 5°C. The three studied species had different responses against the used fire factors. Smoke and ash treatments did not modify the germination percentage of A. adscendens، but its germination was increased and significantly decreased in low heat (60°C) and severe heat (80 and 120°C) respectively. Germination percentage of A. verus was increased after the smoke treatment compared to the control treatment، but it did not increase the germination of A. susianus. Outcomes of further research would have important impacts also for conservation، environment management and ecosystem restoration in semi-arid rangelands.

Major changes in the vegetation and consequently in the ecosystem functioning of mountainous meadows has been reported in response to herbivore grazing. Nevertheless، effects of protection from herbivores on the vegetation of High-elevation meadows in Iran have not been studied so far. To assess effects of experimentally short-term exclosure treatment on production of mountainous meadows، two meadow sites were selected in Sabzkouh Protected Area in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. In each site، three 16 m2 (2×8 m) fences were established and in each fence three 1 m2 plots were marked at the beginning of the growing season (April). Similarly، three 1 m2 plots were placed outside each fence (resulting in 18 grazed and 18 protected plots). In the second year at peak vegetation growth and shortly before grazing season (July)، above-ground biomass was cut in all plots and then dry weights of vegetative and reproductive organs were determined separately. Grazing exclusion significantly increased total biomass، while it decreased the proportion of reproductive biomass in meadow vegetation community. Protection from grazing increased biomass production of dominant and tall plant species (e. g.، Carex orbicularis)، but had reverse effects on smaller and less frequent species. Nevertheless، grazing exclusion decreased the proportion of reproductive biomass in all meadow species (except for C. orbicularis) and various species groups (except for grass-like species). The results of the present study may thus be used for objective-oriented management and conservation of high-elevation and mountainous meadow ecosystems of the country

To assess seed dispersal by domestic herbivores (sheep and goat) in Central Zagros region, 12 different rangeland sites, located 200 km west of Isfahan city, were studied. For each site, a pooled dung sample of 10 freshly pellet groups from domestic herbivores was collected in four different periods (mid June, July, August and September) during grazing season (in total, 48 pooled dung samples). Dung samples were dried in a dark room by exposing to open air, and then from each a 150 gram sample was kept for two months in the refrigerator at 3ْc as cold treatment. Seed content of dung samples was assessed in a greenhouse germination experiment over a period of 8 months. In total, 2039 seedlings from 50 different plant species (16 families and 48 genera) were germinated from dung samples. Seed content of dung samples was mostly composed of palatable herbaceous species with no dispersal mechanism or adaptation except for the production of many small-sized seeds. The highest and the least number of germinated seeds was observed in July and June samples, respectively. Also, the highest and the least number of seed species was recorded in September and June samples, respectively. However, only a significant difference in seed species composition was observed between dung samples of September and June. Given that most of the plant species recorded in the region’s vegetation were regenerate by seed, seed dispersal via domestic herbivore dungs may have significant role in natural regeneration of the vegetation, if other environmental and management conditions are met. The results of the present research can be especially applied to reclamation of the country’s rangeland ecosystems.

Development of roads through protected areas and ecological sensitive regions can have catastrophic effects on wildlife. In Iran, road construction in sensitive habitats and protected areas has been expanding during the past decades. This study focuses on the ecological impacts of Isfahan’s west ringway, which passes through Ghamishloo wildlife refuge, I.U.C.N category IV, in Isfahan Province. The key affected species of the study area goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa subgutterosa), was considered for impact analysis. We used HEP (Habitat Evaluation Procedure) as a habitat-based impact assessment methodology which considers habitat quality and quantity. Habitat quality was measured as habitat suitability index for the species. By literature review and field observations (293 presence points), five effective variables in habitat suitability including vegetation cover, slope, elevation, distance to water and distance to road were identified, and habitat units (HUs) were derived from multiplying the HSI for goitered gazelle by the species habitat area at two times (before and after road construction). The results showed that due to the presence of the ringway, 7710 HUs for goitered gazelle have been lost. In addition, we used landscape ecology approach for quantifying landscape pattern change due to road construction and landscape metrics including NP (Number of Patches), MNN (Mean Nearest Neighbor) and CONTAG (Contagion). Our results provided quantitative data on habitat loss and landscape fragmentation in Ghamishloo wildlife refuge and indicated negative impacts of the ringway on goitered gazelle populations by restricting their movement between habitat patches in this region, which presents a concern for the conservation of this vulnerable species.

Changing land use and overexploiting rangelands beyond the ecosystems potential are effective factors reducing species diversity that could threaten these ecosystems’ health and stability. In the present study effects of grazing on species diversity of rangelands and abandoned drylands in Fereydan, Isfahan was evaluated. In each rangeland site the percentage of crown cover and species diversity were obtained and the effects of distance from village were also studied. Along three transects of 100-meters according to sample size one square meter plots were randomly selected. Calculated sample size was 20 for each range site. Non-parametric indices such as Margalof species richness index, Hill (N1) and Shannon-winner species diversity were calculated. Parametric algorithms (frequency-order models) also were used for species diversity evaluation. In order to investigate the relationship between species diversity and environmental factors, multivariate data analysis was (ordination method) applied. Results indicated that Margalof species richness index was significantly higher in good rangelands than others (P>0.01). Non-parametric diversity indices such as, Hill (N1) and Shanonn-winner showed significant differences (P>0.05) between good rangeland and both, degraded rangeland and abandoned dryland sites. Frequency-order model in parametric method indicated that data followed log normal model. Distance from rural area was recognized as the most important variable effective on species diversity and species richness. Ordination analysis (PCA) showed that there is a positive correlation between species diversity and soil organic matter, moisture saturation, lime and clay percentages and a negative correlation with sand percentage and soil electrical conductivity.

High grazing pressure has been considered as the main reason for degradation of Iran’s rangeland over past few decades. A key question for range management is therefore whether temporary exclusion from grazing would lead to spontaneous regeneration of the vegetation. If so, it is important to know how long this regeneration will take and whether the regeneration pathway is the same in all sites. A long-term exclosure experiment was established to assess effects of grazing exclusion on rangeland recovery in arid and semi-arid rangelands in Iran. The experiment was carried out in 17 rangeland sites in central Zagros region. At each site, an exclosure and inside each exclosure seven permanent plots (1.5 × 2 m) were established in 1983. After 19 years (2002), vegetation, including cover and density for each species, total vegetation cover, litter cover as well as annual forage production, were measured in these seven permanent plots and also in 10 randomly located plots (1.5 × 2 m) outside each exclosure. The comparison between inside and outside exclosures showed that after 19 years, total vegetation cover, litter cover, annual forage production, the number as well as the relative abundance of grasses and legumes, and the percentage of palatable plants were significantly increased inside exclosures. The overall similarity between different sites inside exclosures was also increased. In conclusion, 19 years grazing exclusion has changed the species composition of the vegetation in most sites. This study confirms convergence of vegetation development during the secondary succession.

The vast and diverse rangelands of Iran require the selection of appropriate methods for grazing intensity measurement in the different vegetation types. Methods can be compared on the bases of time and budget as well as their accuracy. In this study nine methods of the utilization measurement were conducted on the E. ceratoides stands of Hanna exclosure Semirom, Isfahan province. The duncan multiple range test was used to compare mean utilization percentages obtained from the different methods, with paired cage method data was used as control group. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was also used to compare methods for accuracy, time and budget. The means from reference unite, twig length, production index, plant count and stem count methods had significant (p<0.05) differences compared with control group but were comparatively time consuming and more expensive than other methods. The height-weight method resulted in an estimate with no significant difference with the control group. This method was also fastest and least expensive among methods with the accurate results (p<0.05).