محبوبه میرحسینی

Activated textiles have created a new field of application apart from standard textile applications. Novel, functions, for example, antimicrobial properties have been enhanced in textiles. New textile application fields have been recognized for particular areas of healthcare as well as industry, sportswear, and, home textiles. Advances in the field of antibacterial textiles have fascinated enhancing attention because those are a means to solve serious health challenges such as bacterial overgrowth. A lot of research has been done in the field of adding synthetic and toxic materials to fabrics, such as nanosilver triclosan or other metals and organic materials to produce antimicrobial fabrics. These fabrics kill bacteria by binding to intracellular proteins and inactivating these proteins. Also, by using these chemicals, the content of heavy metals in these textiles can be increased. The application of heavy metals in antimicrobial textiles is limited by many environmental tags and standards. Therefore, it is recommended to use natural antimicrobial agents, such as nisin and chitosan to produce environmentally friendly and safe antimicrobial fabrics. Nowadays finishing process with the natural antibacterial agents that protect the environment and human health is gaining importance. Therefore, this study aims to produce fabric coated with chitosan and nisin and to investigate its antimicrobial properties.

In this research, chitosan was used to bind nisin to the surface of polypropylene span band non-woven fabric. The fabric samples were coated with a solution containing chitosan and nisin using a pad-dry-cure method. The appearance, color, and softness of the coated fabrics were compared to the uncoated fabric. The nisin and chitosan binding properties on the fabric were explored by using the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR (technique. The diffusion method in agar and the standard method (ASTME2149-01) were used to check the antimicrobial properties of fabric samples. The antibacterial effectiveness of fabric samples was tested against common bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis. After ten washing cycles, the durability of the antimicrobial properties of these fabrics was checked by the method mentioned above. Also, the toxicity of this fabric on fibroblast cells was determined using the MTT colorimetry method after seven days.

Fabrics coated with chitosan and nisin do not differ much from the control sample in terms of appearance and softness. The changes observed in the FTIR spectrum, such as the appearance of new absorption peaks and additional peaks associated with peptide bonds, confirm the successful incorporation of nisin and chitosan into the fabric. Antibacterial results have shown that nisin improved the antibacterial effect of coated fabrics versus B. cereus, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa. The antimicrobial properties of the fabric coated with chitosan-nisin were maintained at some of the efficacy after washing against B. cereus, S. aureus, E. faecalis, L. monocytogenes, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa respectively. Also, the chitosan-nisin coating showed that it did not cause significant toxicity in fibroblast cells even after one week.

However, the results showed that the chitosan/nisin coating might be used for medical textiles and antibacterial textiles. It also offers an innovative solution to protect human health and the environment.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can lead to organ failure by the occurrence of mechanisms such as increased thrombosis and, subsequently, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). This study was conducted to determine LDH serum levels in COVID-19 patients and the factors affecting their mortality.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 212 patients (57 males and 155 females) with COVID-19 with a mean age of 49.19±10.6 referring to Imam Ali Hospital in Chabahar, Iran during 2021. After obtaining patients’ informed consent and demographic information, the heparinized peripheral blood sample was taken from them. The LHD levels were determined using an autoanalyzer.

Twenty-nine (13.67%) patients died. The mean LDH serum level of 29 deceased patients (708.420±96.25 U/L) was not statistically significant compared to survivors (640.360±96.80 U/L in 183). The comparison between the surviving and deceased groups showed that 25% of the deceased patients were hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU), and 90.90% of the survivors were hospitalized in the internal ward (P<0.05). All the deceased and 85.85% of the survivors were 40 years old and above, and this difference was not statistically significant. Furthermore, 24.56% of the deceased were male, 90.32% of the survivors were female (P<0.05), 22.72% of the deceased had a university education, and 88.69% of the survivors had a diploma or under-diploma education (P<0.05), and 71.42% of the deceased patients had thin, and 91.37% of the survivors were overweight (P<0.05).

There was no difference in the LDH serum levels of the COVID-19 survivors and deceased. The age of 40 years and above, lean and morbidly obese body mass indices, male gender, and the need for hospitalization in the ICU were determined as risk factors.

Bone is one of the tissues that have a true potential for regeneration. However, sometimes the bone defects are so outsized that there is no chance of bone self-repair and restoration or the damage is such that it is not possible to repair with medical or surgical interventions. In these situations, bone grafts are the treatment of choice, but due to several obstacles, including limitation in graft preparation and immunological incompatibility, bone grafts face some limitations. In these cases, with the help of regenerative medicine, the bone damages could be repaired. Regenerative medicine provides a new approach for large bone defects by cell therapy and tissue engineering. As, sometime the damaged tissues are so wide that there is no chance of self-repair, the engineered structures help to accelerate the tissue natural repairing. This review focuses on the importance of stem cells and scaffolding for bone tissue engineering. Also, the important characteristics of bone tissue engineered scaffolds like structure, porosity, stability, surface chemistry, bone induction and different met hods of scaffold fabrication are discussed. Up to now, various natural and synthet ic compounds were used for bone tissue engineering, including biopolymers, which are categorized to natural, synthet ic and ceramics. Bioceramics work as effective compound scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. From them bioglasses are one of the important materials which enhance the attachment, proliferation and differentiation of bone cells. Therefore, the current paper discussed biopolymers, as the effective compounds for regeneration of bone tissue.

The incidence of foodborne infectious diseases has been stable and even increased in many countries. Improper use of antibiotics due to the prevalence of microbial diseases has caused drug resistance. So nanotechnology has many attractive applications in the food industry, such as food preservation and food quality control. By the reason, the absorptive and antibacterial features of copper oxide nanoparticles combining with magnesium oxide nanoparticles in killing the bacteria were investigated.

The antibacterial activities of CuO NP in combination with MgO NP against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in culture media and fruit juice (mango, pomegranate, and peach) by agar diffusion and colony count method were explored. Electron microscopy was used to characterize the morphological characteristics of the bacteria tested after treatment with CuO and MgO NPs.

The results of one-way ANOVA by 95% confidence showed that CuO and MgO NPs have antimicrobial activity on E. coli and S. aureus. An effect of synergism was observed when combining CuO and MgO NP. Electron microscopy photographs showed that treatment with the combination of MgO and CuO caused damage to the cell membrane. As a result, the leakage of intracellular contents kills the bacteria.

The combination of CuO and MgO nanoparticles can successfully control the growth of E. coli and S. aureus in liquid and juice medium. So, this combination treatment can reduce the required amount of CuO and MgO nanoparticles during the pathogen control process in the food industry.

One of the challenges that medical sciences has long been facing is to find the best therapeutic method for the damaged tissues. The main purpose of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is the development of biological implant or engineered tissues to repair, regenerate or replace the damaged tissue and maintain the organ function. At the moment, a lot of research has been done in the field of nanotechnology on the application of nanomaterials in medicine, because the surface of these nanomaterials increases with decreasing their size with change or increases in effect concommitantly. In recent decades, the production of medical textiles (Including nano fibers) has been provided good services to the regenerative medicine. In the field of biomedical applications, it is often necessary to combine biological and medical sciences with materials science and engineering. One of the most important application of tissue engineering is the usage of nanofiber matrix as scaffolds for the cell growth and proliferation. In this paper, various types of engineered scaffolds and their functions have been presented and evaluated.

Recently inorganic nano materials characterized with high level thermal stability and new physical and chemical properties were considered for antimicrobial therapy. One of the important feature of nanoparticles is their antimicrobial activity against bacteria and food borne pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate antibacterial activities of copper oxide nanoparticles in combination with nisin and ultrasound against foodborne pathogens.
The antibacterial properties of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NP) were investigated alone or in combination with other antimicrobials (nisin and ultrasound stimulation) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in culture media and milk. Also effect of nanoparticle were investigated by scanning electron microscopy individually and combination of CuO and Nisin on morpholohy of S. aureus and E. coli bacteria.
The results show that there was an increasing synergistic effect between CuO NP in combination with nisin. However, the addition of ultrasound stimulation to CuO NP did not enhance the antibacterial activity of CuO. The results show that combined effect of copper oxide nanoparticles and nisin in milk medium were reduced the growth of bacteria. Also the results of the SEM were revealed that CuO nanoparticles and nisin leads to significant change in cell morphology and membrane integrity on bacteria and could be the cause of cell death.
Copper oxide nanoparticles and nisin with regard to the allowed concentration, have a significant effect on the bacteria and perhaps they can be used in food industry, pharmaceutical can be used.

Increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents is typically one of the main problems of health care. Control the dispersion of bacteria in different environments is a challenge in this section that to the overcome of them is essential for health and economic. In this study, nano-silver antibacterial activity was studied against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-negative bacterium E. coli and Bacillus cereus.
Anti-bacterial properties of silver nanoparticles against bacteria were assessed using dilution method. Bacteriological tests were performed using the initial concentration of (1 -1.5× 10-5) CFU / ml of each type of bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of growth and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined for each bacteria in the agar medium. Since the death of bacteria was studied using a double-MIC concentrations in duration of zero to 540 min and was determined the death time of each bacteria.
The results showed that MIC for bacteria of E. coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was at a concentration of 1700, 1600, 1500, and 1600 microgram per liter of silver nanoparticles, respectively. Also, the lowest death time was obtained 4h, for Bacillus cereus bacteria.
Based on the results of this study, bacteria E. coli showed the lowest sensitivity and Staphylococcus aureus the greatest sensitivity to silver nanoparticles.

One of the most important bilirubin nervous receptors is N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA). Some parents believe that the aqueous solution of sugar reduces the bilirubin serum level in newborns. In this work, the relationship between newborns jaundice and the levels of serum calcium and blood sugar was investigated.
This descriptive analytical study was performed on 102 icteric newborns above 2500 gram weight and without any basic disease hospitalized for six month. Bilirubin, calcium and blood sugar determinations were performed with spectrophotometer and benmary devices, diazo solutions A and B, methanol, dyed solution, calcium standard, addition glucose indicator and standard. Results were analyzed with SPSS software.
55.9% newborns were boys and 44.1% were girls. There was significant relationship between calcium and indirect bilirubin (p0.1, r=‑0.048) in 90% confidence level. Also, there was no significant relationship between gender and blood sugar (p> 0.1, r= -0.039) and calcium (p> 0.1, r= 0.030) in 90% confidence level.
Increase in bilirubin, increases total calcium serum level and relationship between blood sugar and bilirubin was not meaningful

Nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the antibacterial substances, among them nanoparticles type MgO and Fe2O3 are less toxic to mammalian cells. So, the aim of this study was investigation of combination effects of iron oxide and magnesium oxide nanoparticles on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (E.coli) to achieve the optimum combination of nanoparticles inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in food (juice).
In this experimental research, the effect of MgO and Fe2O3 Nanoparticles compound on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria in liquid environment was investigated, and then their effect was investigated separately in juices of carrot, pomegranate and apple via colony count approach. Also, scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the morphological changes of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli after antimicrobial treatments. The results of the research were analyzed using one way ANNOVA.
The results of the research indicated that in liquid medium, these nanoparticles lead to reduce the growth of both bacteria. compound of 1.5Mg.5Fe2O3 was introduced as the most appropriate antibacterial compounds; Staphylococcus aureus sensitivity to Escherichia coli was higher against nanoparticles. The findings of research about the juices revealed that the combined effect of nanoparticles reduced the growth of both bacteria. the combined effect of Fe2o3 and MgO nanoparticles treatments distorted and damaged the cell membrane, resulting in a leakage of intracellular contents and eventually the death of bacterial cells.
Nanoparticles in the allowed concentrations have significant effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria.

The prevalence of food-borne pathogens has been to draw public attention to food safety. Therefore, it needs to design and production of new antimicrobial agents to ensure food safety and increase food storage. Aim to this study was combined effects of zinc oxide nanoparticle and malic acid to inhibit Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
The study was experimental. Antibacterial activities were tested for different concentrations of zinc oxide suspensions containing %0.2 malic acid against the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus inoculated onto culture media and carrot juice.
Results showed that Zinc oxide Nanoparticle (NP) suspensions (0, 1, 3, 5 and 8) containing malic acid had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of E. coli and S. aureus during 24 h of incubation. Also results indicated that the 5 and 8 mM suspensions of ZnO Nanoparticle containing malic acid were the most effective on E. coli and S. aureus (P values It seems, formulations containing zinc oxide Nanoparticle may be used for food storage.

Nanotechnology is one of great important part of technology. Nanoparticles can be used in different applications for industrial, medical, military and personal use. The objectives of this study were preparation of chitosan –ZnO nanocomposite films via a simple method and investigation of antibacterial activity of them.
Chitosan –ZnO nanocomposites were prepared via the method of sol – gel transformation. Then this nano- composite was studied by using UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX. Antimicrobial properties of product were investigated on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial effect of nanocomposites with 1.5 wt % ZnO on the bandages were investigated on both the bacteria.
The results showed that the ZnO content had an effect on antibacterial properties of nanocomposite films. Nanocomposite films with 1.5 wt % ZnO exhibited high antibacterial activities. Further, nanocomposite film on the bandages with 1.5 wt % ZnO exhibited antibacterial activities on both the bacteria.
It was proved that the chitosan –ZnO nanocomposite film had an excellent antibacterial performance. Typically, the nanocomposite film may be used to biomedical application. Also, used as a surface coating to enhance microbial safety and extend food shelf life.

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is one of the important risk factors for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Some of the host genetic factors such as interleukin 28B (IL-28B) may influence the response to the antiviral therapy. IL28B is a member of the interferon (IFN) family which causes an antiviral response. Previous studies indicated that rs12979860 polymorphisms of the IL-28B gene can influence persistent antiviral response. Therefore، in this study، the frequency of genotypes of rs12979860 polymorphisms in two groups of healthy and HCV infected Iranian individuals were evaluated. In this cross sectional study، PCR-RFLP method was used to evaluate the frequency of genotypes of rs12979860 polymorphisms in 105 healthy individuals and 105 chronic HCV infected patients. The frequency of rs12979860 genotypes in healthy individuals was CC: 50. 5%، CT: 45. 7%، and TT: 3. 8%. In HCV infected patients it was CC: 22. 9%، CT: 63. 8%، and TT: 13. 3%. The frequency of rs12979860 genotypes had significant difference between two groups; however it is not associated with sex. A significant difference was observed between healthy individuals and HCV infected patients in the frequency of rs12979860 genotypes. The favorable CC genotypes and unfavorable TT genotypes was more detected in healthy individuals and HCV infected patients، respectively.

Biologists have increasingly used zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in regard with biological applications. The present study aimed to assess feasibility of ZnO nanoparticles synthesis by high-energy milling as well as to investigate their antimicrobial effect.

The high-energy ball milling technique was used to produce ZnO nanoparticles from micron-scale ZnO particles. The phase state, morphology, and size of the ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by different methods of particle size analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, the antibacterial effect of ZnO nanoparticles was examined on E. coli and S. aureus bacteria.

The study results demonstrated that size of the synthesized nanoparticles was within the range of 20 -90 nm and their morphology was reported as nanorod and nanoparticles with multifaceted cross-section. An increase in the density of nanoparticles resulted in a rise in the antimicrobial effect. Moreover, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria inhibition zone was 3±0.5 and 7±0.5 mm respectively at the density of 6 and 10 mM. The MIC and MBC of ZnO nanoparticles provided for Staphylococcus aureus were observed 3±3 and 2.5±0 mg/ml, whereas they were reported 7.5±0 and 8±0 mg/ml for Escherichia coli bacteria.

The findings of the present study revealed that ZnO nanomaterials could be synthesized by applying high-energy milling on micron-scaled ZnO particles. In addition, they can be utilized in food packaging and preservation process.

In this study، a collection of 26 dairy products were subjected to bacteriocin analysis by using a culture-independent approach. The culture-independent approach involved extraction of total bacterial DNA directly from the products، this is followed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using three pairs of specific primers (enterocin A، enterocin P and enterocin As48). The PCR analysis showed that only enterocin A was predominant in all study samples، however the other genes were absent. The absent of other bacteriocins in 26 samples، give the idea that Enterococcus spp are predominant bacteriocin producing LAB in different dairy products obtained from different area in Iran. Also the PCR approach was found to have a much higher sensitivity for detection of bacteriocin producing strains in dairy products in a fast، reliable، and reproducible manner.

Golpar plant contains chemicals including protein, fibers, reduction and non-reduction sugars, three types of coumarin, organic compounds of camphor family, Fitoestrols and 1, 2 Dimetoksil 4 methyl benzene. These compounds encompass anti-mitotic, estrogenic, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity and anti-mutation properties. In this study, the effect of Golpar extract on testicular tissue changes and the level of testosterone in mice were studied. The study was experimental. Thirty two male Wistar rats weighing approximately 280 ± 10 g were studied. The rats were randomly divided into five groups of eight: control group (received distilled water) and treated experimental groups that received Golpar alcoholic extract in amounts 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg, respectively. All groups at the end of the fourteenth day were bled and blood samples were collected to measure testosterone by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Results were evaluated with SPSS and Tukey test. Also the testicles were removed and after weighing, tissue studies were done. Serum testosterone levels in 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg treated groups significantly decreased as compared to the control group. Sperm density in the tubules and the mean body and testes weight in 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg treated groups decreased significantly compared to the control group. According to the results of this study it can be concluded that consumption of Golpar alcoholic extract probably reduced plasma testosterone, body weight, testis weight and sperm density and thus can be used to treat sexual dysfunction in males.

Access to modern methods for increasing the percentage of in vitro human and animal mature oocytes can be useful in the treatment of some forms of human infertility as well as proliferation of many domestic and wild animals which generation is endangered. Effect of low- frequency electromagnetic fields on in vitro growth and maturation of mouse oocytes is recently considered as a new approach. In this study we evaluated the effect of low- frequency electromagnetic field on in vitro growth and maturation of mouse oocyte. In this study electromagnetic fields with frequencies of 5, 50 and 100 Hz and 2mT intensity were used. For observation of the effect of electromagnetic field four groups were selected: Group 1 as control group, which included 35 prenatal follicles (immature oocytes). Groups 2, 3 and 4were exposed to 5, 50 and 100 Hz electromagnetic fields, respectively. Prenatal follicles exposed to 5 and 50 Hz frequencies showed no significant changes in diameter and survival rates. In contrast at a frequency of 100 Hz in 72-hour culture period a significant increase in diameter(155μm), follicles livability power(59%), oocyte maturation(52%) and GVBD(39%) was shown in comparison to other experimental groups and control group(P <0.05). Low-frequency magnetic field effects gene expression and thus protein synthesis, cell division, proliferation and behavior. Although this effect can be temporary, it can increase the percentage of ovulation for in vitro environment along with other environmental factors.

Screening for bacteriocin production by strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from local dairy products in Iran resulted in detection of nine strains bacteriocin producing strains. Among 105 isolates, nine bacteriocin producer were phenotypically and biochemically identified as Lactic acid cocci. The anti-microbial compounds produced by these novel strains were inactivated by trypsin, proteinase k. These bacteriocins also were active in wide range of pH and wide range of temperature. bacteriocins produced inhibited not only the closely retaliated LABs, but also Listeria monocytogenes.

Background and Dairy products often associated with problems such as short shelf life and poor hygiene control. A novel approach is to utilize bacteriocin or bacteriocin producer strains, to control undesirable micro flora as Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus in foods. Hence, we studied the effect of nisin like producing Lactococcus lactis against Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus, in order to compare the isolated strain within different countries. In this research we studied the effect of nisin like producing Lactococcus lactis, with producer spot test method. We also used supernatant from 24 h culture of Lactoccus lactis. Moreover, we studied the effect of bacteriocin on Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus growth curves. The growth of both strains was inhibited by the bacteriocin. According to our results, the bacteriocin could be used in liquid food with bacteriocin added directly or as a starter culture in fermentation. This would inhibit the growth of Listeria monocytogenes furthermore, Bacillus cereus is used to reduce food poisoning for fermented food products.