محتشم محمدی

In the 20th century, two influential novels were written in Egypt and Iran, which found a special place. Dr. Heikel's novel Zeinab in Egypt and Ali Mohammad Afghani's novel Shohar Aho Khanum established a new trend in the fiction prose of the two countries. Obviously, due to the nature of the novel and the detail in it, the element of description has a prominent position. Dialogue is one of the effective tools in description and makes the flow of the story between the characters more alive. Although Zeinab's novel has not yet been translated into Farsi and only an English translation of it is available, a thesis has been compiled on the comparison of these two influential novels, and an article has been prepared on the description of these two works. Using the descriptive-analytical method and library method, this research compares the role and effect and how the dialogue element is used in the descriptions of the novel Shuhar Ahokhanam by Mohammad Ali Afghani and the novel Zeinab by Mohammad Hossein Heikal as two pioneering novels in the presian & Arabic literature.The dialogue element in Shohar Ahokhanam's novel is bold, technical and more effective than the dialogue in Zeinab's novel, especially in the plot of the story.

Examining and reviewing the formal and semantic layers of Persian language stories is one of the tasks in the field of contemporary literary criticism. The cultural and linguistic functions of folk tales are the reason for preserving and examining them via literary criticism. They also increase the importance of such stories. The purpose of this study is to investigate the folk tale of "the Pearl Leaf" by Enjavi Shirazi based on structuralists and poststructuralists’ viewpoint. So, adopting a descriptive-analytical approach based on Greimas’ theory, the method of producing and receiving the meaning of this story has been studied and analyzed. Greimas, the semantic semiotician, sought to provide a coherent model for the study of narrative, which was later called the modern semantic semiotics. According to him, the important thing is to know the process of text production from the time of transmission to reception, based on the Actantial and sensitivity elements. In this way, fiction can be considered as a suitable platform for discourse exploration and integration of literature and discourse; since linguistic narrative has opened new windows in the field of fiction. In this study, using the theme of this story, different types of intelligent discourse system and their factors have been extracted. Finally, it has been concluded that although this story comes from the heart of popular culture (folklore), with an appearance simple, yet complex and coherent form, it has a specific structural and narrative pattern and form- Propp's morphology - which has made it fully compatible with Greimas’ theory of semantic semiotics.

Description is one of the important tools of an author in organizing a story and it can be formed in a direct way or through dialogue or story action. Detailed descriptions draw the reader more into the text and keep him with the flow of the story. In narrative texts such as novels, where the prominent figures of the story are the adults and the children are on the sidelines of the stories, the description of the children's circumstances and actions has a place to pause and examine. These descriptions can be presented in special ways. One of the Iranian novels in the 30s is the novel “Shauhar e Ahokhanum” by Ali Mohammad Afghani, which was published under special circumstances and gave a new impetus to the Iranian story writing atmosphere. This research paper is descriptive-analytical in a library style that tries to investigate the types of description of children in the novel "Husband of Deer and Lady". The author has used these descriptions in three ways,consist of Naration & Action & Dialect through Direct and Indhrect method which direct description from the narrator's language is more frequent.

In general, allegory has various definitions. Because the use of allegory makes poetry more beautiful and shows original roots & resourse, poets who have more innovation in creating allegory; They create more lasting works. In this research, we intend to examine the types of allegory in Ahmed Boroujerdi's poems which has not been researched. In order to analyze this feature in the poem of the poet – Ahmad Brujerdi- in question, according to the structure of Ahmad Boroujerdi's compositions, the need for further explanation was felt, which with further exploration of these stages accepted.
There have been few researches about this poet's poetry, and dealing with various effects in his poetry can be an idea for other researchers' researches. In this article, which has been done with a descriptive analytical method based on the library method, the question has been answered that what methods of innovation did Ahmed Borujerdi use in his poetry?

The entrance of the Marxism’s’ left-wing idealism in the early 14th SH in Iran, has been the source of extensive changes in all cultural aspects and particularly in literature. The fruit of such thinking stream was a newfound literary school which was based on Marxism-Leninism perspective that due to some factors, evolved and developed swiftly. To such a degree that the majority of authors, poets and translators got interested in such school of thought and a great number of significant literary works that shape the body of the Iranian contemporary literature, were created under the influence of Marxism ideas. In order to answer the question that what factors caused the development and growth of the left-wing literature in Iran this writing suggests two general factors of social backgrounds and intellectual infrastructure and with regards to historical documents tries to outline components such as The social backgrounds arising from the constitutional revolution, the victory of October 1917’s revolution, the alteration of Iran’s relationship with the mighty neighboring country and the extended activity of left-wing parties, provided the opportunity for the emergence and the development of the Marxism-Leninism ideology as the infrastructure of the left wing literature in Iran. Additionally, based on literary works we would try to prove this claim that the elements of left-wing literature like realism, protestation, modernism etc. were in alignment and with correspondence to the needs of the Iranian society which required a new and a pioneer literature for the process of its’ structural change and provided the backgrounds for growth and expansion of the left-wing literature in Iran.

The factor of textual coherence and sentence relation are divided into three categories according to Halliday and Hasan:
A) Lexical factor: including repetition, synergy and semantic domains.
B) Grammatical factors: including referral, replacement and deletion.
C) Connective factors: including conjunctions (Yahaghi and Fallahi, 2011, p. 331).
New linguists, in the course of their early studies, have relied only on the description of less linguistic units and have not paid attention to the study and analysis of disciplines beyond such as in the critique of these research approaches (De bougrand and Dressler, 1981, p. 21). Gradually, with the development of linguistic research and the development of new theories, Noam Chamsky's rotational method, became a concept between sentences, and the basic need for study was concentrated within the organization of the text so that the text could be studied by linguists as a larger linguistic unit. (Ibid 104-130).As a result, it led to the discovery of semantic relationships between elements of language which arise from the function of elements of coherence in the text.

Since from the end of 20th century, a more detailed study of speech has been opened especially with patterns such as the pattern of cohesion and on the other hand, Khaghani in Persian poetry is a symbol of the strength and stability of poetic speech in the form of Ode.
One should examine to see if the pattern of coherence confirms the coherence of Khaghani's speech. In the prevalence of some fascinations, it seems necessary to see and explore the magnificent Persian text from new perspectives in order to show their originality' strength and coherence.

In 1976 Halliday and Hasan divided English text cohesion tools into three categories: Grammatical tools including “referral”, “substitution” and “deletion”. Link tools including conjunctions; and lexical tools including repetition. In 1985 they expanded this division into another joint work.
It is the coherence consistency and integrity of the text that keeps the components of the text together; That is the meaning of lexical units within each sentence depends on the other units within the same sentence (Taki, 1999, p.73-81).Text coherence refers to the set of links and relationships that exist between the components of the text. These links and relationships distinguish the text from randomly stacked sentences and turn it into a coherent whole (Lotfipur, 1995, p. 110). Vocabulary coherence based on the relationship that lexical units of language have with each other in terms of the content of their meanings and the text trough these relationships can be continuous and coherent (Mohajer & Nabavi, 2014, p. 64). Word has no meaning in isolation. The meaning of a simple or compound word is related to other words in the language. The main task of semantics is the clarify words and determine these semantic relations (Tarask, 2001, p. 18).Recursion has the highest value among the elements of other words and increase the musical level of the poem, the stability of the words, the unity of the subject or the embodiment images and poetic emotions and feelings and the single theme and solidarity of the verses and connect them with chains (yavari, 2000). Recursion comes in several forms: repetition, contradiction, semantic inclusion, synonym.One of the factors of the lexical coherence in the text is the factor for repetition. According to Halliday, repetition is the most obvious type of lexical coherence. The cohesive factor of repetition includes all morphological construction of a word (yavari, 2018, p. 163-192).In Khaghni's view like the formalists, the word has a special importance to the extent that various literary techniques such as: prosody, repetition of sounds, repetition of syllable in words, etc. As a tool to draw the reader's attentions to the word element (Alavi Moghaddam, 1995). The thirst for word choice is clearly evident in Khaghani's words (Tajlil & Musavi, 2014).In this Khaghani's poem, 41 words are repeated more than once. The most commonly used word is morning (It is the most frequent word in this poem). Khaghani has been called the poet of morning. Maybe that is why he pays attention to the morning and sunrise in his poems.

Contemporary patterns in literary studies are clearly arguments for commenting on literary topics. One of these models is the model of Halliday and Hasan cohesion, which was reviewed by Hasan sometime after its publication and was finally presented by Halliday and Hasan shortly after. For decades, formal studies based on this model have become increasingly important. On the other hand, the importance and success of Khaghani in Persian has always been raised. In this research, using the evolved theory of coherence of Halliday and Hasan (1985) in role-oriented linguistics; analysis, coherence and continuity in verses of Khaghani's poem have been done to determine how the semantic connection of cohesive chains has been realized in this poem.
According to this theory, the coherence of the relations between elements is the constructor of the text, but it is not enough just to achieve the coherence factors in the texts; rather after showing these factors, it is necessary to examine the coherence of the text, based on coherence coordination. This study, following the achievement of coherence of the factors and coherence of the text of the poem, led to the conclusion that Khaghani's verses have a high coherence according to Halliday model. Although the strength of the structure of Khaghani's poetry does not need to be confirmed by such models but it is a conclusive argument and a valid argument that shows that the patterns favored by modern scholars also confirm the coherence of the words of the greats of Persian literature.
According to the collected analysis materials, the following contents were obtained. Repetition and reference have the highest frequency in the issue of coherence of Khaghni's logic poem. In the topic of repetition, the highest frequency of words, revolved around the following axes:
Topics related to religion: God, Guidance, Baggage, futurity, Clerics.
Topics related to nature: Morning, sky, night, sun, moon.
3.Vocabulary related to war: Cousin, dagger, armor, razor, ring, punch, kidnapping.
4.Topics related to clothing: Cloaks, robes, masks, hats.
It is as if Khaghani wants to sing the epic of the sultan of religion instead of the epic of sultan of the time and show us a deep alternative. In this axis, he combines all the elements of nature to achieve his goal. The method of Haliday and Hasan in the Latin articles that are available and in the Persian articles that have been published in prestigious academic journals in the last 35 years is the first case study- Khaghani's poem- is translated into text and then into words. and are checked. This method is very accurate in this regard and according to this model, we can speak with certainty about the coherence of Khaghani's speech.
Also, in response to the questions of expression of the problem, it was found that new patterns for examining the ancient texts are not prohibited and there is no problem and the firmness of Khaghani's speech, which is clear for Persian literature elites, was proved by this pattern. It was also answered that the use of modern patterns is not a problem for the study of ancient texts. This pattern which has good accuracy and detail, is suitable for the study of Khaghani's poem.

Lentil cultivar Sepehr was first introduced as FLIP 2005-53L line through LIDTN-L-08 ICARDA international nursery and was evaluated in Gachsaran and Maragheh stations in 2007-2008 cropping season. FLIP 2005-53L line in the cropping seasons 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 was evaluated in the preliminary and advanced yield trials in Gachsaran and Khorramabad research stations. After evaluating the results of advanced experiments, this line was selected to participate in the national uniform regional yield trial (2010-2013) in Gachsaran, Khorramabad, Gonbad and Moghan research stations. Stability analysis of genotypes grain yield in this experiment showed that this line had the lowest contribution in the interaction of genotype × environment using different statistical methods and also it had the lowest mean rank values ​​for non-parametric stability parameters as well as 19% increases in the grain yield (with grain yield of 1166 kgha-1) ‌ compared to the control cultivar Gachsaran (with grain yield of 978 kgha-1) and therefore can be considered as "one of the most stable genotypes" with high grain yield. FLIP 2005-53L line with average grain yield of 1902 kgha-1 in farmers field in the research-extension trials, had a 15% advantage of grain yield over control cultivar Gachsaran with grain yield of 1651 kgha-1. In addition to high grain yield, good yield stability, high resistance to fusarium disease, desirable 100-seed weight (4.2 g) and suitable plant type and plant height for machine harvesting were other reasons for releasing Sepehr cultivar. Sepehr cultivar is suitable for cultivation in subtropical regions of the country including Khuzestan, Fars, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Lorestan, Kermanshah, Ardabil (Moghan) and Ilam provinces.

Prose is informative and poetry describes and conveys emotion. But sometimes we come across prose that goes beyond the news and engages the audience Among literary prose texts, such prose may seem somewhat natural but poetic prose within a historical and political text attracts the reader to a great extent. The Tarikh al vozarā is a history book in the sixth century in which Abu al-Rajā Qomi wrote fifty years of the Seljuk ministry in poetic prose. Abu al-Rajā Qomi has tried to create different prose in this work with the help of the beautiful elements of speech and to create poetic prose, far from the tasks of the Arabic language, with the help of Persian literary language resources. In this article, an attempt has been made to study and analyze the poetic prose of this work in an analytical-descriptive manner based on a library study To the poetic prose that the author has used in this book; To be determined

The discovery of aesthetic methods in the poetry of contemporary poets is possible with various methods, one of which is to recognize the techniques of de-familiarization in form and structure. Ahmad Boroujerdi is one of the poets who, as much as his poetry is content, prismatic and multi-layered; He has also tried to highlight the form and structure of language. De-familiarization has been used in several ways in his poems, including: De-familiarization in naming new objects, phenomena and concepts around him; In the coherence and movement of the circle of poetry; In continuous markings using contradictions and contrasts; In written form; In creating nested images; In repeating letters in order to induce various concepts; In creating nested images with a cohesive and organic connection, pictures full of pictures; In the choice of words and their new combination with each other, repetition of sounds and words, ambiguity, discernment, irony. This study examines the unfamiliarity in the poems: (Plan 5, Oriental, Who, Four Chapters, Nostalgia, Scarecrow, Ant, Plan 8) from the perspective of form and structure in the book "Somewhere Not Far" to the poet's success in blank verse And find unfamiliarity in this form.

Nihilism is the denial and sometimes the whole of life. This idea dates back to ancient times and emerged in the Middle Ages, but it has been reorganized in modern times. Nietzsche, Kafka, and Emil Zola's students at the School of Naturalism paved the way. In today's philosophical and literary naturalism, there are features that overlap with some of the non-authoritarian components and perspectives. Choubak's stories are full of naturalistic mixes and teachings. Naturalism, which has led to a passive inhumanity in Chubak's thought and vision, as it negates society and life, it offers no choice but to go out of this circle of astonishment and confusion. Although naturalism is passive in some respects, it is not necessarily absurd. The question that arises in Sadegh Choubak's work is whether to combine these passive naturalistic aspects with some nihilistic approaches that keep the writer and the reader as spectators. This article is an attempt to represent this intertwining that is sometimes difficult to discern between the two - naturalism and nihilism - in Chubak's works.

About 250,000 hectares of warm dryland regions have moderate to low rainfall, high temperatures and poor soil fertility with low production potential. Wheat cultivars which are currently used by farmers in these harsh environments, have low production in many years or they cannot be harvested due to their short plant's height or shriveled grains. Aseman cultivar with pedigree of KABY/3/TEVEE2/URES//FUN/KAUZ was generated by using the compatible parents at Gachsaran Agricultural Research Station in 2005-2006 cropping season. After a six-year period evaluation of the genetic material in the segregating populations, Aseman along with other selected pure lines were selected for further investigation through preliminary, advanced, and elite regional yield trails for four consecutive cropping seasons. In these experiments, average grain yield of new cultivar in Gachsaran and Behbahan stations, as well as in low-yield farms located in Golestan (Agh Ghala), Bushehr (Deilam) and Khuzestan (Haftakel) provinces was 2894 kgha-1, showing 3% superiority to Karim as the check cultivar. The average grain yield of Aseman in uniform regional trials was 2737 kgha-1 and it had a significant difference (p < /em> < 0.01) with Chamran (21% superiority) in the Gachsaran and Agh Ghala )for two years), as well as Behbahan, Haftkhel and Deilam (for one year) stations. Under severe drought and heat stresses in Deilam, Behbahan and Haftakel stations, the mean grain yield of the new cultivar increased by 37% and 10% compared to the Chamran and Karim cultivars, respectively. Early maturity, taller height and appropriate seed weight, especially under severe heat and drought stresses conditions and also superior baking quality are prominent characteristics of Aseman cultivar. These characteristics justify the importance of introducing this new cultivar for cultivation in the low-yield warm dryland regions of Iran.

At the same time contemporary political and social developments, the kind of idea about poets and authoring of events on developments and consequently, reflect this transformation in literature than in the past, fundamental change found."D.r Hamid Shirazi," a contemporary poets ever, the most magnificent social themes in the form of new-ancient poetic images offer Hamid particularly known love in his "beloved tears" and incompatibility and conflict New extremists like Ahmad with the social spirit of his poetry caused him to be kept hidden . This article is intended to reflect some of the political and social concepts in the analysis of his poetry. attack on Shah, defend Azerbaijan, according to the country and the situation of political conflict against Iran Hamidi Shirazi of the major themes of political and social poetry form. Special attention was his home and promote it. Along with the glory of his social poems often incompetent-the leaders of Iran and then mixed with cries of revolt and is seeking And sometimes, especially in homegrown poetry in praise of the former residents of Iran with excitement and epic. His poetic art, at all, in the deep themes in simple terms to deposit his heart.

Six rainfed durum wheat genotypes (Chehel daneh, Gerdish, Zardak, Syrian-1, Waha and Knd1149//68/ward) and their complete diallel progenies of F1 generation were evaluted in a randomized complete block design with two replications. Analysis of variance indicated genetic differences among genotypes. General combining ability (GCA) was significant for all of the studied traits except hundred grain weight (HGW). Specific combining ability (SCA), reciprocal and non-maternal effects were significant for grain yield (GY), HGW and flag leaf area (FLA). The results indicated low values of narrowsense heritability and superiority of dominance effect for plant height (PH), GS, GY, HKW and FLA. The cross of Waha × Knd1149//68/ward with high value of GY and GCA for this trait can be used as a suitable cross for use of heterosis. This cross was also superior to their parents according HGW, NGS and SL. Gerdish can be used as a suitable parent for breeding programs to receive lines with high yield and yield components according to positive and significant GCA for number of spikelets per spike, SL, NGS, GY and FLA. According to predominance of additive effects in genetic control of number of spikelets per spike and spike length, selection can be useful for improvement of these traits, while selection was not applicable in primary generations and should be delayed for the other traits untill advanced generations.

Breeding of adapted and variation germplasm can be a main element for strength of research political in stable agricultture system. This is achived by targeting variety selection onto different growing environments under natural heat and drought stresses. To realize this, breeding programs usually undertake a rigorous genotypes performance evaluation across locations and years mostly at the final stage of variety development process. More accurate selection of wheat genotypes requires reducing environmental effects for explaining of their genetic potential with appropriate analysis of genotype × environment. In this research, 18 improved bread wheat genotypes were planted in randomized compelet block design with 4 replications in Gachsaran, Khoramabad, Gonbad, Moghan and Ilam stations during three years (2011-2014). Simple and combined analysis variance were done on grain yield data. Due to significant interaction effects for Year × locatin and genotype × year × locatin, yield stability of considered genotypes were analysed using some parameteric and nonparametric methods. Obtained results showed genotypes no. 10 and 17 with 3107 and 3028 kg/ha had the highest grain yield. Based on parametric statistics: CVi, , , ¡, MSY/L and MSPI and non-paramertric statistics: , , , Top, Mid, Low¡, R-Sum, and SDR, G10 had more yield stability. More over, G12 and G17 showed suitable yiled stability among high production genotypes. Earliness Genotypes 10 and 17 lines had optimum plant height and partially high thousand kernel weight.

To assessthe genetic parameters of morpho-physiological traits in wheat, six bread wheat genotypes and their partial diallel progenies were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications at GachsaranAgricultural Research Station, Gachsaran, Iran,in 2013-14 cropping season. Regression coefficient indicated there were not the assumptions of additive-dominance model for number of days to flowering and maturity, plant height, spike length, 1000-grain weight and extrusion length of spike from flag leaf. Both dditive and non-additive gene effects played an important role in controlling the seedlinggrowth vigor, grain-filling period, chlorophyll content, canopy temperature, grain length and grain yield, but the role of non-additive was superior the additivegene effects. The average degree of dominance were 1.02, 1.05, 1.32, 1.41, 1.39 and 1.62 for above mentioned traits, respectively, which showed the role of over-dominance gene action in their controles. The results of Hayman’s graphical analysis indicated that increasingseedling growth vigor, grain yield, grain length and canopy temperature by recessive alleles and chlorophyll content by dominant alleles were controlled. The role of non-additive and over-dominance gene action in controlling grain yield showed the possibility of using the heterosis to improve this important trait in new wheat varieties. The hybridsKouhdasht × (DAMARA-6 ICW99-0427-8AP-0AP-0AP-3AP-0AP) and Kouhdasht × (PASTOR/2*SITTA// PBW343*2/KUKUNA) due to the high heterosis and also the highest grain yield among the all studied genotypes in this research,it is recommended to use heterosis phenomenon for increasing grain yield in wheat breeding programs.

Garshāsb-Nāmeh, composed by Hakim Asadi Tusi, is anepic poem about Garshāsb’s arrogance and warfare. Garshasb is one of the most famous Iranian heroes; some of important parts of the Iranian mythical and epic literature describe his and his children (Narimān, Sām, Zāl, Rustam, Farāmarz, etc.) actions and behaviors. The features of an epic story are as follows: it must be a work of fiction, it must describe heroes, it must be a national book, and it has to speak about fantastic and extraordinary affairs; these features make a story an epic one. The strength and weakness of each of these features has a significant effect on the prominence and reputation of an epic work. The findings of the research show that although Garshāsb-Nāmeh is a powerful fictional book and describes powerfully the fantastic and extraordinary affairs, but as a national book it is a weak one and can’t describe the heroes and heroic events well. So, these weaknesses have caused that the epic has not been widely accepted among the Iranian people.

Existentialism (philosophy of existence principality) is one of the most influential (effective) philosophical and literary schools of the world in 21th century that originated and developed in European countries, particularly Germany and France. In this philosophical-literary school the individual is known as a knowing subject (agent) who, in the experience of existence and understanding the meaning of existence encounters the truth of life and discovers the absurdity of his life. Then, based on respect for “freedom”, and also using the possibility of choice, man has selected his objective, and in this way, applies meaning to a series of events and incidents that are called “life”. Hakim Omar Khayyam, the Iranian poet and thinker in the second half of the fifth and the beginning of sixth century AH (twelfth century AD), is considered the pioneer of existentialism in the middle centuries due to his fundamental philosophical inquiry about human existence and the beginning and end of the world, and also the implicit and approximate faith in human role in determining his direction with an emphasis on sequential messages and recommendations based on the idea of “Seize the Day” in his (Khayyam) quatrains.This study is an attempt to indicate the coincidence of prominent themes of existentialism with the philosophical ideas proposed by the Khayyam in his quatrains.

The selection efficiency of the most desirable safflower genotypes can be improved by incorporating the graphical methods and statistical analysis. This experiment was carried out to determine grain yield stability of safflower genotypes using the graphical and statistical methods. Twenty safflower genotypes were evaluated in Chachsaran, Choram, Behbehan and Dehdasht using randomized complete block design with three replications in three cropping seasons (2001-2004). The results of simple analysis of variance indicated the significance of genotype effect on grain yield. The results of combined analysis of variance revealed significance of genotype, environment, genotype × environment interaction and linear genotype × environment interaction effects. Since the genotype × environment interaction effect was significant, seven stability statistics including Si, CV, Wi2, &sigmai2, bi, Sdi2 and Sdi were calculated for stability analysis and the results indicated genotype 3 (PI250536-2) had the highest grain yield stability. The results of AMMI (Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction) model showed that 98.74% of total genotype ×environment interaction variation was due to four principle components (PCs). Based on the above statistics and the biplots derived from AMMI analysis, genotypes 3 (PI250536&minus2), 10 (Syrian hama 1), 14 (Saffir) and 16 (PI 251268) had grain yield stability. These genotypes were identified as suitable and adapted genotypes with grain stability for the studied environments.

To estimate the genetic components and the mode of inheritance for some morphological traits, six rainfed durum wheat genotypes (Chehel daneh, Gerdish, Zardak, Syrian-1, Waha and Knd1149//68/ward) and their complete diallel progenies were grown in a randomized complete blocks design with two replications in 2005-06 cropping season in Maragheh Dryland Agricultural Research Station. Results of diallel analysis revealed that additive variance were important for inheritance of grain yield, number of grain per spike, spike length and number of fertile tiller than dominance variance. The positive value of ‘F’, indicated that there were excess of dominant alleles in comparison to recessive ones in the parents for all of the studied traits. The average degree of dominance (H1/D) 0.5 showed partial dominance for grain yield, number of grain per spike, spike length, 100 grains weight and number of fertile tiller and over-dominance for peduncle length. Graphic analysis indicated that increase of grain yield, number of grain per spike, spike length, 100 grains weight and number of fertile tiller were under the control of combination of recessive and dominance alleles. Predominance of additive effects for grain yield demonstrated that breeding methods based on selection may be advantageous in improving of this trait. The highest value of this trait relevant to Gerdish (10.33 g/plant), therefore this genotype can be used as cross parent in breeding programs for receiving to lines with high yield and yield components. The cross of Waha × Knd1149//68/ward with high value of GY and GCA for this trait can be used as a suitable cross for hybrid production.

Six varieties of durum wheat were included in a full diallel mating design during 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 cropping seasons in the farm of Maragheh Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI), Iran. Parental durum wheat genotypes and their complete diallel progenies were grown in a randomized complete block design with two replications in the growing seasons of 2005-06. The highest values of number of seeds per spike, one hundred seed weight and seed yield were obtained in Gerdish. The GCA effects indicated that Zardak was an ideal general combiner for one hundred seed weight, coleoptile length, number of germinated seeds, number of seeds per spike, growth vigor and radicle length. Crosses of Knd1149//68/ward × Waha and Zardak × Chehel daneh exhibited the highest value of seed yield and significant heterosis. Graphic analysis indicated that the hybrid between Knd1149//68/ward and Waha was the best hybrid for seed yield, because it integrated the four genes (A2, D1, D2 and probably D3) for seed yield. Zardak, Knd1149//68/ward and Gerdish can be used either as the best parents for selection programs based on their GCA effects, or as a superior parent in hybrid programs based on their SCA effects.

Wheat production in warm rainfed areas plays an important role in the economy of Iran and has huge potential to increase agricultural production. Development of wheat varieties in the areas increased the wheat production (27%) in 80th decade compared to 70th decade, but still a remarkable difference is seen between farmer's and agricultural research fields (98 to 204%). The possible factors that cause this gap can be summarized as poor management, farmers’ poor technical and agronomic management, poor knowledge of extension personnel, using local varieties, low level of mechanization, lack of application of research findings, lack of monitoring the results of application of new methods, deficiency of desired machinery, small and dispersed farms. Therefore, high increase in wheat production requires the adoption of high-potential varieties accompanied by new technologies. These approaches would result in sustainable production and alleviating environmental adverse effects, although, it is impossible to actualize all the existing capacities.

Aftab cultivar originated from national cereal breeding programs .The new cultivar was evaluated in International high rainfall wheat yield trial nursery at Gachsaran and Gonbad Agricultural Research Stations (2008-2009). Due to optimum grain yield and other agronomic traits, the new cultivar was tested in advanced yield trials in Gachsaran, Ilam, Khoram Abad and Gonbad research stations (2009-2010). Aftab cultivar with high grain yield, high kernel weight and earliness compare to Koohdasht cultivar as check was classified as desirable genotype .Aftab cultivar showed high grain yield (3183kg.ha-1) in advanced experiment trials during five years, it was 13.3% more than check cultivars (Koohdasht and Karim) with 2810 kg.ha-1.The new cultivar showed the best rank, compering to all cultivar and advanced lines, such as Koohdasht which cultivated in large scale by farmers in warm dryland regions, based on stability parameters: low standard deviation and small within location coefficient of variation. Aftab cultivar showed remarkable resistance against important current wheat diseases such as yellow rust, brown rust, and fusarim head blight in warm dryland stations under natural infection and artificial inoculation conditions, in addition it has optimum bread flour quality. On-farm experimental results, the new cultivar showed high grain yield.