محسن بهمنی

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of religiosity in reducing the risky behaviors of athletes who are members of Tehran's fitness clubs. The current research was applied in terms of purpose and correlational in terms of the method of collection. The tools of demographic research papers, risky behaviors (YRBSS) and religiosity were based on the model of Gluck and Stark (1965). SPSS version 21 software was used for analysis. The study population was all athletes in the field of bodybuilding in Tehran and the size of the study sample according to Morgan's table was 384 people, out of 500 questionnaires sent, 418 usable questionnaires were returned. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by using the opinions of 11 specialists in the field of religious and sports sciences, and the reliability of the tool was confirmed by conducting a pilot study on 30 athletes. The findings of the research showed that, apart from the consequences, in my opinion, belief, experiential and meaningful relationship with the occurrence of high-risk behaviors among bodybuilders. In addition to that, the findings of the regression test showed that after rituals, bodybuilding predicted the occurrence of high-risk behaviors among athletes in Tehran. According to the findings of the research, it can be shown that religiosity and attention to religious principles and rituals can reduce the risky behaviors of bodybuilders.

Recognition of the natural durability of wood and industrial species of each country is essential and Iran is no exception to this rule because of valuable commercial species. Generally, the natural durability of wood is determined in the laboratory and field by measuring the decay resistance of wood according to EN 113 and EN 252. However, Meyer- Veltrup et al. proposed a new method entitled "resistance model" to estimate the natural durability with more accuracy which can be generalized to conditions without soil contact. In this model, two factors namely inherent resistance and wetting ability are used. Beech (Fagus orientalis) was selected as one of the most important commercial species in Hyrcanian forests to study its natural durability. The results showed F. orientalis heartwood and sapwood were less durable and non-durable (DC 4–5). Water immersion after 1 and 24 hours was highest for sapwood followed by heartwood. Based on the MLF index, 61 % of sapwood was attributed to the white fungus (T. versicolor) as well and the lowest MLF was caused by sapwood and heartwood by the H. Fragiforme. 43.5 % of MLF on beech wood is caused by terrestrial organisms (TMC). Based on the resistance model, the first signs of decay were observed after 312 and 294 days.

The present article reviews Jones “Macroeconomics”, translated by Jahangard and Keramatfar. In this regard, an attempt has been made to examine the book in terms of content and translation using an analytical-descriptive method. Content analysis of the work indicates its usefulness for teaching at the university. Introducing the DSGE model in a fluent and simple way for undergraduate students, which is described with a practical example, is the most important achievement of the book. Also, the concepts of macroeconomics are presented simply and according to the revealed facts. Lack of attention to solving numerical examples as well as expressing different economic schools and the role of books in this regard are among the shortcomings of the main text. Publishing a book in Persian is valuable because of the analysis of the new Keynesian approach. However, translating a book has many drawbacks that in some cases make it difficult to read and understand. In addition, parts of the original version that are necessary to understand the content have not been translated. Therefore, it is suggested that the translated text be re-edited.

Borons and copper-based compounds are compounds used as pesticides and fungicides. One of the main problems of these compounds is that they easily be washed. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to stabilize and reduce the leaching of protective materials using the encapsulation method. The encapsulation method of pesticides (boric acid and Bordeaux) was performed by natural chitosan polymer via electrospinning method and the compounds were used to treat poplar wood layers and make plywood. To evaluate the performance of the final product, physical tests (density, thickness swelling and water absorption), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and fungal tests were performed. The results showed that despite the low load of boric acid and pesticide, the performance of the layers was effective against fungal degradation. However, after severe leaching, their performance was reduced. The layers treated with the encapsulated pesticides retain their function as a pesticide against the fungus after washing. In general, the results showed that the technique of encapsulating pesticides can significantly reduce their leaching and on the other hand leads to maintain the function of pesticides.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of sport inachieving the goals of the BDS movement; The present study was qualitative (descriptive-analytical) in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection; The statistical population included all texts related to the field of BDS movement, sports and the Zionist regime and a statistical sample of 71 selected works in it. The findings of the present study showed that athletes from 23 Muslim countries refused to appear in front of the Zionist regime's representatives in the international arena due to the regime's aggression on Palestinian soil, and in non-Muslim countries due to human rights violations by many famous sports figures. They use the sports space as a lever to increase the pressure on the anti-human policy of the Zionist regime.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of sport in achieving the goals of the BDS movement; The present study was qualitative (descriptive-analytical) in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection; The statistical population included all texts related to the field of BDS movement, sports and the Zionist regime and a statistical sample of 71 selected works in it. The findings of the present study showed that athletes from 23 Muslim countries refused to appear in front of the Zionist regime's representatives in the international arena due to the regime's aggression on Palestinian soil, and in non-Muslim countries due to human rights violations by many famous sports figures. They use the sports space as a lever to increase the pressure on the anti-human policy of the Zionist regime.

Trees can cover a wide range of environmental, aesthetic, historical, tourism benefits and social, physiological, as well as economic benefits, however, the trees can cause environmental risks. The aim of current study was to reduce the insignificant variables by methods of index criteria of tree and analysis of the main components and then using the remaining variables in the process of modeling the risk possibility falling of elm tree by Neural Network Method. For this purpose, the quantitative and qualitative variables of elm trees were collected in Seyed Alikhan Street of Isfahan by counting 100% of these trees in 2018. The results of elimination of tree diameter and contact with power transmission lines in predictive models of risk of falling dangerous trees indicated that the variables that were eliminated during the study process did not have a significant effect on predicting the risk of falling dangerous trees. This creates a significant change in the accuracy of the model training data and decrease the number of repetitions of network training to reach the optimal network and reduces the time to reach the optimal neural network. Therefore, we recommended the use of tree fall modeling for management of urban green spaces.

As one of the most valuable parts of a municipal system, the green space has long been praised. For that matter, all the data related to street-side trees must be assessed and recorded. A large part of old plane trees (Platanus orientalis) planted in industrial, dense populated cities are subjected to all kinds of air and water pollutions, frequent droughts and various physical stresses, which make them less likely to sustain. Identification of the most vulnerable tree individuals can be prioritized by a variety of statistical methods. A less applied statistical model in this field is the Artificial Neural Network (ANN). In this study, we present the results of applying ANN model in risk assessment of plane trees planted along Kuala Lumpur Avenue in Isfahan in 2018.

In the current study, the risk level of keeping plane trees in Kuala Lumpur Ave. Isfahan was studied using data acquired by a full survey method, and using quantitative tree body proportions and few risk factors (qualitative or imperfect properties). Following coining the share of each of seven hazard criteria and their trio importance indices, a Kruskal-Wallis test compared the number of trees in different risk levels. Then, all the trees were scored via the biased levels of their risk level. Accordingly, based on the weighted scores, they were divided into five hazardous categories. To develop an understanding of the quantitative variables, risk factors, weight parameters, and hazard classes, we carried out a principle component analysis (PCA) and a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) network procedure.

The results of the proportion of each hazard index revealed the importance of the trunk and root wounds (83%), the structural tree weakness (61%), root problems (54%), and branch and twig dieback (50%). Also, results of Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the risk levels of the planted trees can be significantly classified into four classes of: with no risk or healthy, low, moderate, and high-risk classes, at one percent error level. The results of Duncan's mean test showed that the number of trees in no risk and low-risk classes were significantly higher than the other classes at one percent error level. The results of the PCA indicated that the first and second components explained 44.69 percent of the total variation. The risk and weighting parameters of the branch and twig dieback, the tree diameter, advanced decay, and wound on the trunk and root were highly and positively correlated. In general, the two variables of the trunk and root wounding, as well as branch and twig dieback, were among the most important variables in terms of risk assessment of the plane trees. The high coefficient of determination values of training, validation, verification, and finally, all neural network data (0.999, 0.949, 0.996, and 0.991) and the least mean square error values (training data = 0.052, verification 0.114, and validation = 0.044) indicated the accuracy and desirability of the ANN in the prediction of the risk classes for street side trees.

According to the results of risk assessment diagnostic criteria and main components analysis, the two variables of trunk wound and root and branch mortality of plane trees should be regularly reviewed. Moreover, decision-makers may use the neural network method to identify and detect the risk possibility of planted trees. Therefore, this approach can be proposed as a suitable and useful solution in urban green space management and preventive measures.

Biomonitoring is a simple and inexpensive method for assessment of the quality of the environment. Vehicle emissions introduce high levels of heavy metals into the atmosphere. The use of plant species can be effective in assessing and decreasing air pollution and the levels of heavy metals. This research was conducted to select the best accumulator of lead, zinc and cadmium in the leaves of four tree species, namely Thuja Orientalis, Ulmus umbraculifera, Fraxinus Rotundifolia and Ligustrum Ovalifolium,in four areas in the city of Shahrekord, Iran, with different traffic levels.

For this purpose, testing was conducted in areas with high levels of traffic (Kashani Street, Saadi Street and Shahrekord Terminal) as polluted areas, and Shahrekord University served as control area. In two periods, at the end of spring and the end of summer, leaves were sampled.

Results showed that heavy metal levels in one polluted area, Kashani Street, were higher than in other areas. Also, the highest level of lead and zinc accumulation was observed in the leaves of Ligustrum Ovalifolium with levels of 5.47 and 32.68 mg/kg. The highest level of cadmium, 1.84 mg/kg, was observed in the leaves of Thuja Orientalis.

according to the results,Ligustrum Ovalifolium, Thuja Orientalis, Ulmus Umbraculifera and Fraxinus Rotundifolia were introduced as the best wood species for accumulating heavy metals.

The use of natural resources in the international space, the use of different places in cities, having a high position, raising the price of air, and so on. . All reputable experts are in favor of Sava and can change you, so ask for support as they can visit. From the ways presented and the assessment of the damages, the position of the village is decided before the accident. By using natural resources, holes and gaps in the solitude provided to you have been able to power the crown of God and can use wind, storm and snow. That way you can have limited views. He also pointed to tomography as a method of providing unobstructed inspection of the trunk. In this case, you can buy other materials using the tomography technique along with various assessment methods and the ability to diagnose the physical defect of the trunk. In this way, given the limited velocity of the sway wave of the trunk machine, a color image of the trunk cross section can be obtained. In this image it is possible to use large marker colors and positioning troubleshooting such as rot, cavities, gaps, etc. You can do this using human resources. In this case, you can use the risks and potential damages to the elderly to correct and repair them, and you can use them.

Introduction Urban green space plays an important role in city functioning and its lacking can lead to city life disruption. Urban green space trees include a wide range of environmental, aesthetic, social, physiological and economic benefits. Tree falling due to various factors, especially storms and high-speed winds, can cause severe economic damage, even endangers public health and safety, which is very important due to their widespread presence, especially in the urban areas. It is attracted by municipal green space and urban crisis management to identify and quantify the severity of the hazardous trees and only can provide risk management and suitable preventive measures. Hazardous trees referres to absolutely dried or drying trees, dead components or highly unstable living trees that may be come from structural damage or other factors. These trees pose to a high risk of threatening citizen lives or their property in the urban environment. Normally, healthy trees are more resistant to applied forces and damaged while defective trees are more prone to fracture and eradication in the crown, trunk and root. Hazardous trees management inspects tree risks in the natural and synthetic green space by modeling the behavior and measuring tree conditions in the urban green space. There are several ways to correlate the quantitative and qualitative variables (defects) of trees with their probability of tree hazardous, including artificial neural networks and multivariate regression that have less constraints and assumptions than statistical methods for modeling process. The purpose of logistic regression is describing the relationships between quantitative and qualitative variables as a set of independent variables and risk intensity as a dependent variable. This model maximizes the probability of an event will occur and does not necessarily have a linear relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The neural network model is able to detect the relationship between a set of inputs and output data to predict the output corresponding to arbitrary inputs regardless of the parameters. Recently, studies have been performed on the risk possibility of the trees. Elm tree (Ulmuscarpinifolia var. Umbelifera) belongs to the family Ulmaceae. This genus has various species that are distributed in most parts of the world, especially in Asia, Europe and North America.These trees have relatively dense distribution in the natural forests of Iran, especially the northern and southern slopes of Alborz.They are also used in the most urban green spaces due to their beautiful appearance and wide shade as an ornamental and shaded tree. According to available information, in our country, despite the great extent of the urban green space and its importance and the need to be aware of street tree dangers that pose to a high risk to the life-threatening safety of citizens or their property, on the other hand, there has been limited applied research to predict the risk possibility of the fallen trees. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the most important independent quantitative and qualitative variables affecting the probability of falling trees and developing multilayer perceptron neural network models and logistic regression to predict the probability of falling of elm hazardous trees and also to compare these two models in predicting the probability of falling in a tree in Shariati has done Shahrekord. Material and methods The study area is located in Chaharmahal anf Bakhtiari province, Shahrekord, between 49 degrees and 22 minutes to 50 degrees and 49 minutes and latitude 32 degrees and 20 minutes to 33 degrees and 31 minutes, respectively. The study area was a part of Shariati Boulevard between Basij Square and the intersection of North Ferdowsi Street with a length of 584.13 meters. In order to compare the ability of neural network model with logistic regression to predict the risk possibility of elm trees, the study was performed on 129 elm trees in Shariati St. Boulevard. For this purpose, the variables including tree diameter, tree height, dry branches and woods, cracks, structural and physical weakness (vertical deviation), root and wound and root problems as independent. Quantitative and qualitative variables were classified and the risk classification of elm trees were measured as dependent variables. A complete survey method used to measure and record the quantitative and qualitative variables of elm trees on both sides of the street. Firstly, Normalization of the data was performed and then Principal Component Analysis was used to select the main variables. If KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) index is less than 0.5, the data are not suitable for principal factor analysis and if the value is between 0.5 and 0.69, it should be used with higher caution. Also this method used for binary logistic regression models that is a step-by-step method were included in the model. By choosing this method it is possible to isolate significant independent variables related to the probability of elm falling trees (dependent variable). In this study, 70%, 15% and 15% of the total data were allocated to multi-layer perceptron network training, validation and testing, respectively. Qualitative and quantitative variables are considered as input variables and dependent variable of risk intensity class in each tree as output. In order to predict neural network model for prediction of the risk of hazardous elm tree two hazard severity classes were used based on weighting method. According to general approximation theorem, a neural network with a hidden layer and a sufficient number of neurons per layer can approximate any arbitrary continuous function. This study aimed to train neural network from Multilayer Perceptron network of artificial neural networks. Neural network training was used with learning rate reduction 10 (BDLRF). The activity functions in the hidden layers for all networks were considered as sigmoid function and in the output layer linear transfer function. Accordingly, multilayer perceptron network with 5 neurons in input layer, one hidden layer with 20 neurons and one neuron in output layer were used to modeling the risk possibility of elm trees. Surface area under ROC curve and Kappa curve were used to evaluate model prediction accuracy. Results and discussion Results showed that three criteria for branches, root and trunk problems were 87%, 79% and 77%, respectively, and criteria for contact with power lines had the least rate (29%) in the risk of elm trees. Regarding the analysis of principal components tree height, tree diameter, dried branches, structural status or physical weakness (vertical deviation), root problems and advanced decay are the most important variables affecting logistic regression and neural network models. Logistic regression results indicated that with 65.9% confidence iccluding 5 independent variables of tree height, tree diameter, branch and dried branches, structural weakness or physical weakness, advanced decay are predictor variables in probability of tree falling in the present study.The results of the NIMBUS tests to exam the model's explanatory power and efficiency show that the fit of the model is acceptable at the error level of less than 0.01. Independent variables used have moderate explanatory power regarding variance and variations dependent on the probability of falling trees. In fact, these variables were able to explain between 0.33 to 0.456% of tree fall variations. Conclusion Diagnostic criteria for hazardous trees showed that three criteria of dried branches, root problems and trunk cracks had the highest rate in the risk possibility of elm trees. Using the principal component analysis reduced the number of input variables to the models. It also eliminated the correlation between the input variables to the model and easier interpretation of the models. According to this analysis, the variables of tree height, tree diameter, twigs and branches, structural or physical weakness (vertical deviation), root problems and advanced rot were identified as the most important variables. Therefore, two criteria for woods and shoots and root problems in both analyzes are selected the most important variables.

Water-gas shift reaction is performed as the key step in the hydrogen industrial plant. In this work, Fe/Cr/Cu high temperature water gas shift catalysts were synthesized by co-precipitation method, using sulfate precursors, in order to improve the catalytic performance and particular emphasis is placed on the mechanical strength and catalytic activity affected by aging time. The prepared and industrial catalysts were compared when they were situated in the operating conditions (at 360oC and 2 bar) and were characterized by BET, XRD, TPR and crushing strength analysis. Increasing the aging time leads to decrease the sintering and specific surface area and increase the mechanical strength of the catalysts. The catalysts prepared with 180 and 270 minutes aging time were shown, 50.5% and 46.5% conversion and 4.46 kg/pellet and 4.53 kg/pellet mechanical strength respectively, that have appropriate performance in comparison with other prepared samples and commercial catalyst.

Street trees in urban green space, despite all the benefits, any defect due to old tree age, loss of tree resistance because of the industrialization, population density and pollution of the big cities, as well as repeated droughts, can lead to the risk of personal injury or damage to property. Therefore, the importance of exploring and identifying hazardous trees has increased the in the large cities. For this propose, the estimation of the risk possibility of plane trees (Plantanus orientalis L.) in the green space of Abbasabad-Abad in Isfahan and their fall risk model prediction was done using Artificial Neural Network.

Isfahan was studied, using data coming from a full survey method, and using quantitative tree body proportions and few risk factors (qualitative or imperfect properties). Following coining the share of each of the hazard criteria and their ratio importance indices One-way ONOVA test compared of the number of trees in different risk levels. Then, all the trees scored via the biased levels of their risk levels. Accordingly, based on the weighted scores, they were divided into five hazardous categories according. To develop an understanding of the quantitative variables, risk factors, the weight parameters and hazard classes, we carried out a principle component analysis (PCA) and a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) network procedure.

The results from the proportion of each hazard index reviled the importance of the the importance of the structural tree weakness (61%), root problems (59%), and trunk and root wounds (55%). Also, results of One-way ONOVA test, showed the risk levels of the planted trees can be significantly classified into four classes of: with no risk or healthy, low, moderate and high risk classes, at one percent error level. The results of Duncan's mean test showed that the number of trees in no risk and low risk classes were significantly higher than the other classes at one percent error level. The results from the PCA indicated that the first and second components explained 41.40 percent of the total variation. The risk and weighting parameters of the wound on the trunk and root, contact power lines, root problems were highly and positively correlated. In general, the two variables of the root problems trunk as well as root wounding were among the most important variables in term of risk assessment of the plane trees. The high coefficient of determination values of training, validation, verification and finally all neural network data (0.927, 0.930, 0.930, and 0.927) and the least mean square error values (training data = 0.186, verification 0.196 and validation = 0.169) indicated, the accuracy desirability of the artificial neural network in the prediction of the risk classes of street side trees.

Root and wound problems have the greatest portion in the risk of Platanus orientalis L. and, based on the classification of trees, are currently in low and very low risk, but they are capable of becoming dangerous trees in the future. In general preventive and corrective measures are proposed for low and intermediate risk trees. Regarding the optimal performance of the Neural Network for the classification of the hazardous Platanus orientalis L. trees in the urban green space, it is introduced as a prediction model in evaluating the probability of fallen trees.

One of the greatest issues that the different communities is facing today is that of environmental pollution. Biomonitoring is considered as a technical to absorb and reduce heavy metal pollution. This study was done to evaluate the ability of absorption of Cadmium concentration in the leaves of Thujaorientalis and Ulmusumbraculifera tree species in Shahrekord, Iran. To this purpose, testing was conducted in areas with high levels of traffic (Kashani Street and Shahrekord Terminal) as polluted areas, and Shahrekord University considered as control area at the end of spring. Cadmium concentration analyzed in the leaves of each species by AAS. Results indicated that cadmium concentration in one polluted area, Kashani Street, was higher than in other areas. Also the highest level of lead accumulation was observed in the leaves of Thujaorientalis

Abstract Urban trees are valuable storage in the metropolitan areas. Trees are often subjected to abiotic factors agents such as fungi, bacteria, insects, etc, which lead to destroy mechanicals strength and decline mechanical properties vulnerability diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the potential degradation of Ulmus tree by wood decay fungi. Results indicated that the degradation of samples increased with increase the incubation time. Visual observations Ulmus trees of Hasht Behesht Isfahan Park was featureswas record, also wood decay fungi was collected. And after 4 and 8 weeks, Mass Loss (ML) and impact bending were measured. Also, optical microscopy analysis was performed to investigate the fungal degradation pattern. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Mass Loss (ML) , increased after 8 weeks incubation as compared to 4 weeks. Mass loss , in heartwood was less than sapwood. Also, microscopic analysis elustrated deteriration with properties of simultaneous white-rot.

Nowadays, maintaining and developing of Green spaces in order to improve life quality and sustainability of the cities is very important. By measuring and reviewing the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of trees can be identified more resistance species and used in the future plans. In this study, quantitative characteristics (tree diameter and height) and decay have been examined. The diversity and richness of tree species were calculated on the margins of Chaharbagh Abbasi, Chaharbagh Paein and Abbas Abad streets, using PAST software and Ecological-Methodology, and compared with each other. The results showed that in Charbagh Abbasi Street, Margalof and Munnikh species richeness were 0.604 and 0.182 respectively, Chaharbagh Paein Avenue, respectively, was 0.21 and 0.643 respectively, and Abbas Abad Street, respectively, was 0.624 And 0.202. Also, the Simpson and Shannon-Weiner variations for each of the three streets were equal to 0.445, 0.721, 0.4487, 0.0899, 0.894 and 0.739 respectively. In general, the results indicated that Abbas Abad's biodiversity and bioavailability are relatively more than the two other streets.

Fundamental studies in wood of trees and shrubs can reveal the possibility of their utilization in various applications or lead to create a database of different wood species. Wild service tree (Sorbus torminalis L.) is a rare and valuable tree species in Hyrcanian and Arasbaran forests. This study were investigated some anatomical, biometrical, physical and chemical properties of wild service wood. Wood samples were cut from Sangdeh forests of Mazandaran. Studies have shown that wild service tree is extremely compact and dense; its average density is 832 kg m-3 and its shrinkage is about 16%. Growth rings boundaries are indistinct. From anatomical view, it is a diffuse-porosity wood and its vessels are exclusively solitary, long (999 microns), narrow (55 microns) and are not visible with naked eye in transverse section. Growth ring boundaries can be distinguished by only two to three compact fiber layers. Rays parenchyma is heterogeneous, exclusively 2-seriate (partially uniseriate). The fibers are of vascular tracheids type with an average length and cell wall thickness of 1575 and 9.33 micron, respectively. The content of cellulose, lignin, extractives and ash were 49.8, 18.9, and 2.3 percent, respectively. Preservation of valuable tree species of the northern forests such as wild service tree should be on the agenda of natural resource custodians.

The goal of this study was to determine the modulus of elasticity and modulus of rapture of two kinds of date palm (Khasi and Hajmohammadi) using static bending and dynamic (flexural vibration) techniques. To reduce the difference between static and dynamic stiffness values, the static bending modulus of elasticity was modified by taking into account the value of the shear deflection. In addition to, for better understanding of the mechanical properties of date palm, values were compared with those measured for poplar samples. The results showed that, in Khasi the mean values of the modulus of elasticity obtained by flexural vibration, the static modulus of elasticity, the modified static modulus of elasticity and as well as the modulus of rapture were 47, 67,68 and 38% less than those measured for Hajmohammadi respectively. In comparing with date palm, values measured for poplar samples were more pronounced. The difference between dynamic and static values of modulus recorded for Khasi, Hajmohammadi and poplar samples were 63, 40 and 19% respectively. After modification of the static values, the difference was reduced in to 3% for Khasi, 6% for Hajmohammadi and 7 % for poplar experimental samples. Finally the significant correlation coefficients were found between the static and the dynamic modulus of elasticity for both two kinds of date palm.

This paper investigated the radial variations of acoustical and mechanical properties of date palm from the pith to the bark. Cubic samples with dimensions of 2×2×35 cm3 (Radial× tangential ×longitudinal)) were taken in distance of 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 cm toward the bark. To evaluate dynamical properties of date palm, flexural vibration method was applied on cubic experimental samples. Further the specimen then were utilized for measuring MOE and MOR in static bending test. More details were also attained by anatomical analyzes. The results showed that the acoustical parameters of the propagated wave (the internal friction, the acoustic conversion efficiency as well as the acoustical impedance) were constant while increasing the distance between pith and bark. The highest values of acoustic coefficients found for samples near the pith and partially increased while moving to the bark. The density variations were less important in radial direction of date palm disk. The MOE and MOR values significantly radially varied and were maximum for samples in distance 3 cm. As they reached to the distance of 15 cm from the center, the given parameters dramatically decreased. Finally it can be conclude that the quality assessment of date palm based on the acoustical parameters is not reliable. It is suggested to provide samples from the outer parts of date palm disk when construction materials need more strength.

Background and scope Biometrical, physical and chemical properties of various wood species are important factors for determination, identification and their applications. Persian oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) from Fagacea family is the most abundant and important tree species in west and southwest provinces of Iran that its biometrical, physical and chemical features is not studied so far. In this study, the mentioned properties of Persian oak from Lordegan township of Charmahal va Bakhtiari province were measured. The properties are included the biometrical (fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen and cell wall thickness), physical (density and volumetric shrinkage and swelling) and chemical properties (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and ash content). By measuring and investigating of these characterizes could be obtained valuable information in terms of cell elements and their relationships with natural durability.
Material and Methods This study was carried out in the forest of Atashgahe village in 55 kilometers from southwest of Lordegan Township. Lordegan Township is one the most important forest stands in Charmahal va Backtiari.
In this study, three normal trees with the diameter about 35cm were chosen to determine the biometrical (fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen and cell wall thickness), physical (density and volumetric shrinkage and swelling) and chemical features (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and ash content). Form each tree; three disks were prepared at breast height of tree and testing samples were prepared along radial direction (pith, middle and bark) and then the mentioned properties were measured. Defiberation was done according to Franklin method. Determination of density was carried out based on ISO-3131standard. Cellulose, lignin and ash content were measured in accordance with TAPPI T-264-om-88 and T-222-6m-88 respectively. The content of ash was evaluated based on ASTM D1107-84.
Results The results indicated that fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen and cell wall thickness in radial direction were 967.67, 17.14, 3.67 and 6.41 micron, respectively. Results also showed that dry and basic density were 1.01±.10and 0.91 g/cm3, respectively. Volumetric shrinkage and swelling were 10.12 and 11.29 percent, respectively. The chemical results showed that content of cellulose, hemi cellulose, lignin and ash in sap- and heartwood were 37, 25, 1,19, 3,13, 41, 23, 2,6, 3,56 %, respectively.
Conclusion In general, the results of the present study showed that the biometrical and physical properties increased along radial direction from the pith to the bark. On the other hand, Persian oak with fiber length 0.97 mm is considered as moderate fibers. Chemical analysis indicated that cellulose, extractive and ash content in the heartwood were higher than the sapwood. There was no statistical significant different at 5 percent level between the cellulose content values in heartwood and sapwood. According to the measured dry density (1.03 g/cm3), Persian oak is categorized as heavy wood species.

The capability of soft and fibrous tissues of plants to absorb noise; has been paid attention to be replaced with synthetic insolation boards. The use of lignocellulose materials has been widely considered because of some important factors like porous structure, high quantity availability, renewability as well as friendly environmental impacts (in contrast with fiber glasses). The lack of raw materials needed for industry also has diverted the attention to other new lignocellulose sources in Iran. So, in the present paper, the possibility of use of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) as a leftover abundant source in south of Iran was studied in order to control and reduce acoustic pollutions. Two date palm trees with approximate diameters of 40 cm were freshly cut. Then, a disk with the average diameter of 12 cm was taken from every tree. The cubic experimental samples with dimensions of 12×12×2 were prepared from every disk and kept in plastic covers at freezing temperature. Before testing, cross section of samples were covered with epoxy adhesive and dried smoothly using a program. Finally the circular disks were prepared with two different diameters of 3 and 10 cm. To reach equilibrium moisture content, all samples were kept in a temperature-controlled room at 21°C and 65% relative humidity. Then disks were faced with two kinds of paperboards made with original date palm fibers (cortex and leaves fibers). Paperboards were provided in different basic weight of 130, 300 and 500 gr/cm2. Noise reduction coefficients (NRC) measurements were conducted on experimental samples in frequency range of 125 to 8000 (Hz) using impedance tube at the acoustic lab. The results showed that the insulation boards made from date palm had a high potential to absorb sound waves. In addition, their ability to dissipate acoustical waves were more pronounced when faced with a single layer of paperboard. A critical point was observed for NRC values at frequency of 2000 Hz. To compensate the given loss, applying a light paperboard (130 gr/cm2) of cortex fiber as well a heavy cover of leaves fiber (500 gr/cm2) could significantly increase NRC values. The high damping capacity of date palm samples was due to its particular anatomical structure. The vascular bundles embedded in parenchyma tissue provided a soft and porous surface to trap sound waves. An additional improvement on NRC values were obtained while facing disk samples with a layer of paperboard from low to high frequency range.

The main goal of this work was to evaluate the importance of vascular bundles on the physical and mechanical properties of date palm. To prepare experimental samples, two trees (Phoenix dactylifera) with the average diameter of 47 cm were freshly cut from Ahvaz countryside in Khoozestan Province. Cubic samples with dimensions of 2 cm (tangential) × 2 cm (radial) × 2 cm (longitudinal) were taken from different heights of date palm trunk (2, 5 and 7 meter). The anatomical (number, diameter and cross-cut area of single vascular bundles), physical (density) as well as mechanical properties (vascular bundles tension strength and modulus of elasticity) were studied. The results showed that the calculated total area of vascular bundles per 400 mm2 was maximum for samples near the bark (33% of total area) and the value gradually decreased to 27% for specimens around the pith. The number of vascular bundles increase was observed while moving from the pith to the bark. The same variation also attained when the height of date palm stem increased. But for the average values of single vascular bundles diameter and cross-cut area, no regular trend of increase or decrease was observed. For mechanical properties of vascular bundles, the results revealed that tensile strength and modulus of elasticity were greater for specimens close to the pith in comparison with the values of samples near the bark. Finally the highest correlation was found between mechanical properties of vascular bundles and the position of them in transversal direction of date palm stem.

Persian oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.), the family of Fagaceae, is the most important tree species in central Zagros forests. The present study aimed to evaluate the biometrical properties (fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen and cell wall thickness) and physical properties (density and volumetric shrinkage and swelling) of Persian oak in central Zagros forests. For this propose, three normal trees with the diameter between 20to 30 cm were selected and the mentioned properties were evaluated. Disks were cut at breast height from each tree. Testing samples were prepared in radial direction (pith, middle and bark) and then were investigated. The results indicated that the average length, diameter, lumen and cell wall thickness of fiber were 5/971, 8/18, 22/4 and 88/6 μm, respectively. Results also showed that the average density was 0.99±0.14g/cm3 and the volumetric shrinkage and swelling were 11/87 and 13/84 percent, respectively.