محسن خلیلی نجف آبادی

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Sprint Interval Training (SIT) on the plasma liver enzymes, liver tissue total-antioxidant-capacity (TAC) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in male rats.

In an experimental trial, 16 male rats were randomly divided into two groups: control (CO,n=8) and exercise (EX,n=8). The rats after the period of adaptation to the environment and familiarization with exercise were trained 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Finally, after anesthesia and direct blood sampling from the heart, serum was extracted for liver enzymes and liver tissue was removed to assess tissue TAC and MDA. Independent t-test was used to analyze the data at the alpha level of 0.05 in SPSS version 22.

Statistical analysis of the data showed a significantly higher liver tissue TAC in the EX group compared to the CO group (P=0.01); but no significant intergroup difference was observed related to liver tissue MDA (P=0.24). There was no significant difference between the groups in the ALT (P=0.26) and GGT (P=0.44) level; but the AST (P=0.01) and ALP (P=0.001) level in EX group was significantly lower than CO group.

The results showed that SIT increases the antioxidant capacity and induces desirable changes in the liver enzymes levels and this training protocol can have a beneficial effect on the health status of the liver.

Inflammation is a protective response against invading foreign agents and necrotic tissue, which can cause tissue damage. In this research, anti-inflammatory effect of Marhame-mafasel ointment consisting of Arnebia euchroma L. and Matricaria chamomilla L., was investigated. In this study, 72 male rats were divided into three groups, including control, inflammation, and inflammation-treatment. For induction of inflammation, injection of formalin into animal’s paw, xylene into ear, and acetic acid into peritoneum, were performed. To assess the degree of inflammation, Evans blue leakage into legs, ears and peritoneal fluid were measured following its injection into heart. To assess the inflammation of the foot, foot diameter measuring method was used. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. The Significance Level Was Considered p<0.05. In the assessment of foot inflammation, the comparison of the mean absorbance of Evans blue in the inflammation-treatment group (0.046±0.0048) showed significant difference from the inflammation group (0.084±0.0032) (p<0.05). Also, the comparison of the mean foot diameter in the inflammation-treatment group (0.0771±0.015) had significant difference from the inflammation group (0.1503±0.017) (p<0.05). In the peritonitis, the mean absorbance of Evans blue in the inflammation-treatment group (0.186±0.019) was significantly lower than the inflammation group (0.237±0.029) (p<0.05). In ear inflammation, the use of Marhame-mafasel ointment caused no reduction in inflammation. Based on the results of this study, application of the Marhame-mafasel ointment decreases inflammation in the rat foot. In addition, its systemic absorption reduces Peritonitis.

Backgpound: Drug addiction is destructive misfortune and one of the most important problems in the world. Using the medical plants in medicinal history has valuable information and experiments in this field. According to research Trachyspermum copticum L. T. Copticum is effective in reducing of morphine’s withdrawal syndrome, so in this study we investigate the effects of T. Copticum microinjection on nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis (PGi) on morphine’s withdrawal syndrome sings (MWSS). After preparing the T.C fruit from height of the mountain in Khuzestan, aqueous extract of different concentration (Diluted 10, 100, 1000 times) was prepared by suckcele display. 32 male rats (Sprague Dawley with average weigh 250 – 300 gr) were randomized divided to 4 groups which dependent by intraperitoneum (I.P) injection with morphine. After cannulating the PGI with using the set of steriotaxi, microinjection of different doses of T. Copticum in PGI was done and naloxan (5 mg/kg) was injected I.P to groups. Withdrawal syndrome signs (diarrhea, rearing, ptosis, irritability, tremor, agitation) were observed in 4 groups. Data evaluation and analysis was done by t-test and Mann-Whitney.Results show that T.C was significantly effective in reduction of MNSS such as (rearing ptosis, irritability) compared with control group. T. Copticum is probably sensitive on specific receptors in PGI.

Drug dependence, especially morphine addiction could markedly change the activity of the hypothalamic-hypophysial (H-H) axis. Thyroid secretion under the influence of H-H axis could play an important role in biological function. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of chronic consumption of morphine on thyroid function. For this purpose serum levels of T3, T4 and TSH were measured in male addicted rats. Male wistar rats were used for this investigation. We took the blood from the retroorbital plexus, and following separation of the serum from the blood, T3, T4, and TSH were measured by special kits using the Elisa method (control group, n=50). Control animals received morphine sulfate for 21 days. At the end of 21 days, T3, T4, and TSH were again measured and the levels now introduced as those of the addict group (chronic morphine consumption, n=50). Finally, the addict group were divided into physiologic and pharmacological (post naloxone treatment) withdrawal groups (n=25 for each group). We used naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.p.) for the induction of the pharmacologic withdrawal syndrome and physiologic withdrawal was induced 24 h following discontinuation of morphine consumption. After occurrence of withdrawal signs, again (the animal’s) blood was collected for the mentioned hormone assay. Another group (naloxone pre-treatment group, n=20) received naloxone before morphine consumption. In addicted animals, serum levels of T3 and T4 were decreased by 17. 83 and 39. 15%, respectively and T3UP was augmented to 18. 16%. Post-treatment with naloxone (pharmacological withdrawal) could significantly enhance the decreasing effect of morphine on T3. However, the increasing effect of morphine on T3UP was reduced by naloxone post-treatment. Pre-treatment of animals with naloxone had no significant effect on morphine influence on T3, T4, and TSH. The present study showed that the serum levels of T3 and T4 significantly decrease in chronic morphine consumption. Since no changes in TSH level were observed in addicted rats, factors other than H-H axis could affect the levels of the thyroid hormones. Considering the higher level of T3UP during morphine consumption, the increased synthesis of thyroid binding proteins may be responsible for lower levels of T3 and T4 in addicted rats.

Diabetic rats display exaggerated hyperalgesic behavior in response to noxious stimuli that may resemble and model aspects of painful diabetic neuropathy in humans. This study was designed to investigate the effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum (TFG) on formalin-induced nociceptive responses (standard formalin test) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. For this purpose, STZ-diabetic rats received intraperitoneal injection of aqueous leaf extract of TFG (200 mg/kg every other day for a period of one month). It was found out that TFG treatment did cause a significant reduction in blood glucose in diabetic rats and TFG-treated diabetic rats exhibited a lower nociceptive score as compared to untreated-diabetic ones. Meanwhile, TFG treatment reduced the nociceptive score in both phases of the formalin test. In contrast, sodium salicylate as positive control only reduced this score in the second phase of the test. The results suggest therapeutic potential of aqueous extract of fenugreek for treating painful diabetic neuropathy.

Using single unit recording in the nucleus paragigantocellaris (PGi) neurons, located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla and measuring the precipitated withdrawal syndrome, we investigated whether chronic morphine administration would produce the adaptive changes in adenosine system.Caffeine (50 mg/kg; i.p.) induced withdrawal signs (head shakes, teeth chattering, ejaculation, chewing, and irritability) in morphine dependent rats 10-18 min after the injection. But only the teeth chattering and diarrhea were expressed following a direct PGi injection of caffeine (200 M; 0.5, l). There was also a significant enhancement of spontaneous activity of PGi neurons 8-15 min after caffeine administration (50 mg/kg; i.p.) in both control and morphine-dependent rats.However the effect of caffeine in morphine-dependent rats was higher than that of control ones. These data suggest that there is an increase in sensitivity to chemicals, which interact with adenosine receptors in morphine dependent rats, and the adaptive changes in PGi adenosine system due to chronic morphine playa role in the expression of physical dependence on opioids.