فهرست مطالب محسن سلیمانی

Anaerobic digestion, in addition to producing biogas, can minimize the environmental problems of animal manure and produce high-quality fertilizer. Finding suitable places for the construction of anaerobic digestion reactors is essential for the sustainable development of these types of power plants. Locating the biogas production site is a complex process with different and sometimes contradictory criteria including environmental, economic and technical criteria from which the location-related factors play the main role. The integration of geographic information systems (GIS) with multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) provides a powerful tool that can be useful in locating biogas power plants.

In this study, spatial and non-spatial data were integrated with geographic information system in order to determine the optimal places for installing anaerobic digesters of livestock and poultry waste in the southeast of Khuzestan province. Data related to the type and number of livestock and poultry were collected separately from the Ministry of Agriculture. The location of livestock farms and chicken farms was determined using the GPS system. Livestock and poultry raised in the traditional way in the villages were not taking into account due to the problems of collecting manure and lack of economic justification. In order to determine the evaluation criteria and score them, similar studies, rules and guidelines, as well as the Delphi technique were used. 14 sub-criteria were evaluated in three main environmental, social-safety and topographical groups. Land suitability layers for the construction of anaerobic digestion reactors were prepared from the perspective of all sub-criteria in the GIS environment. In order to simplify calculations and easier weighting of criteria and sub-criteria to obtain the final result, some layers of criteria were combined. In this way, 14 layers were combined and overlapped until 7 layers of final criteria were formed. Since the spatial potential layer of biogas production is the main criterion and has the main effect on the suitability of land for the construction of a power plant, and on the other hand, it has no essential relationship with other criteria, it was valued separately. Roads and residential areas were also valued separately due to the greater importance of lower transport costs, accessibility, reducing transport time and losses, as well as environmental, health and safety impacts. The overall layer of surface water was obtained by multiplying the four layers of land suitability considering the sea, river, wetland and flood prone areas. Sensitive areas including forest, agriculture and protected areas were also considered in an exclusive layer. The other two layers were the combination layer of slope, height and fault, and the combination of railway lines and high voltage power lines. These layers were weighted using pairwise comparisons and hierarchical analysis method. The final layer of land suitability for the construction of anaerobic digesters and power plant was created by overlapping all the criteria layers based on the obtained weight.

The findings showed that anaerobic digestion of livestock and poultry wastes in the region has a potential to produce 7.25 million m3/year of biogas. Cow and chicken excrement have the largest share with 51.32 and 29.34 percent, respectively. The restriction layer showed that 73.28% of the area is unusable due to one or more restrictions. The results also showed that "regional biogas production potential" and "access to roads and energy consumption centers" are respectively the most effective factors in determining the appropriate location for the power plant. Finally, using spatial analysis in ArcGIS environment, the studied area was classified into five suitability levels: "unsuitable", "weak", "moderate", "suitable" and "very suitable". Based on this, 73.28% of the studied area was completely unsuitable and only 1.68% of the studied area was very suitable for the construction of a power plant.  But in almost all the studied areas, there was enough land with suitable or very suitable conditions to build a biogas plant.

In the studied area, lands with suitable conditions for the construction of a power plant from animal waste using anaerobic digestion technology were identified. There is a suitable distribution of "suitable" or "very suitable" levels in the study area for the construction of a biogas power plant. The findings of this study can be a guide for those in charge to make a decision for the construction of a power plant.

The spread of the corona virus has caused the closure of face-to-face education and the forced transition of the country's education system to virtual education. After two years, when virtual education has gradually ended and face-to-face education has been established, it is necessary to study the challenges and problems of virtual education from the perspective of teachers as the main pillar of education. This research has been done with the aim of studying the challenges of virtual education and evaluating teachers of this style of education. This study was conducted in the framework of a qualitative approach and with the phenomenological method, in which data was collected using a semi-structured interview. The interviewees were 12 elementary school teachers in Tehran who were selected through purposive sampling and the interviews were continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The findings of the research showed that teachers' perception of the challenges of virtual education includes 4 main themes and 19 sub-themes, which main themes include material and technological challenges, challenges of education governance, challenges of the hidden elements of education, and challenges of the teacher training system.

In recent years, due to its availability and low environmental pollution, the use of Earth-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) has been developed as an efficient energy system in heating and cooling residential buildings and agricultural greenhouses. In this system, air is circulated by a fan through a pipe buried deep in the ground. Depending on the geographical location and soil type, the soil temperature at a depth of 2-3 meters remains unchanged throughout the season. Of course, this depth varies throughout the year and according to climatic changes. The heat exchange between the soil and the air inside the pipe depends on the type of soil and its moisture content, the length and diameter of the air transmission pipe, the depth of burial and the velocity of the air flow (air velocity). Air circulation can be done in an open-loop or closed-loop circuit.

A factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized block design with two factors (pipe length at three levels (34, 17 and 52 meters) and air velocity at two levels (5 and 10 m/s)) in three replications, to investigate the effect of these factors on the coefficient of performance (COP), system efficiency and outlet air temperature. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in Arak city, Iran, in Joune 2022. This 150 square meter greenhouse was equipped with geothermal equipment. Air was circulated through a 200 mm diameter PVC pipe buried three meters deep in the ground. Air was circulating through an open loop circuit. Dependent variables were measured during the hot hours of the day (from 12:00 to 18:00) for one week at the end of July. The air temperature at the fan inlet and at 17, 34 and 52 meters along the pipe was measured by a single-channel data logger. Hourly changes in outlet air temperature, COP and efficiency were measured in a 24-hour period and plotted using Excel software.

The outlet air temperature for the pipe length of 34 and 52 m did not change when the air velocity decreased from 10 m/s to 5 m/s. But for the pipe length of 17 m, the maximum temperature, COP and efficiency were observed at an air velocity of 5 m/s. Regardless the air velocity, the average temperature of the outlet air for the three levels of the pipe length was 28.5, 25.5 and 25.3°C, respectively. The outlet air temperature was almost the same for the 34 and 52 m pipe lengths. In other words, the optimal length of the pipe is about 34 meters. The mean efficiencies for these two pipe length levels were 0.69 and 0.66, but the COP depended on the air velocity. The average COP for air velocity of 5 and 10 m/s was obtained 1.4 and 2.5, respectively. Based on these results, the best performance of the system in terms of output temperature reduction, cooling efficiency and COP is obtained in situation that the length of the pipe is 34 m and the air velocity is 10 m/s. when the length of the pipe is 17 meters, the temperature of the air outlet at two velocities of 10 and 5 m/s was 29.9 and 27 °C, respectively. The cooling efficiency and COP at two velocity of 10 and 5 m/s, were 0.34, 0.54; and 2.1, 1.7 respectively. If the desired temperature is 28-30 °C, pipe length of 17 m and the air velocity of 5 m/s is recommended. The results of hourly performance analysis showed that the highest difference between inlet and outlet air temperatures, is obtained at middle hours of the day. The higher the ambient temperature, the higher the efficiency of the EAHE system.

This system successfully met the cooling needs of a model greenhouse in the weather conditions of Markazi Province in June. Based on the results, the optimal pipe length and air velocity were obtained as 34 m and 10 m/s, respectively. The average air outlet temperature and cooling efficiency were 25.5, 0.66 and 2.5 respectively. The higher the ambient temperature, the higher the EAHE efficiency. This is mainly due to the higher temperature difference between the outgoing and incoming air during the hottest hours of the day. As a result, system efficiency and COP increase at the hottest hours of the day.

Evaluating the bioavailability of heavy metals and determining the effective parameters of bioavailability play a key role in the management and remediation of contaminated soils. In various land uses with different soil properties (physical, chemical, and biological), there were different factors affecting heavy metals' bioavailability. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between the heavy metal’s bioavailability with the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil in agricultural, industrial, and urban land uses in Arak city. One hundred surface soil samples were randomly collected from these three land uses, and their physical, chemical, and biological parameters were measured. By statistical methods, soil properties were compared for agricultural, industrial, and urban land uses. The correlation between heavy metal bioavailability and soil properties was calculated using Spearman's test. Based on the obtained results, there was a statistically significant difference between different land uses in terms of CEC, microbial respiration, CaCO3 and organic matter (p<0.05). Also, there was a statistically significant difference between different land uses in terms of the bioavailability of cobalt, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel and lead and the total amounts of copper, lead and zinc (p<0.05). In agricultural land use, clay percentage, soil pH and EC; for industrial land use, EC, the percentage of clay, sand, silt, carbonate, organic matter, CEC, and microbial respiration, and in urban land use, the percentage of silt, organic matter, microbial respiration, carbonate, CEC, and EC have a significant correlation with the metal’s bioavailability. In all three investigated land uses, EC has a significant correlation with the bioavailability of heavy metals and EC is an effective parameter in all three land uses. Meanwhile, EC, CEC, soil texture, microbial respiration, carbonate, and organic matter are effective parameters in the bioavailability of heavy metals in different land uses and these parameters should be managed in order to remediate the contaminated soils. For this purpose, considering the negative correlation between carbonate and pH and the bioavailability of heavy metals, it is possible to suggest the use of lime for the remediation of the studied soils.

Sugarcane is one of the strategic products of Khuzestan province, which is cultivated in 10 active agro-industrial sites and covers an area of about 110,000 hectares of irrigated farms in the province. Sugarcane harvesting, like most crops, is done by special sugarcane harvesters. Due to the life of machines and also the amount of heavy machine operations in each season of sugarcane harvest, the loss is inevitable. On the other hand, in Khuzestan province, due to lack of studies, there is little information in this area. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the extent of losses during sugarcane harvesting operations, taking into account factors such as cultivars, age of sugarcane, and reaping speed of the Astaf 7000 model. The study will be conducted at the sugarcane agro-industrial site of Dehkhoda in 2021.

The experiment was conducted as a factorial split-plot design based on randomized complete blocks (RCBD) with three replications. The first factor included four levels of cultivars (IRC-12, CP48-103, CP 73-21, and CP69-1062), the second factor included three levels of harvest age (plant, Ratoon 1, Ratoon 2), and the third factor included three levels of speed (3, 5, and 7 km h-1). Sampling was carried out under the same and constant conditions with respect to soil moisture content, harvester operator, harvester characteristics, harvester settings, and crop density in each field.

The results of analysis of variance of the data obtained from measuring sugarcane losses showed that the effect of cultivar on yield, full-length sugarcane, chopped sugarcane and splinter sugarcane had a significant effect at a probability level of one percent. The effect of age had a significant effect on yield, full-length sugarcane, chopped sugarcane with a probability level of one percent, but had no significant effect on the amount of splinter sugarcane. The interaction between cultivar and age had a significant effect on yield, chopped sugarcane, and full-length sugarcane with a probability level of one percent and on splinter sugarcane with a probability level of five percent. The effect of machine speed had a significant effect on full-length sugarcane, chopped sugarcane and splinter sugarcane with a probability level of one percent, but had no significant effect on yield. The interaction of cultivar and machine speed had a significant effect on yield, full-length sugarcane, chopped sugarcane and splinter sugarcane with a probability level of one percent. The interaction effect of age and machine speed on yield had a significant effect on full-length sugarcane and splinter sugarcane with a probability level of one percent and on the amount of splinter sugarcane with a probability level of five but had no significant effect on yield. Also, the interaction of cultivar, age and machine speed had a significant effect on yield, full-length sugarcane and chopped sugarcane with a probability level of one percent, but had no significant effect on the amount of splinter sugarcane. The results showed that the highest yield in CP69-1062 variety was observed in the plant farm with average machine speed (144.33 tons per hectare). Also, the highest amount of sugarcane losses in cultivar CP48-103 in Raton II and with 7 km h-1 machine speed (3.32 tons per hectare), the highest amount of chopped sugarcane losses in cultivar CP48-103 in plant farm and with average speed (1.78 tons per hectare) was observed. According to the results under the interaction of cultivar and device speed, the highest amount of sugarcane losses in CP69-1062 cultivar and high speed (0.314 tons per hectare) as well as IRC-12 cultivar and high speed (0.308 tons in Hectares), and under the interaction of farm age and speed of the harvester, the highest amount of sugarcane losses was observed in Ratoon farm and the high speed of the harvester (0.300 tons per hectare).

Therefore, in order to reduce the amount of losses in sugarcane fields, it is recommended to use resistant and somewhat later cultivars for cultivation, because early cultivars are more fragile during harvest due to stem fragility and the rate of losses increases. Also, Harvester speed optimization reduces the amount of losses, and due to the increase in the rate of losses in reclaimed farms, it is recommended to create more resistant stem tissue by proper plant nutrition and more care to reduce the rate of losses in ratoon farms.

The use of biochar as an amendment in soils contaminated with heavy metals is an economical and environmentally-friendly method. The biochar's effectiveness in heavy metals stabilization is related to the biochar and soil properties. Success of biochar application is related to determining the most important characteristics of biochar that increase effectiveness of biochar. It is not easy to use a wide range of characteristics in a study, therefore the most appropriate results are obtained by analysis the results from different studies. Meta-analysis is the application of statistical techniques to combine and summarize the findings of multiple studies. By combining data from many studies, meta-analyses can provide more precise information about biochar. Therefore, in the present study, the effectiveness of biochar for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils in Iran has been studied by meta-analysis and the most important factors were determined.

The articles were selected from various databases based on keywords such as bioavailability, various heavy metals forms, biochar, remediation of contaminated soils, heavy metals stabilization, in the of period 2016-2020. The data were extracted from results of 30 articles. Finally, the required information was collected from 11 articles and 123 independent observations. In these studies, the evaluation of heavy metals bioavailability was carried out with different methods, such as mobility, leaching, adsorption kinetics, plants bioavailability and heavy metals bioavailability in soil.  In order to determine the effectiveness of biochar, the size effect variable (R) was estimated for the bioavailability differences between the control and treatment groups. Due to, there were different methods for assessing the biochar effectiveness, in this study, the biochar effectiveness was calculated by obtained information from bioavailability studies. Also, Spearman correlation test was used to examine the relationships between variables. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and Excel software. Also, Web Plot Digitizer software was used to extract data from the presented graphs in the articles.

Based on the results from most studies, agricultural wastes were used as the raw materials for biochar production. In these studies, the treatments such as temperature, pyrolysis time, weight percent of biochar in soil, and incubation time were used. The weight percent of biochar in soil was more considered than other treatments by researchers. In the case of soil, variables such as pH, EC, CEC, CCE, soil texture, organic matter were more considered than other physical and chemical properties. There was a statistically significant difference between the studied heavy metals in terms of R variable (p <0.05). According to the results from studies, biochar was more effective in decreasing the bioavailability of soil lead. Also biochar was most effective in reducing the bioavailability of zinc and cadmium. Effectiveness of biochar had significant positive correlation with biochar pH, application rate in soil, incubation time, pyrolysis temperature and carbon content of biochar, the amount of silt and clay in soil, soil EC, soil CEC and soil organic matter but significant negative correlation with biochar EC, amount of sand and soil pH. The highest correlation coefficient (0.515) was found for soil CEC. Therefore, this factor was the most important factors influencing the effectiveness of biochar in stabilization of heavy metals.

In Iran, agricultural wastes have higher priority for biochar production, because the high rate of waste prodution in agriculture. On the other hand, there are processing problems for other raw materials, including the high concentration of heavy metals in wastewater, high cost and need for advanced equipment to obtaion a secure biochar for application in the soil. Based on the obtained results, biochar is effective in stabilizing heavy metals in contaminated soils and in this regard, there is a positive or negative relationship between soil properties and biochar. Therefore, it seems that by improving some factors that have a positive correlation, the effectiveness of the biochar can be increased, and for some characteristics that have a negative correlation, the effectiveness of the biochar can be improved by modifying them. In these studies, the long-term effects and security of biochar applications for soil remediation, soil organisms, and plant growth need to be considered.

Rice is one of the most important summer crops that is harvested in recent years by combine harvesters with different mechanisms. In this study, the amount of quantitative and qualitative losses of Champa cultivar in Ramhormoz city was evaluated by different combines. This research was conducted in a randomized complete block design with the method of split plots. The main plots were the crop moisture at harvest time included three levels: 19-21 percent (M1), 21-23 percent (M2) and 23-53 percent (M3) and the secondary plots were the combine types included four levels: cereal combine, with raspbar thresher (C1), cereal combine, with spike type thresher (C2), rice combine, World model, with spike type thresher (C3) and rice combine, Chery model, with spike type thresher (C4).The results showed that quantitative and qualitative losses related to moisture were significant. In terms of moisture the lowest and highest total quantitative losses obtained in M2 with 3.60 percent and in M1 with 3.87 percent, respectively; and the lowest and highest total qualitative losses obtained in M3 with 1.37 percent, and in M1 with 3.01 percent, respectively. Also, all the different components of quantitative losses, except for the head section, as well as the various components of qualitative losses related to the type of combine were significant. In terms of total quantitative losses, the lowest and highest values were belonged to C3 with 2.97 percent and C1 with 4.83 percent, respectively, and in terms of qualitative total losses, the lowest and highest values were belonged to C4 with 1.32 percent and C1 with 3.99 percent, respectively.

Wheat, is the most important crop in the world. In Iran, wheat is the most important and strategic agricultural crop, due to its vital role in providing food and feeding livestock. Because wheat harvesting operation has a significant share of total grain losses, it is considered as the most important and sensitive stage of production. Recently, in Iran, the need for straw to feed livestock has increased sharply, and since wheat is the main source of straw production, changes have been made in the configuration of the grain combine harvester so that in addition to collecting grain, it can crush and collect straw. These combine harvesters are known as straw collecting combine harvesters. The growing need for straw, along with the high cost and difficulty of straw collecting, has made straw collecting combine harvesters more popular, especially in areas where animal husbandry is common alongside agriculture. Despite facilitating and increasing the possibility of straw collection by this type of combine harvesters, in many cases grain losses have increased. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the amount of grain losses in this type of combine harvester and determine the factors affecting its losses.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of ground speed and wheat yield on grain loss in a straw collecting combine harvester. The use of this type of harvester was also analyzed economically. Two models of JD-1055 and JD-1165 combine harvesters were considered for evaluation. The experiments were performed in a split factorial design in the form of a randomized complete block design. Grain yield (at three yield levels: less than 2 Ton ha-1, 2 to 5 Ton ha-1, and more than 5 Ton ha-1) was the main factor and the other two treatments, the model of combine harvester and the ground speed (with three levels: 1, 1.5 and 3 km h-1) were factorially placed in subplots. Loss components including head loss, combine harvester body loss, end loss, threshing unit loss, cleaning unit loss, and quality losses were measured and compared with that of a conventional grain combine harvester. Field capacity and harvesting cost were also measured for both types of combine harvesters. Finally, based on cost-benefit analysis, the straw collecting combine harvester was compared with the conventional combine harvester economically.

The results showed that in addition to the main effects, the two-way and three-way interactions were also significant for the studied factors on head loss, body loss, end loss, threshing unit loss, cleaning unit loss, and quality losses of straw collecting combine harvester. The losses of the straw collecting combine harvester are strongly affected by the ground speed and the grain yield. The percentage of grain loss in low yields (less than 2 Ton ha-1) was significantly higher than that of medium (2 to 5 Ton ha-1) and high yields (more than 5 Ton ha-1). The average loss of JD-1055 was less than JD-1165, mainly because of more loss in threshing and cleaning units. The highest total losses, with a rate of 10.54%, were related to JD-1165 in low yields, while the lowest percentage of total losses, at a rate of 2.54%, was related to JD-1055 in medium grain yield and low speed(1 km h-1). The total grain losses of conventional combine harvesters obtained about 3.22% while the total grain losses of straw collecting combine harvesters were approximately 5.44%. In general, the losses of straw collecting combine harvester were about 2.22% more than that of the conventional combine harvester. The economic evaluation showed that in the region where animal farming is common along with agriculture, the use of straw collecting combine harvester is more economical than a conventional combine harvester.

Combine harvester model, grain yield, as well as ground speed of the combine harvester affects the grain losses in different units of a straw collecting combine harvester as well as total losses. As the grain yield and the feed rate increase, the total losses of this combine decrease at first but increase again in high yields. Adjusting the feed rate helps reduce the end losses and total losses of straw collecting combine harvester. In the study area, using a straw collecting combine harvester is more economical than a conventional combine harveste

Changing position is one of the typical nursing care in intensive care units. This study aimed to investigate the effect of body positioning on intra-abdominal pressure and endotracheal tube cuff pressure and their relationship with each other in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation

This was a before-after clinical trial study performed on 70 patients over eight months. Eligible patients were placed in one of the positions of bed angle (flat, 30, and 45 degrees) and body position sideways toward an opposite direction to the mechanical ventilator. The intra-abdominal pressure and the endotracheal tube cuff pressure were measured with each change in body position and head of the bed. Data were analyzed at a significance level of 0.05.

Mean intra-abdominal pressure was different in positions (P<0.001). The mean intra-abdominal pressure at the flat angle was (7.4±0.49) CmH2O at the lowest and 45 degrees was (11.98±0.45) CmH2O at the highest. The mean intra-abdominal pressure in the supine position was significantly lower than in other positions (P<0.001). The endotracheal cuff pressure was significantly higher in lying down on the opposite side of the ventilator than in other positions (P<0.001). There is no significant relationship between intra-abdominal pressure and endotracheal tube cuff pressure (P=0.15).

The results showed that at the flat angle and opposite direction to the mechanical ventilator, the tube cuff pressure was maximal and at an angle of 45° and the position of the opposite side of the mechanical ventilator, the intra-abdominal pressure was the highest. Although there was no significant relationship between intra-abdominal pressure and endotracheal tube cuff pressure, when lying on the opposite side of the mechanical ventilator, intra-abdominal pressure and endotracheal tube cuff pressure were abnormally high. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid the patient in this situation.

The industrial areas are located near residential centers in the city of Arak and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) pollution is a serious threat to human health and living organisms in this area. Meanwhile, soil contamination by PTEs is one of the challenges in this region and various studies have been conducted in this area. Meta-analysis studies provide a comprehensive evaluation of the results of a subject. In the present study, soil contamination data for PTEs in the 11 years (2009 to 2020) were studied through the studies conducted in Arak. In this study, the risk, potential toxicity, and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of PETs were assessed using indices and mathematical relationships. Based on the results of pollution indices, the soil of Arak city in terms of PETs including Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, As, Pb, Cu, and Hg were categorized into the polluted and highly polluted classes. The soil of the region in terms of PETs has significant ecological risk and acute toxicity. Cadmium, arsenic, and mercury showed the ecological risk of 49.3%, 23.2%, and 18.3% respectively, and nickel, chromium, and arsenic were responsible for 34.7%, 23.03%, and 22.07% of the toxicity potential of PETs in the soil. Arsenic, nickel, and chromium have the highest carcinogenic risk for children in both the ingestion and inhalation pathways, and chromium, arsenic, and nickel have the highest carcinogenic risk from the inhalation pathway for adults. According to the results, the most considerable PETs in the study area including As, Cd, and Pb, and the most important source of their emission in Arak are anthropogenic resources and industries.

Desertification is currently a problem in many countries of the world, including developing countries. The result of this phenomenon is the loss of renewable resources in each of these countries. One of the most important renewable sources is water, which is polluted in various ways today. Nitrate and phosphate are two important pollutants that are created by chemical fertilizers and pollute the environment, including water sources, and have harmful effects on human health. Sulfates are also another major ion found in natural waters and wastewater. There are common physical, chemical and biological methods in removing these pollutants from water sources. Due to the high cost and limited efficiency of physical and chemical methods, in recent years, suitable and inexpensive natural treatment methods such as Phytoremediation has been studied. The phytoremediation process is a natural way to purify contaminants that is very effective and inexpensive and can be performed for a long time. Due to the limited quantity and quality of water and soil resources and the need to provide food for the growing population of the country, today special attention has been paid to the production of agricultural products in soilless cultivation systems. Therefore, due to the fact that plants have different abilities in monitoring pollution, suitable plants should be used to clean polluted environments. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Elaeagnus angustifolia L. plants are among the common and well-known species in Iran for planting along waterways with the aim of purifying crop water to prevent them from entering surface flows.However, as far as the comprehensive studies of the researcher in internal and international sources show, no study has been done on the removal of nitrate, phosphate and sulfate by Elm and Eucalyptus., this research can be the first research in this field to purify polluted resources in Iran. The present study was conducted in the greenhouse of Isfahan University of Technology at a temperature of 40 degrees. In First, to study and compare phytoremediation of nitrate, phosphate and water sulfate using Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Elaeagnus angustifolia L. tree species. seedlings of these trees were planted in plastic pots with a cover of washed pebbles. Overall, The pots were 54 and had a volume of about 10 liters and a diameter of 12 cm. Thus, in 27 pots of Eucalyptus and 27 other species of Elaeagnus were planted. At the beginning of planting, the seedlings were impregnated with hydroponic solution (with a volume of 2 liters) and about 2 times a week, hydroponic solution was added to each pot. after establishment of plants, solutions containing nitrate, phosphate and sulfate prepared in the laboratory was added to the culture in three replications with concentrations (0,30,60 mg /l) for phosphate and sulfate and concentrations (0,50, 100 mg /l) for nitrate. Three chemicals, potassium nitrate KNO3, monosodium phosphate NaH2PO and sodium sulfate Na2SO4 , were used to prepare nitrate, phosphate and sulfate contaminants, respectively. This experiment was performed for four months in the natural resources greenhouse of Isfahan University of Technology in March 2017. The experiment was performed factorially and in the form of a completely randomized design. In order to measure the nitrate, phosphate and sulfate of the samples and evaluate the effect of phytoremediation on the uptake of these contaminants, samples of the culture medium were transferred to the laboratory every month with contaminated water. Data were collected and recorded for at least 3 months and the uptake of nitrate and phosphate in the leaves of the plant was examined by sampling and analysis in the laboratory during each month. Plant parameters were harvested every week. In this regard, the effect of different concentrations of nitrate and phosphate contaminants on some physiological factors of the plant (stem diameter, plant height, stomatal exchange and chlorophyll content) were measured. also all data were measured by statistical analysis using SAS statistical software with version 25. Finally, analysis of variance was performed by ANOVA test and mean data were compared by LSD test. The results of the analysis of variance, for nitrate, phosphate and sulfate removal showed a significant difference at 99% level. The results of analysis of variance showed the highest percentage of removal was to Eucalyptus species with 86.26% nitrate, 95.34% phosphate and 86.8% sulfate and to Elaeagnus species with 83.72% nitrate, 88.55% phosphate and 90.73% sulfate. As a result, Eucalyptus specimens showed a higher ability to remove nitrate and phosphate pollutants and Elaeagnus species a higher ability to remove sulfate. The results also showed that the correlation and interaction of species on physiological traits (stem diameter, plant height, Chlorophyll content and stomatal exchange) was very significant due to differences in species and different concentrations of pollutants. Also, the results of mean comparison showed that no significant differences were observed between the traits of Eucalyptus and Elaeagnus species.

Sugarcane cultivation in Khuzestan province is in the form of planting in-furrow. Due to the fact that in a machine harvesting, the reaper is not able to fully harvest the straw in the furrow, in the planting in-furrow method, it is necessary to transfer the rows of straw to the stack. So one of the measures at the time was hilling up operations or stacking reeds planted in the furrow. Therefore, due to the salinity of irrigation water and high groundwater levels, which have increased the salinity of sugarcane fields in Khuzestan province, planting this product in summer to protect the seedlings against salinity is mandatory in the furrow. On one hand, due to the difficulty of harvesting operations in the furrow during the harvest season, and on the other hand, because of the reduction of waste during harvesting, the plant needs to be located on the ridge. Therefore, in sugarcane fields, when the seedlings are established and grown, the furrow and ridges are replaced, and to perform this operation special machines are required. According to the study, so far there has been no scientific and reasoned report on the study and evaluation of different types of hilling up devices and different speeds in sugarcane cultivation, and the use of machines in sugarcane cultivation and industry is based solely on objective observations. Therefore, in this study, three different types of devices have been evaluated in two soil textures and three different forward speeds as a step towards choosing the best type of machine and optimal speed of hilling up operations in sugarcane cultivation.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate three different methods of sugarcane hilling up in two soil textures and three different forward speeds. Research treatments include: soil texture (clay loam and silty clay loam), hilling up methods (6-shanks subsoil + 10-shanks subsoil, 8-shanks subsoil + hilling up device No. 1 and 8-shanks subsoil + hilling up device No. 2), and forward speeds (5, 6, and 7 kilometers per hour). Design of a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Amirkabir field 208 (ALC 200 field 8) with clay loam texture and cultivar CP69-1062 and farm ARC14-22 with silty clay loam texture and cultivar CP69-1062, 15% moisture, and first-year cultivation was performed. The test plot includes 108 furrows. The area of each plot was two furrows. The length of each furrow was 250 meters (equal to the length of the sugarcane rows). To avoid affecting the interactions of the treatments, a distance was given between the treatments. The farms being tested were newly cultivated farms. The surface of the farm was furrowed and ridged. Care was taken in selecting the farm so that the humidity was similar in its different sections. After setting the right time for the hilling up and before starting the operation, soil sampling is required to determine the soil cone index and soil moisture. The physical properties of this study include Mean Weight Diameter (MWD), bulk density, soil surface uniformity, soil water permeability, and furrow depth (stack height). Analysis of variance and Duncan test were used to compare the treatments using SAS 9.4 software.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between soil Mean Weight Diameter, bulk density, soil surface uniformity, and soil water permeability in soil texture treatments, type of hilling up machine, and forward speed. Furrow depth index (stack height) was significantly different in treatments of type of machine and forward speed but not in soil texture treatments. The comparison of means showed that the whole loam texture treatment had 6-shanks + 10-shanks at a speed of 7 km h-1 with the smallest mean weight diameter (16.06 mm). The use of 6-shanks subsoil + 10-shanks subsoil in hilling up in whole texture and speed of 5 km h-1 significantly reduced soil bulk density. The lowest coefficient of variation of soil surface uniformity was obtained with 8-shanks subsoil + hilling up device No. 1 in clay loam texture and 7 km h-1 forward speed. The highest rate of water permeability in the soil was obtained after the hilling up operation with 6-shanks subsoil + 10-shanks subsoil in a total texture of 2.32 cm h-1. Furrow depth index (stack height) was also within the acceptable range (10-15 cm) in all treatments. But in addition to height, the appearance of the ridges is also important. In the treatment of 6-shanks + 10-shanks in plant stacking and embankment operations, sometimes in fields, there are parts where this operation is not done well and the machine is not capable enough and is in the middle of the created ridges. Harvesting operations do not cause proper reed flooring. Therefore, to solve this problem, it is necessary to perform the hilling up operation at the appropriate speed and humidity so that the soil is well placed on the rows of reeds and the proper appearance of the ridge is maintained.

In this study, three different types of devices have been evaluated in two soil textures and three different forward speeds as a step towards choosing the best type of machine and optimal speed of hilling up operations in sugarcane cultivation. The physical properties of the soil, including the soil Mean Weight Diameter, bulk density, soil surface uniformity, soil water permeability, and the size of the furrow depth (ridge height) were measured, and the best treatments were identified. Considering the importance of hilling up operations in sugarcane cultivation and to complete the results of this experiment, the following items that could not be studied in this study are suggested. The effect of using different methods on hilling up should be investigated on the yield of sugarcane. The effect of using different devices on hilling up in terms of tensile strength, work efficiency, and time required to do the work, fuel consumption, cost of timely work, and maintenance costs in operations on sugarcane hilling up should be investigated.

Almost 18 percent of emitted greenhouse gasses in Iran come from livestock industries, especially from manure decomposition. With the anaerobic digestion of animal wastes, in addition to eliminating its disadvantages, biogas as a clean and renewable energy carrier is produced. In addition, the resulting sludge is a more healthy and nutritious fertilizer for use in agriculture. One of the challenges of the bio-gas industry is to increase gas production efficiency. Various approaches are proposed to enhance manure digestion efficiency and increase biogas production, which can be mentioned below: Changing operating parameters such as temperature, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and particle size of the substrate; adding some effective additives; returning the resulting sludge into the digestion process and using bio-filters. Therefore in this study, in order to increase biogas production from poultry manure, two methods (co-digestion with rumen contents, and chicken intestine and its contents, and returning the slurry into the reactor) were tested. The alkaline composition of chicken manure and its high content of ammonia makes it difficult to digest alone, and co-digestion with high-carbon organic matter improves its digestibility.

Polyethylene bottles were used as batch reactor units. In order to the possibility of gas exit, as well as taking samples of the digester, two valves were placed on the bottle cap. All digesters were placed in a hot water bath and a 700 watts electric heater and a thermostat were used respectively to supply heat and to keep the temperature constant. A U-shaped tube, connected to the reactor output pipe was used to measure the amount of produced gas. The volume of water removed from the tube was an indicator of produced gas. The experiment was carried out in two stages. In the first stage 21 reactors were used according to the design of the experiment which was a completely randomized design with 7 treatments (adding rumen fluid in three levels (10, 20, and 30 percent of chicken manure (weight basis), respectively), adding chicken intestines and its content in three levels (10, 20, and 30 percent of chicken manure (weight basis), respectively), and control treatment), and three replicates of each treatment. During the whole experiment period, the pH and temperature were kept constant, respectively between 7.2-8.2 and 40-35 °C (mesophilic range). In the second stage of the experiment, after all the treatments reached the end of their hydraulic retention time, the resulting sludge was filtered and the liquid part was returned to the cycle. Three treatments were also provided here (supplying 50% of the water required by sludge liquid, supplying 100% of the water required by sludge liquid, and control treatment (no liquefied sludge).

Based on the results, although the type of organic supplementation had a significant effect on the amount of biogas production, the quantity of them had not. Treatments of chicken manure + 20%, 30%, and 10% of chicken intestines resulted in the highest amount of biogas production, respectively. But these three treatments were not significantly different. Also, the co-digestion of chicken manure with chicken intestines was more effective than the co-digestion of chicken manure with rumen fluid. The return of sludge, resulted from anaerobic digestion of chicken manure, again into the cycle, in addition to enhancing the amount of produced gas, can reduce the waiting time to start gas production by at least six days (in the treatment of providing 100% of required water from returned sludge). This can lead to continuous gas production and availability of sufficient gas in commercial gas-producing units. The effect of treatments on the time of reaching the cumulative gas production index to 100 mm was significant (α= 5%) and treatment of S100 reduced this duration by approximately 17 days (65%) and S50, for approximately 16 days (74%). 

According to the results of this study, co-digestion of chicken manure with cow rumen fluid did not have a significant effect on the increase of biogas production, but co-digestion of chicken manure with chicken intestine and its contents (at least by 20% of chicken manure (weight basis)) can have a significant effect on the increase in the production of biogas and can increase the amount of gas at least twice. The highest amount of gas volume was about 305 Ml.gr-1  VSadded and came from the treatment of co-digestion of chicken manure with 20% (weight base) chicken intestine and its contents. The return of the resulting sludge of anaerobic digestion of chicken manure, back into the cycle, in addition to increasing the amount of gas, can minimize the time it takes to start to produce gas and help to produce gas continuously. Moreover, the water used for digestion will also be significantly reduced (at least 50%).

Decorations have always been an integral part of Iranian architecture, which in some historical periods has been considered insignificant and sometimes very extreme in its use. Architectural decorations in the Qajar period have changed a lot due to the connection of this period with the West and imitation and influence of Western art, and many architects travel to Europe and Western countries in this period. For this reason, the Qajar period is considered the beginning of modernity in Iran. Western art and architecture in this period is slowly penetrating into the Islamic architecture of the Qajar period and this influence is gradually increasing. The purpose of this study is to identify the ornaments and additional elements to the Islamic architecture of Iran. The research method in this research was analytical and descriptive and the data collection method was documentary and library. The results show that in this period, elements such as gable roof, columns at the entrance, intricate bedding, mirror work, etc. have been added to the Islamic architecture of the Qajar period. The period is yellow and orange. The decorations in this period have decreased compared to the previous periods, especially the Safavid period, and in most of the buildings of this period, all types of decorations can be seen together.

In this study, the application of a solar system for heating a greenhouse of twin type with arched structure and single layer polyethylene coating was investigated. For this purpose, initially, the heating needs of the greenhouse were determined. Then, according to the obtained results, a flat-panel solar water heater with a collector of 6 square meters and a tank volume of 500 liters was selected and installed next to the greenhouse cucumber production unit to heat the air inside the greenhouse with 4 unit of 10-blade aluminum radiators. Then, using paired t-test, the results obtained in this greenhouse were compared with the conventional type in the area that had a diesel heater. The results showed that in terms of carbon dioxide, average temperature and relative humidity, there was no significant difference between the two greenhouses, but in terms of chlorophyll index and crop yield, there was a significant difference between the two greenhouses, at a probability level of 1 and 5 percent, respectively. Diesel had a higher average in these factors. Also, managing the four factors of minimum temperature, average temperature, chlorophyll content and maximum relative humidity in the greenhouse equipped with solar water heater and controlling the two factors of minimum temperature and chlorophyll content in the greenhouse equipped with diesel heater can improve photosynthesis and increase yield.

The learning process is present throughout nurses' working lives, and work-based learning is one of the best ways to ensure professional competence during their working lives. Awareness of the value and importance of this learning method is very important in the strategic goals of health care organizations to succeed. The aim of this study was to investigate the implementation barriers of work-based learning practices in clinical settings.

This descriptive-analytical study was performed in February 2016 in two hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Using available sampling and Morgan table, 220 clinical nurses, nursing managers (matron, supervisor, head nurse) were selected as the research sample. The opinions of nurses and nursing managers were examined in clinical education environment using a researcher-made questionnaire that was validated. After data collection, data analysis was performed using Spss software. Data using descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and inferential tests (exploratory factor analysis, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin sampling adequacy test, Bartlett sphericity test, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, one-group comparison test, independent means test and test Nonparametric statistics within Friedman's case were analyzed.

According to nursing managers and nurses, individual, organizational and managerial factors were serious barriers to work-based learning in health centers. The difference between the opinions of nursing managers and nurses was statistically significant only in managerial barriers (P <0.01) and the difference between the views of nursing managers and nurses in individual and organizational barriers was not statistically significant (P >0.05). Compared to nursing managers, nurses considered managerial barriers to be more involved in work-based learning. According to nursing managers, organizational barriers were the most limiting factor for work-based learning methods in clinical environments.

Using work-based learning method is one of the active and interactive learning ways that leads to professional development in many fields, including nursing. Therefore, it is important to identify the factors that affect the implementation or non-implementation of this learning approach. Therefore, it is necessary for health care organizations and executives, especially in the clinical field, to consider the need to do work and improve the quality of nursing services in clinical environment and hospitals to identify other factors that hinder on-the-job learning and as far as possible Familiarize employees more and implement new and active training methods and, if necessary, integrate it with other learning methods.

Sugarcane is one of the most important industrial plants in Khuzestan province. With the rising costs of purchasing, maintaining, agricultural machinery, sugarcane agribusinesses have been adopting outsourcing strategies in various sectors, especially in agricultural operations, over the last few years. Considering the importance of three criteria: cost, timely performance and quality in agricultural operations, these three criteria were evaluated in the work of contractor and company labor force in preparation in Amirkabir and Debal Khazaei agribusinesses. To investigate costs, cost information was obtained from the companies studied. The quality of operations was evaluated by field data collection and measurement of qualitative indices. Also, to check the timing of operations, the agricultural operations calendar was compared with actual days of work. Finally, the indices tested (in outsourced and non-outsourced farms) were compared using t-test for independent samples. The most important criterion for land acquisition operations in the agribusiness companies studied is the quality of operations. The results of the comparisons also showed that there is no significant difference between the cost and time of the contractor and corporate force operations but in terms of quality, which is the most important criterion for agribusinesses, contractor workforce outweighs corporate workforce. Therefore, outsourcing operations are for the benefit of the studied companies.

Isfahan is one of the most contaminated cities in Iran due to its special geographical conditions, topography and proliferation of pollutants. Industries, traffic, domestic and commercial pollutants are considered the main sources of air pollutants in Isfahan. The methods used to predict and estimate air pollution are methods interpolation. The aim of this study is to investigate the scattering patterns and modeling of particular matter PM2.5 and PM10 in the city of Isfahan using interpolation IDW and Cokriging methods.

in this study, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 pollutants in winter and summer of 2018 were measured at 137 points of urban area and in linear path by portable device measurement of air pollution (CEM model). Zoning maps for each pollutant in the cold and hot season were in Arc GIS 10.6 environment. In order to verify the accuracy of 30% of the data, the RMSE in both methods was compared.

the result of pollutants distribution with important emission sources, such as high traffic areas and close areas were consistent with the zayanderood river route. Cokriging method has better performance than IDW method in values of RMSE, although in the validation process, there was little difference between fitting the IDW and Cokriging methods.

in the zoning maps, hot spots of pollution (maximum concentration) were observed in central regions of the study area, which is a major contribution to most of the vehicles around the city.

Construction on rivers is inevitable to communicate and reduce costs quickly or to control and control the floods. But the construction of hydraulic structures that are directly exposed to flood currents is not possible only by relying on the assessment of the capacity of structures and their analysis solely on the basis of the principles governing the solid mechanics and should be in addition to the structural examination, the impact of issues. The environment is also examined on structural stability. Estimation of maximum flow around the bridge base with semi-experimental relationships is not a reliable method. One of the methods for recognizing the erosion process is the flow of the flow structure. In this research, the three-dimensional simulation of the steep base is discussed. For this purpose, using the compass software that has a three-dimensional flow model was used to simulate the turbulent flow pattern around the bridge base. To verify the software, the study pattern was performed around the steep base. The simulation results have a good match with real results, which represents the high capability of the simulation model in predicting the steep base.

Biogas, a product of anaerobic digestion of biomass resources, is one of the major renewable energies with the potential to replace fossil fuels. Anaerobic digestion is performed under specific conditions and according to a specific chemical process. Sugar cane is one of the most common sources of sugar and bioethanol production in the world. In the ethanol distillation process, large quantities of vinasse are produced. The direct consumption of vinasse as fertilizer has many environmental problems. Anaerobic digestion of vinasse is a potential solution to such environmental problems. Factors affecting the performance of an anaerobic digester can be classified into three main categories: (1) raw material characteristics, (2) reactor design, and (3) operating conditions. Among the operating conditions, temperature and pH are the most important parameters, so in this study, these two parameters were investigated.

The main raw material was vinasse. Some other additives were used to alter its chemical properties. To have a proper substrate composition, the ingredients before loading into the digesters were evaluated for their chemical and physical properties, including pH, concentration and C/N ratio. The bovine rumen contents of 10% of the final volume of input material were added to supply methanogenesis bacteria as well as to modulate the (C/N) ratio. The Total Solid Content (TS), Volatile Solid (VS) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), were evaluated before and after digestion. A series of batch reactor were used to perform the experiment. The experiment was carried out in a split plot design in a completely randomized design. The main and sub-factor was respectively temperature (at four levels of 30, 35, 40 and 45 ° C) and pH (at four levels of 6.8, 7, 7.2 and 7.4), and the experiment was performed in three replication. To measure the volume of gas produced, a 50 ml water tank connected to the digester outlet as a U-tube was used. The amount of water movement in the U-shaped tube is an indicator of the volume of biogas produced. For better detection of water displacement, some color was dissolved in water. Passing the gas produced from the three-molar NaOH solution, its impurities (mainly carbon dioxide) were absorbed, and the resulting pure gas was re-measured using a U-shaped tube. Using the law of complete gases, the biogas volumetric index was converted to the standard gas volume and finally converted to values based on (ml/gVS) and the new values were analyzed by analysis of variance and mean comparison.

Almost all main and interaction effects on all the factors studied were significant at the 1% probability level. The amount of gas produced increased with increasing temperature but with increasing pH, it first increased and then decreased. The amount of gas produced at 35, 40 and 45 °C was not significantly different. So because of economic and energy constraints, an operating temperature of 35 °C is recommended for anaerobic digestion of vinasse. The graph of the interaction of temperature and pH shows that at higher temperatures the rate of gas production increases with increasing pH. Although the highest gas volume was obtained at pH of 6.8 and 7.4, but the gas produced in the pH range of 7–7.2 was more pure. Therefore, the best combination of pH and temperature to produce the highest and purest gas is 7 and 35 °C, respectively. But since the vinasse produced in the alcohol factories has high temperature and therefore higher temperatures are possible, so 40 °C is also recommended. It was also clearly observed that the smaller the volume of gas produced, the greater its purity. The VS-R factor is also more sensitive to temperature changes than to pH changes. Thus, in anaerobic digestion of vinasse, pH control is more important than temperature control. VS-R performs best at pH 7. This factor was not significantly different at 35, 40 and 45 °C. Therefore, considering the cost of providing more heat at temperatures of 40 and 45 °C compared to 35 °C, 35 °C is the best temperature for manure production with the highest volatile organic matter removal. The COD-R process was similar at all pHs. COD-R at pH 7 was higher at all temperatures than at other pHs. It was also significantly higher at 40 and 45 °C, compared to other temperatures. So like other factors, the best pH and temperature based on this factor are 7 and 40 °C, respectively. Conclusion According to all factors studied, the best pH and operating temperature of anaerobic digestion of sugar cane vinasse is 7 and 35 ° C, respectively. Another important conclusion to be drawn from this study is that changes in all parameters studied are affected by pH changes rather than temperature changes. Therefore, sufficient care must be taken to ensure that pH variations in the anaerobic digestion medium be very low and around the range proposed (about 7).

Nowadays, the compounds known as emerging pollution are increasing in the environment. Pharmaceutical compounds are one of the most important substances in this group. Due to the complexity of chemical structure of pharmaceutical compounds and their metabolites, removal of these is important. Removal of these compounds by conventional water and wastewater treatment methods is not possible. In the present research, the performance of a hybrid of synthesized zeolite and ZnO nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen-codeine from aqueous solutions was investigated. To remove acetaminophen-codeine from aqueous solution, ZnO-Zeolite under UV and solar radiations was used. Final concentration of drug was measured using by HPLC in λmax = 214 nm. The optimal conditions of pH, catalyst dosage, drug initial concentration and reaction time were determined, based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Reusability test was finally performed for this synthesized composite. The results indicated that maximum removal of acetaminophen under UV radiation (48W/m2) was related to 14 mg/L of initial concentration in the neutral pH and a catalyst concentration of 1.7 g/L after 167min and that under the solar radiation (1200W/m2) was related on 5.5 mg/L of initial concentration in the neutral pH and a catalyst concentration of 1.2 mg/L after 143min of reaction start. Optimal initial concentration for codeine remove was 7.5 mg/L in the neutral pH. The maximum removal under UV and solar radiations was related to 1.5 and 1 g/L of composite after 192 and 170 min for codeine photocatalytic degradation. Photocatalytic degradation using this synthesized composite under optimal conditions, is able to completely remove the drug compounds (>99%) under UV and solar radiation. The photocatalytic method of ZnO-Z to remove acetaminophen and codeine from aqueous solutions is recommended. Synthesized composite in this research is a suitable material with reusability. Its efficiency also is acceptable under sunlight.