محسن عابدی

Yogurt drink is one of the fermented dairy products. Probiotic yogurt drink has special health properties due to the presence of probiotics. Also, adding herbal-medicinal plants including chavil to this product can make it more attractive. However, the shelf life of probiotic bacteria in yogurt drink is not very long. This research was therefore carried out to increase the shelf life of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in yogurt drink by nanoencapsulation technique with Persian gum and whey protein isolate. Particle size and SEM was used for determination nanoencapsulated bacteria (bead) characteristics. In this regard, three samples of yogurt drink containing free Lactobacillus rhamnosus, its bead and the control were produced. Some characteristics including pH, acidity, sensory including color, taste, consistency and overall acceptability of yogurt drink were measured as well as the shelf life of probiotic bacteria under gastrointestinal conditions and storage in the refrigerator. The results showed that the beads had a size from 246.98 to 356.2 nm. The efficiency of nanoencapsulation was 87.2%, and the SEM images showed that the bacteria were covered well. At the end of the storage time, the decrease in pH (3.41) and increase in acidity (97.3 °D) of the sample containing beads was highest. The counting of free and beads also showed that the shelf life of bead was greater than free bacteria in yogurt drink. In the 21st day of storage, the product was eligible for probiotics. Moreover, the bead survival in simulation gasterointestinal condition was 3.33 log cfu/ml. The evaluation of the sensory parameters also showed that the sample containing bead had the lowest score among the panellist in all the sensory components except the texture. In conclusion, it can be stated that the yogurt drink containing the bead sample can qualify as a probiotic product during 21 days of storage time.

Increased adaptability of the transferred law enforcement forces to their new place of service as one ofthe methods in management of human resources is effective both on their job performance and decreasedvulnerability of them and their families. Based on this fact, the present research studied the factors effective onthe adaptability of the transferred law enforcement forces to the host society. Survey methods was used in theresearch. Based on disproportionate stratified random sampling, the results were gained by analyzingcomplementary questionnaires administered to a statistical sample of 300 individuals selected from the lawenforcement forces transferred to Hormozgan province. The results showed that 68% of the respondents ratedtheir adaptability to the host society low and only 8.3% rated their adaptability high. The results of theregression test confirmed the presented hypotheses. Based on the multivariate regression analysis, the pureeffect of the variable the degree of similarity and congruence between the host society with the society of originis higher than the independent variables. R2 determining factor estimated by regression model showed thatindependent variables explain totally 41% of the changes. Based on the research results, to increase theadaptability of the staff, family consultation with qualified experts, native employment, and organizationalsupport play key roles. Organizational support may include organizational housing, cooperation with otherinstitutions in providing the staff welfare, completing the psychological profile of the individuals andpsychological training and education of the individuals as they and their families may expect.

Exercise training is an important intervention in the pulmonary rehabilitation of adults with chronic respiratory diseases. High-intensity exercise is challenging for these patients. Thus, interval exercise has received much attention as a suitable option for optimizing a tolerable load during exercise. This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on peak power, peak oxygen uptake, functional capacity, and health-related quality of life in people with chronic respiratory diseases.

In this study, the related studies were collected and examined from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct databases.

A total of 14 randomized controlled trials were selected based on the study subject. The results demonstrated that HIIT and continuous training in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) led to significant improvement in peak power, peak oxygen uptake, and 6-minute walk test (6MWT) or 12-minute walk test (12MWT) distance and health-related quality of life and there was no significant difference between the two groups. And HIIT, compared to no exercise training, showed greater significant changes. Few studies have examined HIIT in patients with cystic fibrosis, with different results. We found no studies investigating the effect of HIIT on non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and interstitial lung diseases. Conclusion studies confirm the positive effect of HIIT on cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise capacity, functional capacity, and health-related quality of life in people with COPD. In other respiratory diseases, more studies are needed to investigate the effects of HIIT.

One of the passive defense policies is to protect citizen life and reduce vulnerability during a crisis. Enemy attacks on cities with the purpose of psychological goals achievements is a military tactic widely used in recent wars. The concentration of human and material capital in cities and the ease of targeting them show the need to build shelters to reduce the vulnerability of ordinary people. In this article, in order to choose a suitable and optimal place to build a shelter in the 18th district of Tehran, library studies, field observations and interviews with experts have been performed and10 indicators have been chosen from the obtained indicators, and weighted using the FAHP method with the aims of ensuring citizen safety, multi-purpose usability and minimal construction costs. In the next step, by constructing the layers related to these indicators, shelter location has been implemented based on a systematic process in the GIS geographic information system and desirable locations in the region have been determined.

In this research, utilizing the concepts of thermohydraulic theory, optimization of cost due to the scale formation in heat exchangers. The objective function involves the minimization of the energy consumption and production losses. First, via ASPEN we simulated shortcuts of exchangers in order to examine the effects of temperature and velocity on the scale formation. The project optimization was done by GAMS and due to the presence of nonlinear terms in the scale rate equations using CONOPT solver. For better results, Heat Exchanger 4131 and 4132 in Khorasan petrochemical Co. urea unit were used.The investigation shows that for the twin exchangers under study, first, the scale formation reduces cooling water flow by up to 40% in E4132. Second, the optimal values for minimizing cost of scale formation in the exchangers occurs at a cooling water flow rate of 152442.75 kg/h for the exchanger 4132 to reduce the cost by 15%.

One of the most common methods of preserving fish worldwide, especially in coastal areas is sun-drying. In order to determine the quality of dried anchovy (Encrasicholina punctifer), 40 samples of dried fish by the traditional method and in sunlight were collected from the Qeshm Island. In the laboratory, proximate compositions, chemical quality indicators, and microbial quality were measured. The amounts of protein, fat, fiber, ash and moisture were 58.10, 6.11, 0.59, 18.69 and 16.02% based on a dry weight basis, respectively.  The peroxide value (PV) was 0.3 mEq O2/kg which was lower than the acceptable limit, while the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) was 243.36 mg/100 g beyond the limit. Total viable counts (TVC) were 2.8 × 103 CFU/g was lower than the acceptable limit, while yeast and mold count (6.06 × 102 CFU/g) beyond the limit. Contaminations of dried anchovy by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, coliform, Clostridium perfringens and reducing bacteria (Clostridiums) were positive. The most frequent prevalence was related to S. aureus by 52.17% and E. coli by 39.13%. In general, the dried anchovy exhibited a high protein and fat content, but low chemical quality. The bacterial spoilage was not occurred, but it was susceptible to spoilage by molds and yeasts. Maintaining quality of crude fish before drying, improving the quality of location and the method of drying process can decline the secondary contamination of the dried fish samples by pathogenic bacteria, leading to improve this high valuable nutritional product.

Nowadays, updating information collected from urban areas is of great importance, since it provides the basis for many fields of study such as land cover changes and environmental studies. Remote sensing provides an opportunity to obtain information from urban areas at different levels of accuracy while widely used in various change detection applications. Detecting changes in buildings as one of the most important features in urban areas is of particular importance. Powerful and expensive processing systems are the only way to process large volume of remote sensing and photogrammetry data generated by the ever increasing number of sources to which laymen do not have access. The present study has applied deep learning methods and high computational volume of data processing in free clouds to make this possible for the public.

Two case studies have been selected in the present study. The first includes DSM and Orthophoto images captured by drones from Mashhad in 2011 and 2016. DSM and Orthophoto images in the second case study has been collected by drones from Aqda in Yazd province in 2015 and 2018. In accordance with the type of data used and high computational volume used for processing, the present study has applied fuzzy clustering method to detect buildings with a high computational speed and deep learning method to detect their changes. Object-based method and fuzzy logic theory have been used in the first step to classify features and detect buildings. In the second step, deep learning method and DSM differentiation method were also used to detect changes in buildings and evaluate results obtained from deep learning method. In the first step, buildings were detected using descriptors extracted from terrestrial and non-terrestrial features, and related decisions were made using fuzzy logic. In the second step, DSM differentiation method has applied the masks extracted from buildings in both epochs on the related DSMs to find their difference and detects changes using an elevation threshold. In deep learning method, a convolutional neural network model was trained to detect changes in buildings during both epochs. Using the DSM of buildings in both epochs and a part of their interface, the network input layers were generated for training. Changes detected in the buildings by the differentiation method were also introduced as the output layer. Following the training and introducing the entire interface in both epochs as the input layer, the trained neural network has detect changes in the buildings. The same process was performed once more using the difference between two DSMs. In other words, a single input layer was used in the network and the rest of the process was the same as before. Finally, changes detected by the neural network was compared with changes detected in the DSM differentiation

In the first step, buildings were detected and images were classified in accordance with the fuzzy logic. The overall accuracy of the first epoch classification in Mashhad equaled 94.6% indicating higher acuracy of object-based methods as compared to pixel-based methods. The overall accuracy of first epoch in Aqda equaled 95.5%. Neural network method detected changes in buildings with an overall accuracy of 90%. In accordance with the ground truth used in network training (both using DSMs as the input layer and the difference between the epochs as the input layer), results indicated that deep learning method is highly accurate in one-dimensional convolution mode. Moreover, the second step has applied the difference between DSMs in the two epochs and thus, many areas lacking a change in height were removed in both epochs and the network was trained more appropriately and accurately.

Necessity of extracting features, especially urban features such as buildings and identifying their changes over time have been investigated in the present study. Due to the high computational volume of modern remote sensing and photogrammetry data and highly expensive systems required for their processing, a new method was presented in the present study to solve this problem. Considering the type of data used and the complexity of features, object-based methods were selected instead of pixel-based methods to identify features and buildings. Deep learning method was used to detect changes in buildings. The method was also compared with DSM differentiation method. A one-dimensional convolutional neural network was used in the deep learning method. Two different modes were used in the network to train and predict changes. In the first, DSMs extracted from the buildings in each epoch were used as the input layer, while in the second one, the difference between DSMs were introduced as a single input layer to the network and the network was trained in accordance with the ground truth collected from areas with and without change obtained from the DSM differentiation method. Following the training process, changes were predicted using the trained network. Much better results were obtained from the second mode in which the difference between DSMs were used.

Changing the place of service is one of the methods of human resources management in organizations. The present research reconstructs semantically the movement of the staff of Iran Law Enforcement Forces to operational areas and its consequences using survey method. The research field includes all the relocated staff of Iran Law Enforcement forces who were in Hormozgan in 2020-2021. After conducting semi structured interviews with 40 of them, the data were analyzed using the systematic method of Strauss and Corbin. 129 initial codes, 41 minor categories, 13 major categories and 1 core category (structure-agency) were extracted from data coding and gathered into a paradigm as causal, intervening, and contextual conditions, strategies, and outcomes. Causal conditions included human resources of an organization, sense of organizational discrimination, and network of organizational support variables; contextual conditions included geographical relocation, and source-destination homogeneity; intervening conditions included the network of family support, and family's structural demand. In a dialectical relationship between structure and agency, the relocated staff adjusted themselves using family, economic, psychological, and communicational approaches. From the staff's point of view, structure and agency dialectics brings with itself unpleasant outcomes and consequences for their lives in social, domestic, organizational-occupational, and environmental aspects. To remedy and improve the situation, measures based on the modification of the transfer procedure, aside from local hiring, and elimination of deprivation in operational areas, some tactics are suggested to make relocation guide, organizational support, and proper family assistance more humanized to reduce occupational and environmental tensions.

This study was performed to investigate the interaction effects of astaxanthin and beta-carotene pigments in white and red lights on growth performance and coloration of swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri. A total of 180 swordtail with an average weight of 1.4 ± 0.1 g with three diets containing 150 mg/kg astaxanthin, 150 mg/kg beta-carotene and a diet without additive pigment and treatments in contrast to white and red lights with light intensity of 1200 lux was fed in 6 treatments and 3 replications for 8 weeks. Finally, growth indices including body weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and survival rate were determined. In order to determine the number of changes in color intensity and sharpness, Hue and Chroma coefficients were determined after shooting and analyzing the obtained colors using coefficients a and b with Photoshop software in the fourth and eighth weeks. The results revealed that there was no interaction between diets and ambient light, but fish raised in white light were superior in terms of all growth and survival indices (p<0.05). These results also exhibited that the effects of color sharpness (Hue) and red color index (Chroma) were greater in diets containing pigments exposed to white light.

Due to the risks of pressure vessels testing and need for random vibration test for qualification space tanks, identifying and proposing standard and valid testing procedure is the most important goal of this study. Due to various vessels tank types, detailed vibration test process is not reported in any aerospace standard, clearly, also study the famous standards like: ISO, AIAA, MIL and ECSS proof this fact. According to the vibration tests risks and importance of pressure vessels, in this article, the technical points of standards and valuable articles have been summarized to propose a proper vibration test procedures with safety and accuracy considerations. Reviewing the valid test methods leads to a vibration test procedure classification in the form of a flowchart. So, with this classification and with available equipment and test limitations considerations, random vibration test of space pressure vessels could be selected with the minimum coast and probable risks levels which are based on a valid universal process.

The role of aquatic animals in human nutrition has been considered with the increasing population of the world, and it is necessary to pay attention to increasing its shelf life and changing its taste. In this project, by adding garlic, grape and tomato extracts to coated fish fillets, in order to change the taste of fish, a comparison is made to increase the shelf life in the freezer through the chemical index of total volatile bases on the base of titration, Trimethyl amine, Tiobarbitoric acid were evaluated with Spectrophotometer and also Sensory evaluation was performed in terms of smell, appearance and taste. First, the fish was filleted and washed, then the fish coating mixture was prepared by increasing the extract of garlic, tomato and garlic by 6% of weight to wheat flour, salt and sodium carbonate, and a sample was prepared as a control without extract. Then the prepared mixture was mixed with water in a ratio of 1: 1.5. The fish was immersed in this mixture and remained in this mixture for 5 minutes, then it was kept in the freezer to check the shelf life at -18 ° C and the quality changes during 6 months were examined. The amount of volatile bases respectively in the samples containing garlic, grapes and tomatoes, 21.52, 23.73, 26.5 were lower compared to the control 35.73. Trimethylamine respectively 1.114, 1.165, 1.424 compared to the control 2.508, they had lower values. Thiobarbiotric acid also respectively 0.55, 0.37 and 0.8 were close to or less than the control value.So the shelf life of the products were in garlic, grape and tomato respectively. In sensory evaluation, the highest points for taste, smell and appearance were related to garlic, tomato and grape, respectively, and this process continued during 6 months of storage in the freezer.

The aim of this study was to microencapsulate Lactobacillus reuteri using two-layer extrusion technique consisting of sodium alginate and mastic gum at concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8%. Physicochemical properties and survival ability of free and microencapsulated form during the storage and similar gastrointestinal conditions were evaluated. The results showed that, the produced beads were spherical in shape. By increasing the concentration of the mastic gum, the diameter of the beads increased significantly, but the L* parameter decreased. All free and microencapsulated form were reduced at 72° C. While, the beads had a longer shelf life than the free bacteria. The free bacteria and the microencapsulated form decreased during the storage and under the simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The reduction of the free form was 6.2 Log CFU/ml, which was much higher than the beads )2.58 Log CFU/ml(. Free bacteria had a minimum of 106 CFU/ml probiotic bacteria in the MRS broth after 20 days. While this time for the beads was 30 days in 4° C. The results of this study showed that the use of mastic gum could increase the shelf life of Lactobacillus reuteri under harsh conditions.

In reviewing the laboratory studies on humans and animals, we observe that use of certain drugs with specified applications inhibit the immune reactions in the body. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are among these drugs. The goal of the current research is evaluating the effectiveness of one kind of SSRIs namely fluvoxamine on the cytokine level of COVID-19 patients.

The current study was approved in the ethical committee. The sample of current research included 80 patients with COVID-19, hospitalized in ICU of Massih Daneshvari Hospital. They entered the research by accessible method of sampling and were divided in to two groups randomly. The experimental group underwent the treatment with fluvoxamine, while the control group did not receive fluvoxamine. The IL-6 and CRP levels were measured both before the onset of fluvoxamine treatment and when discharged from the hospital in all members of the sample group.

The IL-6 was increased and CRP level was decreased significantly in experimental group (P= 0.01). Meanwhile in women receiving fluvoxamine, the IL-6 and CRP levels were increased and decreased, respectively as compared to men.

Considering the effectiveness of fluvoxamine on two important cytokines in COVID-19 patients it can be concluded that it is possible to use this drug to help treat COVID-19 patients, ultimately improving both mental and physical status of the patients and leaving the COVID-19 pandemic behind with less pathology.

The aim of this study was investigation of the performance of mitered corner joints (L-shaped) reinforced by fibers reinforced polymer (FRP) at maximum stress area under diagonal compression loading. In This way, structural performance of constructed corner joints of two species of beech and fir reinforced by fiber reinforced polymer at polymeric matrix of epoxy with one and two layer of carbon and glass fibers and were investigated. After construction of the mitered joints with wooden dowel and polyvinyl acetate adhesive, the joints were reinforced with FRP composites and then were subjected to diagonal compression loading. Results have indicated that reinforcing layers prevent joint opening, however, failure was occurred at the joint by peeling fibers from wood surface or members fracture near the joints by stress concentration. The results of variance analysis showed that the independent effect of species of joint members and numbers of fibers layer were significant at 95% confidence level. The results showed that use of beech wood in comparison with fir wood, composites reinforced by carbon fibers compared to glass fibers, as well as the use of two layers of fiber compared to 1 layer of fibers, exhibited better performance in constructed joints. The joints made with beech wood and reinforced with 2 layers of composites reinforced by carbon fibers showed the best performance under diagonal compression loading.

Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) has become one of the most popular methods in the reinforced, repair and rehabilitation of structure due to its ease of application and the special physical characteristics. Both destructive and nondestructive assessments have been used to test the characteristics and durability of FRP in order to investigate the condition of the structure. The aim of this research was to investigate the structural performance of corner joint reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite under diagonal tension load. Constructed joints from two wooden species of beech (Fagus orientalis) and fir (Abies alba), were reinforced with reinforced composites of one and two layer of carbon and glass fibers and then they were tested under diagonal tension load. The miter corner joints were made with wooden pin and polyvinyl acetate adhesive. The fibers lay-up was done manually. Epoxy resin was used as a polymeric matrix. Result of investigation indicated that use of beech wood in comparison with fir exhibited better results. In addition, glass fibers have shown better performance than carbon fiber as reinforcing agents.  Inspection of diagonal tension specimens after failure have indicated that using of FRPs on the surfaces of L-shaped miter prevent joint opening, however, failure was occurred at the joint by increasing of load and vertical displacement and the general wood weakness in tension perpendicular to the grain and shear parallel to the grain at dowels site due to stress concentration. Also the results showed that the miter corner joint made with beech species and two layers of glass fibers had the highest stress carrying capacity.

In this study, two-layer extrusion method was performed on Lactobacillus reuteri. The first layer was sodium alginate and the second one basil seed mucilage in five concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 percent). The image was provided from microencapsulated form to determine the diameter of the layers and microencapsulated color components L*, a*, b*, whiteness and yellowness. Thermal, salt, acid survivability, growth and acid production of free and microencapsulated bacteria in MRS medium were investigated. The results of this research showed that as increasing the percentage of mucilage gum used as the second layer can cause a significant change in the outer layer diameter. The b*, whiteness, and yellowness parameters increased but the L* parameter decreased significantly (p≤ 0.05). Microencapsulated containing 1 precent basil seed mucilage can survive for 5 min at 72 °C, above minimal probiotic concentration limited (6 log CFU/g) based on regression curve. But the free-living bacterium only survived for 0.6 min at this limited. As the basil seed mucilage concentration increased, the bacterial survivability was increased under salt and acidic conditions. The microcapsulated form survivability time (7.5 min) was greater than free form (2.5 min). The rate of acid production and bacterial growth in the microencapsulated form was slower than the free bacteria.

In this paper, a precise method for calculating albedo and IR heat flux applied to a satellite is presented. For obtaining albedo heat flux applied to a satellite, a point on the earth’s surface that sun flux reflected at that point and reach to the satellite is obtained, hence albedo heat flux reaches to a satellite is obtained as a function of longitude, attitude and longitude. IR heat flux is integration of emitting heat flux for points on the earth surface that in satellite’s view. Atmospheric transparency for calculating albedo and IR heat is considered for sun light and IR spectrum using MODTRAN algorithm using PcModWin software. For a generic LEO satellite, IR and albedo heat fluxes are calculated at a time period and compare with reference values. Obtained heat fluxes are used to obtain temperature variation of satellite’s components during its mission.

Reducing satellite solar panels temperature, to increase their electrical efficiency is of great importance. In this study, a novel methodology for optimal configuration design of heat pipes in a sun-pointing satellite utilizing the genetic algorithm is presented. The purpose of optimization is the thermal adjustment and design improvement of the solar panels for the satellite that is supposed to orbit in the Low Earth Orbit. Thermal simulations of satellite and solar panels are performed using SINDA/FLUINT and Thermal Desktop software. The computations are validated using experimental measurements of the satellite thermal model in a vacuum chamber and it was shown that the numerical analysis can produce reliable results. Then, applying the constraints of the problem, an optimization algorithm is introduced. This algorithm employs the thermal simulation software for solving the governing equations of the problem and then reports the results. The optimization was performed for the satellite hottest case (beta:90) and then, conducting an optimization procedure, the optimal configuration of heat pipes is achieved. In the results section, three different configurations, namely no heat pipes, the initial design for configuration of heat pipes and the optimal configuration of heat pipes, are investigated and compared. It was found that the optimal configuration using the genetic algorithm can reduce the temperature of solar arrays by up to 19°C relative to that in which no heat pipe was used. It was observed that an efficiency ratio enhancement is 10.4% for the solar panels of optimum configuration. The optimization could significantly reduce the temperature of the satellite internal equipment

The relationship between art and education, is an old. Today, art has a unique position in various aspects of individual and social life, especially in education and if educational messages combine with artistic attractions its success and effectiveness will be added. So educational authorities must recognize this valuable intermediate well and be served it in formal and informal education systems. The aim of this descriptive and analytical study is to investigate the educational role and impacts of art and its communicational attractions for public especially children and adolescents. The main hypothesis of this paper is that art has the indelible role in development of the various dimensions of human personality and growthing his different characteristics and capabilities. So with all its expansion and effects, art implies the existence of human backgrounds and capabilities that its growth requires regular and purposeful activity that we call it artistic education. For investigating this hypothesis, educational and psychological outcomes of education through art is analyzed and explained systematically based on collection of research documentation and targeted search in scientific resources. The results show that the basic functions of art are affect on audience including recognition and personality growth, spiritual education and moral virtues growth, emotions and feeling growth, creativity nurturing, social communication development and cultural identity formation.

Various methods of scaling has been suggested for measurement and recognition of vocabulary but Johnson scale is the most important amongst which. He believes that by calculating the ratio of vocabulary diversity in a text and counting them the overall number of words would be reached out. In this scale the new words would be counted only once then based on their frequency and counting the various words divided by the overall, the result would be reached. The present article – which has been done comparatively – cites samples of Ahmad Shawqi, Hafiz Ebrahim and Khalil Matran in library – analytical – statistical method.

In all languages words or lexical items are the ultimate means of expressing one’s inner feelings and they are the simplest means of communicating one's mind and heart. The more clerics and speakers are careful in selecting their words, the greater is the impact upon the addressees. This article aims at introducing the Iranian lexicographer, Abu Al Fateh Borouddin Nasser ibnAbil al-Makaram al- Mottarezi, compiler of "Al-Mogharb al-Maarab", critiquing and an overview of lexicography in Arabic language and literature, and its literary Schools. Mottarezi is one of the sixth-century scholars of the Khwarezm in the field of morphology and syntax and is called “Caliph Zamakhshari”; because in knowledge and method of lexicography he is a true successor of Zamakhshari's and has followed his method in alphabetical arrangement of the dictionary which Zamakhshari established in the fifth century with writing his book Asas Al-Balagha. He changed his method of lexicography from conjugation of words to rhetoric domain, introducing a new trend for the latter lexicographers. Al-Makhrab is an abridged form of his great book, Al-Maarab. The latter is the first abridged Arabic Jurisprudence dictionary of the time. The present article is based on descriptive-analytical method.

In this paper the simulation of pathological behavior in gait locomotion of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and effects of rehabilitation techniques are investigated. These simulations noticeably deepen the knowledge of researches in neurorehabilitation realm about the neuroscientific basis of CNS treatment after a neural disorder. However, only a limited number of these simulations have been proposed in the previous works that issued some aspects of CNS diseases. Due to this limitation, in this paper, a more efficient simulation has been done on pathological behavior of neural disorders with including the brain signal disruption in the models. To do this, combinations of neural reflexes and central pattern generator (CPG) has been incorporated in the neuromuscular system and examined on two different msculoskeletal system containing two leg-one segment and one leg-two segment systems. Then, the locomotion of hemiplegia and paraplegia patients are simulated by inserting a malfunction in the supraspinal signal coming into the CPG. Moreover, the effects of rehabilitation effects on paraplegia patients have been investigated and compared to the experimental data.

The Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) is the communication terminal of Link-16. JTIDS is a hybrid direct sequence/frequency-hopping spread spectrum system. In this paper, we investigate the performance of Link-16/JTIDS in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) when an alternative structure for the physical layer data transfer scheme is employed. The proposed structure makes an effort to optimize the double pulse structure and solve some problems in the old structure. New jamming mitigation method for JTIDS is possible by chip to chip comparing in double pulse structure and symbol decision. In this paper, an analytic upper bound on the probability of symbol error of CCSK is derived for the 32-chip CCSK sequence chosen for JTIDS.In general, the results show that the proposed double-pulse structure outperforms the old double-pulse structure and the single-pulse structure.