محمد احمدیان

By making new changes in the organization, organizations are looking for various innovations to maintain their level of performance in the existing competitive environment. But these frequent changes can lead to change fatigue and its negative consequences for employees. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the change fatigue and its related consequences in health care providers.

The present study is a cross-sectional study conducted in health centers in western Iran. In this study, 803 people were selected using the available method. In this study, the change fatigue scale, Parker and Decotis’ job stress questionnaire, Ruth and Field’s job satisfaction questionnaire, Maslash and Jackson’s burnout questionnaire, turnover intention questionnaire, and standard questionnaire of organizational commitment of Mowday et al. are used. All analyzes were performed using SPSS23 and AMOS18 software.

The results of the present study showed that with the increase of change fatigue, the intention to leave, stress and burnout increased significantly and job satisfaction decreased significantly; however, there was no significant relationship between change fatigue and organizational commitment. Also, a significant relationship was observed between marital status, age, work experience, type of employment, type of job and education with change fatigue.

In environments that are associated with rapid and continuous changes, it is important to consider the change fatigue and its consequences because it can increase job stress, burnout, reducing job satisfaction, and organizational commitment and provide a basis for leaving the job.

Advances in technology and discoveries lead to promoting health services and, consequently, improving the quality of patient care services. In the meantime, educational programs and teaching methods play an important role in achieving the goals, and it is necessary to change and update the necessary information in them as technology advances and Crisis times that will take society into coma; Such as infectious diseases like Covid-19; To be able to meet the needs of the human day and health care system maintains its efficiency. Changing curricula to keep pace with existing technologies and innovations is a challenge, even for the best professors at medical universities. "Change" has a protocol of "best principles" developed by "change managers" and must be applied when developing medical education programs. Although different curricula have different outcomes and learning objectives; But the basic principles of change management theory apply to all aspects of change in curricula and include six steps: driving change and setting goals, communicating with stakeholders, planning, monitoring, and evaluation.

In this paper, a synchronous reference frame control scheme is presented to control a Dual unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) using Proportional-Resonant Controllers.in Dual control strategy, the series active filter is controlled as a sinusoidal Current source and shunt active filter is controlled as a sinusoidal voltage source. The main focus of this paper is to present the optimal design procedure of output passive filters of the converters. This results in decrease of cost and bulkiness of the overall system. On the other hand, by using a LCL filer at the Series active filter output, better attenuation of high order harmonics as well as increased dynamic is achieved. In order to accede system required stability and reduce the system losses, the oscillations in both active filters are actively damped. In this case, the series damping resistors are eliminated and the capacitor current is used as feedback to the control system. The UPQC with the proposed scheme not only is capable of reducing unbalances, harmonics and voltage sag in grid voltage, but also compensates the harmonic currents of nonlinear load. Simulations in MATLAB software environment demonstrates the effective performance of the system under different conditions.

Candy and similar products, although not considered as a complete food, are among high-consumed foods by children, and sometimes by pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to determine the dyes used in candies supplied in Bojnourd City in 2016.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 90 colored candy samples (saffron, cacao, orange, cherry) randomly collected from different regions of Bojnourd in 2016. The color content of all samples was measured according to National Standard 2634 by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC).

According to the results, 17.7% of the samples had natural color and 82.3% of the candies contained artificial colors. Among samples containing synthetic color, 90.5% of the samples contained approved artificial color, and only 9.5% of the samples had unauthorized artificial color. Sunset Yellow was the most common color used in the candy samples.

The results of this study showed that illegal use of synthetic dyes in food has become widespread, which is a threat to the health of the community; therefore, reducing the consumption of these colors and replacing natural colors with emphasize on their beneficial properties is necessary.

In the past, power generation expansion planning was mainly based on a cost minimization target subject to acceptable level of system reliability. Nowadays, environmental considerations have changed into important planning priorities increasing the capacity expansion costs. Socially, this increase is compensated by the reduction in external costs caused by lower levels of emissions. In this paper, emission constraints have been imposed on generation capacity expansion planning of a grid much the same as Iran power grid for the period of 2005-2023 using WASP package. Changes in system expansion costs have been compared with changes in environmental damage costs. According to the results, in long term the increase in capacity expansion cost caused by imposing emissions constraints is compensated with reduction of external costs of emissions.

Utilization of power electronic interface in end-user appliances adds many newfound features to these devices. Cooperation in Volt Ampere Reactive (VAR) supply is one of these new capabilities and enables these devices to act as Distributed Energy Resources for reactive power injection and absorption. Proper integration of these power electronic interface capabilities into traditional utility system operations, it can be used as beneficial tools for distribution management and voltage profile enhancement. Regarding the present situation in distribution system, it is not practical to control all DERs centrally. Therefore, in this article, two proposed central control method and droop control were considered. The Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique with fuzzy theory was used to prioritize the candidate buses for their participation in Volt-VAR program. The contribution of the pre-mentioned active DERs in reactive power compensation was evaluated in this study

This paper presents a methodology to assist a strategic producer in making informed decisions on generation investment in power market environment. This producer, facing a number of uncertainties which affect its expected profit, endeavors to maximize its profit and at the same time manages the risk of these uncertainties. In order to present the strategic behavior of the producer, supply function is used through a risk constrained two-stage stochastic bi-level model. The upper-level problem considers risk management of the investment decisions and strategic production actions, and the lower-level problems correspond to pool market clearing under different operating conditions. Uncertainties due to demand quantity and biding, rival investment and rival contribution in the market, are taken into consideration through scenarios. In order to model the risk management of the producer, conditional value at risk is used as a risk term. The investment is static and a single target year is considered with demand variations modeled through a number of blocks. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by a case study on 24 bus IEEE test system. The results are reported and discussed.

In the recent years use of Special Protection Schemes due to impact of notable these schemes in improving the performance of power systems has found increasing usage. The purpose of this paper is design a suitable and fast special protection schemes to deal with extreme contingency that will led to collapse of power network if they occurred. So at the first, for a clear form of power transmission paths a graph model of Fars region was found. Then using propose algorithm in this paper extreme contingency in power transmission network by DigSILENT program analysis and identified. Finally after identifying these events, generation rejection and load rejection schemes as the most popular and most common schemes in power networks around the world with transmission switching as new special protection scheme proposed in this paper to deal with these contingencies is presented. The results of implementation these schemes show acceptable performance of them to deal with events and contingencies identified.

Power industry, as one of the crucial infrastructures, plays important role in development of Iran's social and economic sectors and is seen as a network industry. This research aims to design a resistenence economy model in Iranian power industry, drawing on qualitative approach, asing on descriptive-analytical method, and adopting applied and developmental purposes.
In doing so, having examined Iranian Power Industry's weaknesses, strengths, and puposes, the paper uses snow card technique to discern an appropriate pattern on Resistenence Economy an power industry sector.
The findings of this research show that strategies regarding resistenence economy model in Iranian power industry can be categorized as reconstructing-enhancing, capacity-building, and solidising strategies. These strategies are oriented towards establishing stability and economic security, promoting progress beyond economic growth, restructuring power industry, developing a competitive environment, strengthening private sector and contributing to growth of renewable energy power industry.

Major policies in electricity should be in line with major and strategic goals and be based upon thought and announced policies by The Supreme Leader and the Constitutional Law to have more efficiency and national support. Present research objectives considering its type are mixed, by purpose are applicable, by methodology are combinatorial and by description are analytical and has theoretical base. To this end, by taking tokens in library, analyzed conceptions related to electrical industry major strategies and policies achieved and then based on these conceptions by using open source conceptions and spinal issues related to Imam Khamenei’s declarations and policies announced by The Supreme Leader from Bahman 1357 to Bahman 1392 are extracted. After that the conception sand spinal issues are compared with Constitutional Law approach. Issues which were homogenous with Islamic values are added to other conceptions which were extracted before. Then to choose final electrical industry policies and strategies by open and closed interviewing four experts in electrical industry by technique of snow ball to theoretical saturation, electrical industry policies and strategies are chosen. Our findings show that these policies contain seven approaches including: just full, stable knowledge-based development, public participation, efficiency and applicability, restructuring, independence and release from dependence and finally strategic management which include 33 aspects and 123 elements.

Presence of humic acids in drinkable water resources as a precursor can lead to the formation of disinfection by products. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of chitosan as an effective coagulant with low cost in the electrocoagulation process with aluminum electrode for removal of humic acid from aqueous solutions. In this experimental study, electrocoagulation experiments with the aluminum electrode were studied in pH range of 2-10, in the presence and absence of chitosan. Moreover, the effects of pH values, current density parameters, initial humic acid concentrations, and various concentrations of chitosan as coagulant aid in the electrocoagulation process were investigated in a batch reactor. The used pilot made of plexiglass and equipped with an electricity generator device. Humic acid concentrations were determined by spectrophotometer. A current density equal to 20 mA/cm2 and PH equal to 6 was obtained as the optimal conditions for the removal of humic acid from aqueous solutions in presence and absences of chitosan. The presence of chitosan in concentration of 2.5 mg/l as a coagulant aid in electrocoagulation process led to remove the maximum amount of humic acid (90%). Chitosan has acted as an appropriate and effective coagulant aid in the electrocoagulation process with the aluminum electrode. Moreover, it can increase the efficiency of coagulation processes in removing humic acid natural substances.

The micro-turbines can be used to supply both thermal and electrical energy demands of islanded microgrid. Depleting fossil fuels and ever-increasing environmental concerns have attracted much attention to the renewable energy resources. Meanwhile, the stochastic nature, non-compliance with the load, inability to meet the thermal load and high cost of the wind and solar resources are disadvantages for them. In this paper, proposed microgrid includes a storage energy system, heater, micro-turbines and boiler, and is designed so that not only the mentioned problems could be solved but also the optimal size of renewable and non-renewable resources in the microgrid, for supplying electrical and thermal load, is determined. The renewable resources development strategies and optimal size for other resources is determined with using sensitivity analysis for fuel prices, pollution penalties and for government assistance in financing renewable resources. Modified Particles Swarm Optimization (MPSO) Algorithm is used to obtain global optimal solution. IEEE load as well as wind speed and solar radiation data, from the Ardabil region, have been used for our case study.

Natural organic substances in water cause problems during water treatment processes. The potential of these compounds as precursor of trihalomethanes formation has increased the necessity of removing these compounds from water more than ever. In the current study, the effect of chitosan, as a cheap and efficient coagulant, in the electrocoagulation process with iron electrode for removal of humic acid from aqueous solutions was evaluated. In this study, a batch reactor equipped with 4 iron electrodes in dimensions of 2*20*200 mm, with a volume of 1 L and connected to an electrical source was used. The effects of current density, initial humic acid concentration, chitosan concentration and pH in the electrocoagulation process were investigated. Excel software was used to analyze the obtained results. The results indicated pH = 6, current density=40 V, and chitosan concentration= 2 mg/L as the optimal conditions for the process. Also, in the presence of chitosan as a coagulant aid in the electrocoagulation process, after 60 min, the process efficiency reached 68%. Based on the current findings, electrocoagulation process is a suitable process in removal of humic acid. Also, chitosan is an efficient coagulant aid in the electrocoagulation process with iron electrode and increases the process efficiency.

Transmission network expansion planning is a challenging problem with the aim to determine the type, location, and time of the equipment to be added to the existing transmission network in order to desirably meet the increasing load demand. On the other hand, reactive power sources are the other important components of the power system, which are used improve voltage profile and maintain the system stability. This paper, presents a comprehensive AC load flow based framework for concurrent expansion planning of transmission networks and reactive power resources. Although major advances have been made in optimization techniques, finding an optimal solution to a problem of this nature is still challenging. Using some linearization techniques, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for transmission expansion and reactive power planning is proposed. In order to show the influence of the concurrent transmission network expansion and reactive power resources planning in reducing investment costs, simulation studies and analysis of the numerical results are carried out on the Garver 6-Bus and the standard IEEE 24-bus test system.

Employment is one of the important social determinants of health. The aim of this study was determining the relationship between job satisfaction and Health-Related Quality of Life (QOL) in Gilan-e-Gharb teachers in 2013. This cross-sectional study was performed on teachers of Gilan-e-Gharb City (n: 375) in 2013. They were selected by Multi-stage cluster sampling method. The Minnesota Job satisfaction and SF-36 questionnaires and demographic checklist were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using independent t test، one-way ANOVA، Pearson''s correlation tests and multiple linear regression. The mean age of the respondents was 40. 71±5. 26 years، 48. 1% (n= 169) of them were female. Pearson''s correlation test showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between job satisfaction and dimensions of QOL including: Vitality (p= 0. 024; r= 0. 120)، Mental Health (p= 0. 005; r= 0. 148)، Social Functioning (p= 0. 011; r= 0. 136)، Role-Emotional (p= 0. 032; r= 0. 114) and General health (p= 0. 002; r= 0. 169). Among variables entered in the regression model، the variables of educational level، employment status، exercise status and intrinsic subscale of job satisfaction، explained 12. 6% of overall health-related QOL changes (R= 0. 355). In this study، the relationship between job satisfaction and QOL in teachers was supported. Considering the great importance of teaching and the special responcibility of the teachers designing and implementation of purposeful programs by the Ministry of Education in order to make positive effects on job satisfaction and promotion of QOL in teachers seems essential.

Physicians have a fundamental role in the health system. Therefore, investigation of different medical education approaches would have a major impact on improving the quality of education. The aim of this study was investigating the performance of community-based education center of Kermanshah from the viewpoint of medical interns. In this cross sectional analytic study, medical interns who were trained in community-oriented education center (n=175) over one month were enrolled and completed the researcher built questionnaire. Alpha reliability was 0.88 and its content validity was confirmed by the approval of five faculty members who were expert in the field of education. Data was analyzed by SPSS software and using of descriptive statistics, ANOVA and Friedman tests. Based on the viewpoint of our participants, community oriented education were desirable compare to education in hospital in terms of quality of education (42/4%), experienced of practical tips (48/3%), observing different cases (57/2%), preventive medicine education (55/6%)and time for communicating about patient (74%). Among reasons of difference between training in the COME center compare to teaching hospitals, "possibility of learning of practical tips" was considered more important than other reasons (P<0.05). In this study, most participants have evaluated the training performance of the COME center as good and also more useful compared to training in teaching hospitals. Reinforcing of COME centers could be a priority in making future educational policies.

Full consideration of the performance and efficiency of hospital costs necessitates the application of economic analysis techniques. The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of hospitals in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences through Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) method. The performance of Kermanshah hospitals (n=7) was assessed and analyzed by Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) method during 2005-2011. Inpatient admission was considered as the output variable, while the number of medical doctors, nursing staff other personnel, active beds and outpatient admission were considered as the input variables. Frontier 4.1 software was used to analyze the data. Based on the results of performance evaluation using Cobb-Douglas production function, the mean efficiency score of the hospitals in the SFA method was 0.63. Also, the efficiency capacity in these hospitals could be promoted up to 37 percent. Based on the results of Stochastic Frontier Analysis, downsizing the manpower in hospitals plays a major role in reducing hospital costs and improving their performance. Finally, it is necessary to investigate the effect of factors such as quality of service and patient satisfaction on hospital performance.

Using zinc oxide nanoparticles، as a catalyst removal of fecal pollution indicator bacteria in water، has been studied as a model of bacterial contamination. This study aims to determine the toxicity and selection of appropriate indicators to evaluate the toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the isolated bacteria Vibrio species of Bushehr coastal waters. In this experimental study، 100 samples of sea water off the coast of Persian Gulf in Bushehr coastal areas were selected. 10 centigrade of each sample was cultured on the TCBS medium. In the next step، differential tests were conducted on colonies of positive oxidase. The specific concentrations of nanoparticle were prepared and paper discs were impregnated with the concentrations and then bacterial isolates from the 0. 5 Mc-Farland suspensions was prepared. After incubation، inhibition zone was reported in millimeters at each concentration. Data analysis was performed using by SPSS 16 Software. The strains of bacteria detected by culturing samples of raw water including Vibrio cholerae، Vibrio parahaemolyticus، Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio mimicus. Minimum and maximum number of Vibrio strains were، Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus، respectively. Elimination of Vibrio Cholerae، Vibrio Parahaemolyticus، Vibrio Vulnificus and Vibrio Mimicus strais in concentration of 6000 mg/L zinc oxide nanoparticles were 95%، 90%، 75% and 70%، respectively. Due to significant effect of nanoparticle in removal of genus Vibrios، economic justification and other factors should be considered in application of nanoparticles، in eliminating bacterial pathogens in water industry