محمد اسماعیل راست روان

A feeding trial was conducted to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of betaine on growth, nutrient utilization, carcass compositions and haematological- biochemical parameters in Salmo caspius fed a plant-protein based diet. 180 fish with average weight of 9.7±0.59 g were fed the plant-protein basal diet, the basal diet with 1.4 & 2.8% betaine supplementation, or a fishmeal-based diet (control) for 11 wk. Weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio were significantly higher in fish fed the betaine-supplemented diet (1.4 & 2.8%) as well as control diet than in fish fed the basal diet. The lowest and highest whole body protein and lipid concentrations were significantly found in the fish fed by basal diet. Based on the results of this study, the levels of liver enzymes were significantly higher in fish fed the betaine-supplemented diet (1.4 & 2.8%) as well as control diet than in fish fed the basal diet. The value of apparent digestibility of crude protein in diet-fed fish a fishmeal-based (control) were significantly higher than fish fed plant-protein basal diet and the basal diet with 1.4% betaine supplementation (p<0.05). Based on the results of this study, could be said that increased levels of 2.8% of betaine is an effective feeding stimulant that can be enhanced the palatability and intake of plant-protein based diets for Salmo caspius, improved growth performance, feed utilization and apparent digestibility coefficient.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of diets containing various amounts of soybean meal and Phyzyme® XP on hematological indicators and serum liver enzymes in Caspian trout (Salmo caspius) with the average weight of 148.1±1.98 g for 85 days. For this purpose, 240 pieces of juvenile Caspian trout were randomly distributed in six treatments, including control treatment (basic diet) and five experimental treatments including  treatment I (basic diet + 2000 IU/kg diet of Phyzyme® XP), treatment II (basic diet containing 20% soybean meal), treatment III (basic diet containing 20% soybean meal + 2000 IU/kg diet of Phyzyme® XP), treatment IV (basic diet containing 40% soybean meal), and treatment V (basic diet containing 40% soybean meal + 2000 IU/kg diet of Phyzyme® XP) with two repetitions per treatment (20 pieces of fish per repetition). The largest amounts of red blood cells and hematocrit were observed in treatments I and III, respectively, which was significantly different only from treatment IV (p<0.05). The largest amount of hemoglobin was observed in the control treatment, which was significantly different from other treatments, except treatment I (p<0.05). The highest number of white blood cells was observed in treatment III, which was significantly different from other treatments (p<0.05). The lowest serum levels of the liver enzymes, including lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase, were recorded in treatment I and control treatment, respectively, which showed no significant difference from treatments II and III (p>0.05). Besides, serum levels of these enzymes in treatment V showed no significant difference from treatments II and III (p>0.05). Therefore, according to the results of the present study and no significant differences in the values of most of the parameters between the control treatment and treatment V, it is recommended to replace 40% soybean meal containing 2000 IU/kg diet of Phyzyme® XP, instead of fish meal, in order to achieve an affordable diet without any negative impact on health parameters in the Caspian trout.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the commercial probiotic BetaPlus® Ultra (BP Ultra) in combination with the galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) or the isomalto-oligosaccharide (IMO) prebiotics in Caspian trout (Salmo caspius) parr. S. caspius (8.5±0.07 g) was randomly distributed in three dietary treatments including: control group, synbiotic treatment I (0.1% BP Ultra + 0.2% GOS) and synbiotic treatment II (0.1% BP Ultra + 0.2% IMO) and in nine 300 L circular polyethylene tanks with three replications per treatment and, then, fed for seven weeks. At the end of this experiment, growth performance and hepatosomatic index improved significantly in both synbiotic treatments compared to the control group (p<0.05). However, the trend of this improvement was more noticeable in the synbiotic treatment I compared to the synbiotic treatment II without any significant difference (p>0.05). The counts of red and white blood cells in the both synbiotic treatments were significantly decreased and increased compared to the control group, respectively (P<0.05). The values of hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin in the synbiotic treatment I showed significant increases compared to the synbiotic treatment II (P<0.05). The highest significant levels of crude protein and lipid in carcass were observed in the synbiotic treatment II and the synbiotic treatment I, respectively (P<0.05). Dry matter of carcass was increased significantly in the synbiotic treatment I compared to the synbiotic treatment II (P<0.05). The lowest ash content of carcass was observed in the synbiotic treatment I with a significant difference compared to the synbiotic treatment II and the control group (P<0.05). The results of the present study demonstrated the remarkable efficiency of the synbiotic treatment II on the protein increase and lipid reduction in carcass, although the synbiotic treatment I had a better effect on growth performance and hematological parameters in S. caspius.

The effects of dietary protein levels on growth and feed efficiency were investigated in Caspian trout, Salmo trutta caspius. Five experimental diets containing five different dietary levels of protein (35, 40, 45, 50 and 55% diet) were fed to triplicate groups of 225 with an initial weight of 4.85 ± 0.45 g for 63 days. Oxygen concentration was 7.6 ± 0.68 mg L-1 and average water temperature was 17.7 ± 1.5 °C was in effect throughout the experimental period. Significant higher Final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor were observed in fish fed diet supplemented with optimum levels of protein (40 and 45%) than that of fish of other dietary groups such as 35 and 55 % protein. Feed efficiency ratio of fish fed 35 and 55 % protein were significantly higher than those of fish fed 40 and 45% dietary protein levels (P≤ 0.05).  There were no significant differences in white blood cell content of serum in all treatments, expect fish fed diet containing 45 % protein that was significantly higher than that of fish fed other diets. Lysozyme activity of fish fed 55 % protein was significantly higher than this of fish fed 35 % protein.  Based on the results of this study, could say that increased levels of protein in the diets of juvenile Caspian trout (Salmo trutta caspius) up to 40- 45% in diet, improved growth performance, feed utilization parameters and nonspecific immune response.