محمد خلج

The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental effects of the Dian copper mine in Damghan. This research was a survey, and the research method is a descriptive-analytical mathematical model. For this purpose, all factors and components affecting the environment, including the atmosphere, which contains air quality and sound comfort; the biosphere, which contains ecology; the hydrosphere, which includes surface and groundwater; and the lithosphere, which contains land use, surface facilities, underground facilities, the landscape of the region, and the soil of the region, were examined and scored by experts. The environmental effects of mining were evaluated, and finally, using the Phillips mathematical model, the indicators of sustainable development of the mine in environmental components were quantified and analyzed. Since the value obtained for environmental components is greater than zero, the project has been evaluated as environmentally sustainable. However, the results of the environmental components indicate that the mine will damage the air quality, groundwater, and soil of the region. It is necessary to educate all strata of society on how to deal with environmental pollution by utilizing the potential of public participation and environmental non-governmental organizations, as well as through the design of environmental education curricula.

Morphometric indices are widely used as a tool for identifying and characterizing the deformed sections by active faults. So far, the relationship between active tectonics and morphotectonics has not been studied in the studied area. By determining active processes in the Klardasht and Abbasabad basin and taking the necessary measures, it is possible to avoid damages caused by natural hazards such as floods and earthquakes in this area. In this study, using morphometric indices, the basins of a part of Central Alborz were investigated in terms of the influence of active tectonics. So, the Klardasht and Abbasabad basin was analyzed using Hierarchical Anomaly Index (∆a), Longitudinal River Gradient index (SL), Form Factor Index (Ff), Drainage Density Index (Dd) and Relative Prominence Index (Bh) in 18 drainage basins of the specific area. Along the North Alborz, Khazar and Azarak faults, the amount of these indicators increased. So, it can be concluded that the tectonics of the studied area is active due to the activity of these faults. Finally, by determining the Relative Active Tectonic index (Iat), the region was zoned into four categories (very high, high, medium and low) in terms of the level of tectonic activity. In about 66.5% of the region, which is dominated by the activity of the main faults in the region. Other sub-faults formed by recent tectonic movements show moderate to high tectonic activity.

Morphometry can be defined as a quantitative measurement of the shape of landscapes on the ground, which can be used to identify areas with active tectonics. The purpose of this research is to investigate the active tectonics in the Sivand basin using five morphometric indices of Asymmetry factor of the drainage basin (Af), Relative relief (Bh), Form factor (Ff), Hypsometric integral and curve (Hi) and Stream gradient index (SL). By conducting this research, it is possible to understand the active processes in the Sivand basin and prevent damages caused by natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes to some extent.

This is a survey carried out in 2022-2023 in Fars province and it is a practical study in terms of its purpose. The nature of the data and their calculations are quantitative. GIS software and digital elevation map (DEM) with an accuracy of 30 meters, were used to calculate the indices. For each index, a zoning map was prepared in the area, and each of the mentioned indices was classified into five categories very high, high, medium, low and very low geotechnical activity. Finally, by averaging the entire category of indices, a final index of relative active tectonics index (Iat) was obtained and the area was classified into three categories of high, medium and low terraforming activity.

In the sub-basins of Avanjan Fault, Musakhani Fault, Sivand Fault, Sivand river Fault and the faults located in the south of the investigated area, the measured indices showed high and medium values, which is due to the medium to high tectonic activity of the area.

The Sivand basin has medium to high tectonic activity and the northern, northwestern, middle and southern parts of the region are more active than other parts. It is due to the effect of the mentioned faults on the region.

Hassanabad-Shojaabad region is located in Urmia-Dokhtar magmatic belt. Regarding the formation of this area, two theories of rifting and subduction have been proposed. In this article, data obtained from desert, petrography, geochemical and magmatic tectonic studies were combined and analyzed. Using several geochemical and magmatic tectonic charts, the type of rocks in the region and the magmatic series of intrusive and volcanic rocks were determined. The intrusive and volcanic rocks in Hassan Abad region are of calc-alkaline type and the result of subtraction of basic magma with the origin of lithospheric mantle, these rocks belong to the subduction tectonic environment in the final stages of expansion of Komani Island. Volcanic rocks and intrusive masses in Shujaabad area are of shoshonite type and are the result of tonalitic melting of the lower crust, these rocks belong to the tectonic environment of the continental arc margin. Therefore, the area under study has been inclined to pressure at the edge of subduction and back arc areas, where Hassan Abad is located in the area of the edge of subduction and Shoja Abad is located in the back arc area.

Morphotectonics is a science that determines the effect of active tectonics by using geomorphic indicators as a measurement and quantitative description of landforms and landscapes. Morphotectonics provides quantitative measurements that can be used to identify areas with active tectonics. In this study, using quantitative morphometric indices obtained from morphotectonic studies, a part of Central Alborz (Marzanebad and Taleghan cities) has been studied and five hierarchical anomaly indices (a∆), branching index (R), Basin shape (Ff), drainage density (Dd) and roughness coefficient (Bh) were calculated in 19 drainage sub-basins. In these areas, each of these indices is classified into five groups: very high, high, medium, low and very low, and finally the relative active tectonic index (Iat) is obtained. Based on the results of this study, the Caspian, North Alborz, Dozdben and Kandovan and North Taleghan fault basins are in very high and high groups, which indicates the impact of these faults on the active tectonics of the region. Due to these high values, it is expected that the seismic risk of the region will increase due to fault rupture. The density of recent earthquakes in the region confirms this.

Considering that the relationship between active tectonics and geomorphology has not been studied in the study area so far; It seems necessary to study the tectonic morphological characteristics in order to identify the impact of active tectonics on the area. In order to study the active tectonics in the study area, the morphometric indices of the catchment such as integral index and meta-measurement curves, catchment asymmetry index, transverse topographic asymmetry index, waterway slope index, mountain front maze index and The elongation ratio is used. In order to establish the relationship between structural elements such as lines, faults and morphometric indices, remote sensing studies such as automatic extraction of lines and fractures and density map of lines have been performed. The study of the risk of surface rupture in Pardis shows that the bed of this city hosts important faults that in the initial studies of this city, geological conditions and construction studies have not been considered. According to the results of the study of relatively active tectonics in the study area, it can be concluded that most of the total area under study is in the category of high tectonic activity due to the performance of faults in the area. Comparison of the density map of the ridges with morphometric indices indicates that the high density areas correspond to the active fronts and the density map of the ridges is a confirmation of the high tectonic activity in these areas.

Many studies have been done in different parts of the world on basins and waterways using morphometric indices that indicating their capability to identify active areas. Morphotectonic analysis is a useful tool for identifying forms created on earth by tectonic processes. Tectonics Geomorphology is the knowledge of the study of shapes and forms created on the ground by tectonic mechanisms. The geometry of the rivers network can be described qualitatively and quantitatively in a number of ways. The use of morphometric indices to evaluate tectonic activity was started by (Horton, 1945) and followed by other researchers such as (Stahrler, 1952) and (Bull & McFadden, 1977) and has continued to this day. The study area is Saadat Abad basin that is located in south of Iran and in Fars province and it is one of the sub-basins of Bakhtegan-Maharloo catchment. The study area is located in the high Zagros range. There are several faults in the region that including the Sivand River, Sivand, Musaikhani, and Avenjan faults. Since the relationship between active tectonics and geomorphology in Saadat Abad basin has not been studied so far, therefore, it is necessary to investigate the morphometry in order to identify the effect of active tectonics on the tectonic evolution of drainage basins and rivers in this area. In this study, Active tectonic in Saadat Abad basin using five geomorphological indices of the Drainage Asymmetry Factor (Af), Relative relief (Bh), Form factor (Ff), Hypsometric integral and curve (Hi), and Stream gradient index (SL) have been assessed and Finally a final index called Recent relative active tectonic index (IAT) was calculated.

Using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), the characteristics and indicators of the river can be accurately extracted and analyzed the drainage basin. In this study, in order to determine active tectonics using morphometric indices in the study area, at first, using the digital elevation map (DEM) with a horizontal resolution of 30 m in geographic information systems (GIS) and by using one of the GIS software extensions called Arc Hydro, sub-basins and rivers of the study area were extracted and the study area was divided into 21 sub-basins. Then we calculated the index for each sub-basin separately. In the next step, Using geological maps with scale of 1: 100,000 and 1: 250000 Geological Survey of Iran in the study area, the geological units and major structures of the region, including faults were determined and for each index the zoning map of tectonic activity in the study area was plotted.

In this section, results of the index measurements with the main structures of the area were analyzed. Each index was divided into three categories in terms of tectonic activity: Class 1 (high relative tectonic activity), Class 2 (moderate tectonic activity) and Class 3 (low tectonic activity). In the last step, in order to determine the level of total tectonic activity, a relative active tectonic index (Iat) was calculated and the zoning map of this index was plotted. Drainage Asymmetry Factor (AF) shows tectonic tilt in drainage basin. Structural factors, such as rock layering, may play an important role in increasing the basin asymmetry index of the drainage basin. Relative relief index (Bh) indicates the relative height of the basin. This index is calculated from the difference between the highest and lowest points in the basin and the high rate of represents the high level of uplift that is because of active tectonics of area. According to the form factor index (Ff), the drainage basins are more elongated in geologically active areas. Therefore, basins with lower values of the form factor index are more active in terms of tectonics. The Hypsometric integral (Hi) describes the relative distribution of elevation in a drainage basin and the high rate of Relative relief index, represents the high level of uplift in the study area that is because of active tectonics. Stream gradient index (SL) shows the effect of environmental changes on river longitudinal profile.

According to the relative active tectonic index (Iat) and zoning map of this index which shows the total tectonic activity in the Saadat Abad Basin, Basins 1 and 5 due to the activity of the Sivand River fault, basin 6 due to the activity of the Avanjan fault and basin 8 due to the activity of the Musa-Khani fault, have a high recent relative tectonic activity in the area. Also basins 12 and 19, which are affected by faults activity that are located in the south of the region, have high tectonic activity.

The morpho-tectonic indices of the basin are used to investigate the active tectonics. The study area is part of the Sefidrud basin. In this study, to assess tectonic activities in the Ghorveh- Dehgolan basin, five morphometric indices of the Relative relief (Bh), Drainage density (Dd), Form factor (Ff), Hypsometric integral and curve (Hi), and Stream gradient index (SL) have been assessed. First, sub basins and streams were extracted by using geographic information systems (GIS) and using hydrological functions of GIS (Arc Hydro). To calculate indices in each sub-basin, Topographic maps with scale 1:25000, geology maps 1: 100000 and digital elevation map (DEM) with a horizontal resolution of 30 m were used and for each index, the zoning map of the current tectonic activity level in the study area in five categories was plotted. Finally, according to the calculated values for each index, the relative active tectonic index (Iat) for each sub-basin was calculated. According to (Iat) index, the zoning map of total tectonic activity level was plotted and the study area was divided into four classes of tectonic activity. Class 1 (very high tectonic activity), class 2 (high tectonic activity), class 3 (intermediate), class 4 (low), class 5 (very low tectonic activity). The results of this study indicate high tectonic activity in the study area that is due to faults activity in the area. Bane abad, Sormeh ali, Parishan, Mahmud abad, Siah and Khalkhal faults are some of the most important faults in this area.

The purpose of this study was to determine the vulnerable and resistant areas of alluvial areas of west of Tehran against seismic hazards. The research method included the study of important fractures, effective faults, the use of sediment diagrams of drilled boreholes and geotechnical data. Samples were examined from two aspects of density and standard penetration test. Finally, an alluvial zoning map of the western regions of Tehran was prepared and plotted against seismic hazards. According to this study, the south-eastern part of the study area has the most impact in terms of intensification of seismic waves and its northern part does not have any intensification. In addition, due to the soil quality, the possibility of liquefaction in the study area is also important. Since the city of Tehran is based on alluvial formations, it is essential for designers and builders of civil engineering projects to examine the type and extent of alluviums and their response to seismic hazards in Tehran, as these data are used by planners to strengthen different urban areas and reduce seismic hazards. In this study, for the first time, the effect of seismic waves was evaluated based on the subsurface connections of faults with alluvial areas in the west of Tehran.

Distance education is a new education system to organize the learning-memory process, the open education system due to its structural features has the ability to develop rapidly quantitatively and qualitatively at different times and places. Payame Noor University, as the only public university, with its open education system and a combined educational method, started its educational activities in 5 academic disciplines and 28 centers in October of year 1989, and had 512 centers and units until the beginning of 2011. In 2017 in order to reform the management methods and streamlining the enterprise and to create a new organization and structure in a regional manner and in line with the realization of the first paragraph of the 11th Strategic Action Plan of Payame Noor University, the organizing plan of the university centers, units and fields of study The agenda was put. In the first phase of the project, 160 units out of 490 units in the university have been organized, and by converting the scientific departments into colleges, the fields of study have also been organized. During the years 2019 to 2020, the university has tried to direct research towards application, entrepreneurship and creativity. The establishment of several growth centers, innovation and creativity centers in different provinces shows the orientation of the university towards entrepreneurial universities. Strengthening the electronic platform and the optimal use of existing facilities to improve the content production process as well as conducting electronic tests are among the priorities of the university that have always been considered during the last three years. Payam-e-Noor University's strategic plan for the development of e-learning in three areas: technology, education and organization is underway. Development of required infrastructure; Development of required infrastructure; Development of modern educational tools based on new technologies; Creating appropriate organizational structures and trained manpower; Production of up-to-date, dynamic and tailored electronic content; Funding and personalization of education is part of the vision of Payame Noor University e-learning. 

Tectonic geomorphology is the knowledge that can quantify the impact of active tectonics using geomorphic indices as quantitative measurements and descriptions of landforms and landscapes on rivers; thus, quantitative conditions measurements Provides them with the opportunity to identify the status of areas with active tectonic structure. Extraction of geomorphic indices using Digital Elevation Models (DEM) in GIS software environment in recent decades has been accurate and reliable method in drainage basin analysis, as one of these indices for rapid evaluation of activity. In order to study the active tectonics in the study area, the morphotectonic parameters of the rivers have been used. With the study of topographic landforms and the model of drainage systems by using geomorphic indices and the geological structure of each area, it is possible to evaluate the active tectonic performance and to determine the absence of active tectonic movements. The quantitative measurements provide conditions that allow them to identify the status of active tectonics areas. Along with the advancement of tectonic science of geomorphology, scientists have found that active tectonic processes can affect the shape and function of rivers being one of the most important observations that occur rapidly. And consistently respond to deformation caused by active tectonics at the surface reflecting minor changes in topography, thus examining drainage pattern and river diversion provides important information on structural expansion and evolution of the area. the Alborz orogenic belt is a part of the named area, and the placement of the studied area in the central Alborz has caused the area to be affected by this tectonic movements. This mountain range is the result of two orogenic movements, one of them is Precambrian ores (Acinitic), the course of which is essentially a metamorphism that leads to the interconnection and hardening of the paving stones in the Precambrian, The second one is the Alpine orogeny movements that it happens in Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods. This mountain range is approximately 600 kilometers long and 100 kilometers wide along the south side of the Caspian Sea. The northern margin of the Alborz line is usually sloping. General trend of study area is NE-SW. Firstly, Rivers and basins of the area were extracted using STRAHLER method using 30 m accuracy digital elevation model in Arc GIS software. Then the necessary modifications to the wells and extraction basins were carried out using topographic maps and satellite images and finally the study area was divided into 18 sub-basins. Finally, for the extracted basins, geomorphic indices including hierarchical anomaly indices (Δa), longitudinal river gradient (SL), basin shape (Ff), drainage density (Dd) and relative prominence (Bh) in 18 drainage basins were calculated and finally the relative active tectonic index (IAT) was measured. A tectonic activity zoning map was prepared for each indicator in the study area and the results of the indices were analyzed. Based on the calculations obtained from the hierarchical anomaly index, the index shows very high and high values in sub-basins 2, 6, 9, 10 and 13 along the Khazar, North Alborz and Azarak faults. The values obtained from the basin shape coefficient index calculations are also very high and high along the mentioned faults and in the aforementioned basins. In basins 12, 13 and 15 that lie along the Hassan Gile fault, the values obtained from the relative prominence indices and drainage basin density are very high and high. The extension of these faults in basins 12, 13 and 15 increases the longitudinal gradient index and thus indicates a high rate of morphotectonic anomalies in the area. Finally, by calculations with relative active tectonic person and comparing it with other calculated indices, it was found that sub-basins 12, 13 and 15 affected by Hassan Gil fault activity Very high and sub-basin 6, which is affected by the Azarak fault activity, shows high index. It should be noted that other minor faults formed due to high tectonic activity in the area have a significant impact on the increase of morphotectonic indices and have caused some sub-basins. High levels of indicators and sometimes very high. Studies in this part of central Alborz show that recent relative tectonic activity is high and very high due to the active faults in the region such as Azarak, Caspian and northern Alborz. About 66.5 percent of the area is dominated by these faults, as well as other minor faults formed by recent tectonic movements, suggesting moderate to high tectonic activity. So it can be understand that this area of Alborz totally having the high active tectonic based on morphometric indices.

Anarak metamorphic complex located east of Nain city. Based on geological, chronological and paleomagnetical data, the complex consists of different metamorphic units from different varity of source. This metamorphic complex also composed of ophiolitic bodies which crop out in the complex as thrust sheets. This study is concerned with structural investigation of metamorphic rocks around Anarak, specially on a Z shape folding in the chahgorbeh mountains. Based on field surveys and microscopic investigations there are at least 3 deformationnal phases in the morghab and chahgorbeh units, all of them occurred in ductile conditions possibly related to “Variscan metamorphism” (late carboniferous). In the basic and ultramafic rocks of chahgorbeh unit, the first deformational phase accompanied with HP/LT metamorphic conditions at amphibolite facies. This phase is accompanied with a relatively low grade metamorphism-green schist facies in the metamorphic pelletic rocks of Morghab and Chahgorbeh units and leads to generation of a low grade (S1) foliation. This phase followed by increasing of intensity of deformation and milonitic foliation and sheath folds developed in the rock units through second phase of deformation. Third phase of deformation continusly affected the pre- deformed rocks in a more low- grade metamorphic and deformational condition than earlier phases.

In the present study, to analyze the earthquake risk of Isfahan, seismic studies and seismic hazard studies have been performed. In seismic studies of tectonics and seismic hazards of each region, it is necessary to study the active faults of that region with a radius of about 300 km, so in this study, active faults in Isfahan province were also studied. According to the obtained results, the north-south stress trend of Isfahan province due to the activity of straight-slip faults and the northwest-southeast stress trend indicate the reactivation of the rocky faults. The southern parts of the province, including Kolah Ghazi and Pirbakran faults, and part of Khansar fault, as well as the area of Najafabad fault in the northwest and part of Baharestan and Dehaq faults show the most activity in the region. The southern, southeastern and southwestern parts of Isfahan province have moderate activity compared to other parts of the province. According to this research, the city of Isfahan and especially its northern regions are in low risk and low activity in terms of earthquake risk. However, due to the density of identified faults, the southern parts of Isfahan are in the range of moderate seismic risk. Therefore, according to the seismic characteristics of the region and the seismic potential of active faults, necessary measures should be taken to strengthen buildings and structures in urban policies and programs.

Tectonic geomorphology is a knowledge that can determine the effect of active tectonic using the geomorphic indices as a quantitative description of the rivers form. Accordingly, quantitative measurements provide conditions that allow them to identify the status of active tectonics areas. Active tectonic processes can affect the shape and performance of rivers. The extraction of geomorphic indices using digital elevation map (DEM) in the GIS in the past two decades has been a fast and accurate method for drainage basin analysis so that these indices are used for quick evaluation of recent tectonic activities in a particular region. Base on a natural theory, rivers are the first environmental forms that show a relatively rapid response to changes in the bedding or changes in the outflow of the bed. Regarding the proved reactions of rivers to the occurrence of normal changes, it is possible to analyze them by using geomorphic indices as the result of the effects of tectonic on the river's route. Geomorphic indices are especially used for active tectonic studies. With the study of topographic landforms and the model of drainage systems using geomorphic indices and the geological structure of each area, it is possible to evaluate the active tectonic performance and to determine the absence of active tectonic movements. The quantitative measurements provide conditions that allow them to identify the status of active tectonics areas. Along with the advancement of tectonic science of geomorphology, scientists have found that active tectonic processes can affect the shape and function of rivers being one of the most important observations that occur rapidly. Consistently in respond to deformation caused by active tectonics at the surface reflecting minor changes in topography, thus examining drainage pattern and river diversion provides important information on structural expansion and evolution of the area. The study area is classified into four categories of very high, high, medium and low tectonic activities. Alborz mountain range is the result of two orogenic movements. One of them is Precambrian ores (Acinitic), the course of which is essentially a metamorphism that leads to the interconnection and hardening of the paving stones in the Precambrian, The second one is the Alpine orogeny movements that happens in Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods. This mountain range is approximately 600 kilometers long and 100 kilometers wide along the south side of the Caspian Sea. The northern margin of the Alborz line is usually sloping. General trend of study area is NE-SW. 

In this research, with using the Arc GIS software and 1:100000 Geological maps, at first, rivers and basins shapes of the area were extracted using STRAHLER method using 30 m accuracy digital elevation model in Arc GIS software. Then the necessary modifications to the wells and extraction basins were carried out using topographic maps and satellite images and finally a part of central Alborz at Talar and BabolRud area was divided into 19 catchments. 5 morphotectonic indices such as hierarchical anomalies (Δa), Bifurcation (R), Form factor (Ff), drainage density (Dd) and Relative relief (Bh) were calculated in drainage basins. Using the Relative Active Tectonic (IAT) index, the study area was classified into 4 categories. Category 1 indicates a very high tectonic activity. Category 2 is the high tectonic activity. Category 3 shows the average geological activity and category 4 activities are low relative construction. A tectonic activity zoning map was prepared for each indicator in the study area and the results of the indices were analyzed.

Based on studies of hierarchical anomaly indices in sub-basins associated with North Alborz and Khatirkuh faults, this index increases and shows very high and high rates. Intersection between these faults and the sub-basins waterway has caused anomalies in the connection of low-grade waterways to several degrees higher. In sub-basins 11, 12, 13 and 14 which are dominated by the above-mentioned faults, the bifurcation index and the elevation changes are due to the activity of these faults are high.

Studies in this section of the Alborz mountain range using morphometric indices such as hierarchical anomalies (Δa), Bifurcation (R), Form factor (Ff), drainage density (Dd) and Relative relief (Bh) and using the IAT Index in this area, shows that recent tectonic activity is generally due to the faults activity in the region such as North Alborz and Khatirkuh faults are in a high and very high categories. Based on these studies, it was found that some other minor faults formed due to high tectonic activity and caused by major faults such as North Alborz, Khatirkuh and other major faults in the area affect the indices numbers. Tectonic impacts show that about 33.3% of the sub-basins associated with the major and minor faults

Almost no area in the world can be found that has not been affected by tectonic processes. The morpho-tectonic indices of the basin are used to investigate the active tectonics. Morphometry can be defined as the quantitative measurement of the shape of the Earth's landscape that using these quantitative measurements can identify areas with active tectonics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Active tectonic in Dezful- Andimeshk basin using five geomorphological indices of the Drainage Asymmetry Factor (Af), Relative relief (Bh), Form factor (Ff), Hypsometric integral and curve (Hi), and Stream gradient index (SL). With this research, it is possible to find out the active processes in Dezful-Andimeshk basin and the damage from natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes can be partially prevented.

The present study is an applied one and has used quantitative calculations. GIS software and digital elevation map (DEM) with resolution of 30 m were used to calculate the indices. For each index, the zoning map in the study area was plotted and and each of these indices was divided into five categories of very high, high, medium, low and very low in terms of tectonic activity. Finally, by averaging the whole set of indices, a final index called relative active tectonics index (Iat) was calculated and the study area was divided into four categories of very high, high, medium and low tectonic activity.

In the sub basins corresponding to Dowragh, Mountain Front Fault and Parts of the Labrian, Ramhormoz and Balarud, The measured indices show high values due to the high tectonic activity of the area.

The results of this study show that recent relative tectonic activity in Dezful-Andimeshk basin is high and very high due to the impact of the faults on the area.

Seismic potential investigation of Tehran as the capital of Iran is an essential issue because their accumulation around a fault may indicate its seismic potential. Stress trajectories for this estimate are useful. In this research, fault slip data is used for paleo stress analysis. Base on that, the study area divided into 6 stable stress regions and the mean stress tensor related to each region determined. Then the mean stress tensor rotated based on Anderson’s theory representing a compressional tectonic regime. The Stress trajectory map drew based on rotated mean stress tensor acting on the regions during geological time. The resulted map showed the arrangement of sigma1 trajectories in the area obeyed the overall tectonic regime in Iran and limited converge through the junction ignoring addition in stress magnitude and seismic hazard in the junction of major faults. Given the importance of Tehran as the political-economic capital of the country, and its location in Alborz Basin with high faults density. and due to the seismic background of the area, the necessity of seismic risk assessment in this area becomes more evident. In this research, we have attempted to produce and present a map of faults in the Tehran wide area, focusing on faults in the eastern part of Tehran, Mamlouk, Ghasre Firozeh and the margins, with accurate structural elements and drawing of the stress trajectories, convergence of the trajectories, and stress accumulation at convergence sites, assess seismic hazard at this location based on longitudinal stress data (Katsushi Sato, 2011; Yamada and Yamaji, 2002; Yamaji, 2000; Sippel et al., 2009). Based on field observations and data collected, scratch faults were selected for collecting and analysis of longitudinal paleo stresses as they record all deformation stages. After collecting the fault data, we stabilized them using the Multiple Inverse Method (MIM) and zone boundaries, and by drawing a Mohr's circle (without scale) for each range, seismic potential analysis was performed (Katsushi Sato, 2011; Yamada and Yamaji, 2002; Yamaji, 2000; Sippel et al., 2009). To separate the stress phases, obtain the reduced stress tensor, obtain different stress and stress parameters, and plot the stress trajectories, the study area had to be divided into smaller ranges. It is not possible to determine the size of the stress components and the principal stresses by longitudinal stress methods and it is not possible to draw a scaled circle. Therefore, it is possible to draw a circle without scales for fault data only. This circle enables the overall analysis of the field shape, the arrangement of the data in the graph, and the comparison of the relative components of the fault data stress. By the Mohr's circle (without scale) method, the principal minimum stress and the maximum stress difference (s1 - s3) are considered as base (0) and unit (1), respectively, and assume the same size with respect to the relation (F = (s2 - s3) / (s1 - s3)) between the calculation of the middle stress field shape and the field shape factor. Studies show that tensile tectonic structures are not dominant structures in the region. For the kinetic analysis of fault data, precise rock mechanics such as the internal friction angle and the Amonton-Columbus criterion cannot be used precisely. But given the arrangement of the fault data, a large degree of comparison can be made between the kinetic features and especially the fault dynamics of each range. Therefore, the main maximum stress must be horizontal. Assuming that all the faults are coherent and based on Anderson's theory of faulting that the main minimum stress is vertical in the compressive stress regime, the position of the principal stress axes of each range is returned to the conditions of the fault formation (vertical minimum stress). In all ranges, the principal minimum stress is near vertical. After rotation of the data and the vertical axis of the minimum stress was set, the trajectory maps were drawn for horizontal stresses (main and maximum stresses). A study based on longitudinal stress studies and Andersen's theory introduces the main maximum stress trend N017E, which is in good agreement with the general crustal shortening trend of the Central Alborz (Vernant et al., 2004). Therefore, the major faults of the region do not have a significant impact on the disturbance of the stress field within the region and, in fact, the convergence of these faults does not lead to the convergence of stress trajectories. The positioning of the poles of the fault plates on the main stress plates indicates that along with the crustal deformation in this part of Alborz, the regional structures have been rotated and decomposed. In fact, the reason for the polarization of fault plates on the main stress sheets with zero shear stress is that the rotation and positioning of faults coincide with the rotation and deformation of other geological structures and phenomena such as folds and joints. The arrangement of the poles of the fault plates in the Mohr's circle indicates that the faults in zone 3 have less dynamic potential than elsewhere.

Background and Color vision deficiency is an X-linked recessive inherited disease that affects men more than women. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of color vision deficiency among patients with amblyopia aged 10 to 30 years old.
A cross-sectional population-based study was performed in 2846 participants, aged 10 to 30 years in 2013-15 attending the eye clinic in Boali Hospital, Qazvin, Iran. All participants completed a questionnaire and were examined by an optometrist and an ophthalmologist. The examinations included visual acuity (VA), refraction errors, and color vision test. Data was analyzed in SPSS ver.19 applying Chi-square and t tests.
The participants were 36.54% male. The prevalence of amblyopia was 9.24%. Of the total participants, the prevalence of color vision deficiency was 0.98%. Among this population 53.57% were seen in amblyopic patients. Among individuals with amblyopia (n= 263) 15 were found with color vision deficits. There was a significant difference in prevalence of color vision deficiency between amblyopic and non-amblyopic individuals (P There was significant difference in prevalence of color vision deficiency among patients with amblyopia and non-amblyopic participants.

Color vision is an important function of the visual system. Therefore، this study was aimed to evaluate the effect of chronic occupational exposure to detergents on color vision ability in different group. This descriptive study was conducted in a detergent producer factory on all (300) workers who were in detergents production hall. After considering exclusion criteria، 279 persons were qualified to participate in the study. General visual exam and color vision test was performed for participants. Their color vision was evaluated by Ishihara and Farnsworth D-15. 12. 9% of participants showed color vision disorder، the prevalence of which was mostly related to powder groups. Chronic occupational exposure to excess amount of detergents can cause acquired color vision disorder.

Measuring nursing student's competencies in spiritual care and their development is important and the application of a reliable and valid instrument is recommended in the literature. The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of Spiritual Care Competence Scale (SCCS) among nursing students. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 110 nursing students in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in 2011. Spiritual Care Competence Scale by Van Leeuwen et al, 2009 was translated into Persian and back-translated, then pilot study was performed to determine the cultural sensitivity. Construct validity was evaluated by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Internal consistency was estimated by Cronbach’s alpha and the average inter-item correlation. In addition, the test-retest reliability of the scale was determined in 20 subjects within two weeks. The order of the factors was entirely consistent with those extracted previously during the psychometric assessment of the English version of the scale. The cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.77 for the total scale and ranged from 0.65 to 0.85 for subscales. The inter-item correlations was statistically significant in all questions (P<0.05). The test-retest indicated that the translated scale and its subscales are reliable. Exploratory factor analysis with Varimax rotation yielded six factors with eigen values more than 1 that explained 63.18% of the variance. The subscales showed good homogeneity with average inter-item correlations more than 0.35 and a good test–retest reliability. The CFA of the six-factor model based on the EFA represented an acceptable fit. With regard to the results, the SCCS can be used for research, educational and practical purposes to assess paramedic's competency specially nurse's competencies qualified for spiritual care. The psychometric quality of the scale was satisfactory. Methodological limitations should be taken into account in any further development of the spiritual care competence scale.

Carpet weaver women due to long working in inappropriate environment are at risk for certain eye disease. The aim of this study is to determine the refractive errors among carpet weavers women in rural Sephidehkesh of Qazvin. 28 Carpet weaver women were under optometric eye examinations. Light Intensity at work stations was measured, using luxmeter and eye examinations were done by using the ophthalmoscope and retinoscop. Data were analyzed using one-side T-test. The result of this study showed, general and local light intensity in 13 carpet weaving workshops, respectively 160 and 154 Lux that was much less than the minimum and maximum recommended values of 200 to 300 Lux. Only one of 28 Carpet weaver women was healthy and others were visually impaired. In addition to poor eyesight, workers complained of headache, itching and burning eyes. The results show, due to inappropriate working condition in carpet weaving workshops, most young workers are suffering from eye impairment and is predicted the severity of myopia to increase with working experience and age.

Sexual disorders are under effect of personal and mental factors. The reported prevalence of these kinds of disorders including paganisms, painful intercourse, suppressed orgasm, and fragility is 18 to 79 percent. Due to sexual disorder has several side effects and there is direct correlation with sexual disorder and social problems like divorce or mental diseases, proper consulting and education before marriage seems to be useful not only for timely diagnosis, but for treatment process. This present same-experimental study to carried out to survey effect of consulting and education on attitude of 135 under marriage female to sexual relationship. This present same-experimental study to carried out to survey effect of consulting and education on attitude of 135 under marriage female, who were committing in health care center for pre marriage consulting, to sexual relationship. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire to evaluate knowledge and attitude. the maintained questioner was filled in one month sequence before and after intervention. The consultation and face to face education beyond distrusting booklet and self learning pamphlet was considered as intervention. At last the collocated data were analyzed by paired T -test via SPSSwin12 software Based on result 8.1 percent of female have not any information about sexual issue, while their howled were increased after intervention and 78.51 of them had decided to consult with a specialist. According to 67.4 percent of pre marriage female, the best time for consulting is before marriage. There is a meaningful correlation between female's attitude before and after intervention (p<0.05) Acceding to result, there are many sexual disorders have been reasoned in unawareness of females and also due to insufficient informing and consulting by health care staff. It is obvious that to recognition of various aspects of sexual relationship and learn about it can promote female's knowledge and perception.

Based on a biomechanical model, an upright body posture has an important contribution to the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders and back pain. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the constructs of theory of planned behavior and the stage of readiness for maintaining correct body posture among the assembly line. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 264 workers from Pars Electric and Kachiran factories with an average age of 35 years and selected by convenient sampling method were investigated in 2009. Data were collected using a questionnaire with appropriate psychometric properties of 5 parts including the demographic information, attitude, perceived behavior control, subjective norms, and intention as well as a staging algorithm for maintaining an upright posture during a 6-month period. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that all selected variables shared a significant variance with the stage of readiness and that the discrimination between the stages by the selected variables was successful. Structural equation modeling was indicative of a direct relationship between the intention and the stage of readiness. Also, the subjective norms & perceived behavior control which showed to have direct relationships with intention exerted their effects on stage of readiness through intention mediation (P<0.05). Perceived behavior control, subjective norms, and intention are beneficial to understand the individual differences in stage of readiness for maintaining upright body posture and considering the subjective norms and managerial supportive network is essential to promote safe behavior.

Low level physical activity is a risk factor for several chronic diseases and evidences suggest that the level of physical activity is decreasing. Reversing this trend depends on a behavior change by most people. However, the associations between various psychosocial determinants and physical activity are not well understood. The aim of this study was to predict the stages of change in physical activity behavior of QUMS students by Pender’s model. This cross-sectional survey was carried out at Qazvin University of Medical Science in 2008. A total sample of 222 students completed a self-report questionnaire consisting of an exercise measure, constructs of health promotion model, and assessing the stages of exercise behavior change. A test-retest method was applied to determine the reliability while the Cronbach‘s Alpha used to confirm internal consistency. Face & content validity were confirmed in this study. Also, ANOVA and Path analysis were performed to determine the associations between these constructs and stage of physical activity behavior change. More than half of students were in inactive stage and exercised for 41.62 minutes a week on average. Exercise self-efficacy, perceived barriers, and perceived benefits were found to be significant predictors of the stage of exercise behavior change among medical students. Only Self-efficacy and stages of change (P<0.001) could directly predict the significant variance of physical activity while other constructs from Pander’s model indirectly influenced the physical activity behavior through mediating stages of change construct. Perceived benefits (P<0.001) directly and perceived barriers inversely (P<0.001) were predictor of stage of exercise behavior. Perceived health status could indirectly influence the stage of change via perceived benefit. Our results indicated that the change in stage of readiness for exercise is probably dependent on the student’s perceptions of exercise self-efficacy, benefits and barriers as well as the perceived health status to engage in physical activity. Furthermore, the results of this study made moderate support for the health promotion model constructs to predict physical activity and exercise stage of change.