محمد دارایی

In this article, The silicon-based PIN-type photodiode were designed and fabricated for alpha radiation detection. The energy resolution is one of the most important parameters in this type of detectors; the increase in energy resolution depends on the reduction of the fabricated photodiode dark leakage current. So one of the most important goals in this research is Design and Fabrication of photodiode with low leakage current and high energy resolution. The C-V and I-V electrical tests and the 241Am alpha spectrum measurement are carried out after the completion of the manufacturing process and an excellent spectral response was observed.

As the source of individual and social laws and behavior, Islamic rules play an important role in political decision-making in Islamic societies. In the meantime, the concept of "Dar al-Islam" was considered as a distinguishing feature of the Islamic political system from other systems. Today, this meaning and approach has undergone many changes in the light of developments and international regulations, and has had new consequences in the political arena. In the current research, the question is raised that to what extent are the political consequences in Islam compatible with international standards and regulations? The hypothesis of the article is that Dar al-Islam is compatible with the rules governing the international system in terms of accepting the nation-state order, adhering to commitments and contracts, and peaceful coexistence with other countries. At the same time, delineating the borders of friend and enemy and determining examples of defense, discussing the rights of people, minorities, religions, ethnic and linguistic groups, as well as respecting the sovereignty of other countries, have shown a new approach to adapt to international developments. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the data is collected in a library manner.

Mystical education is the deepest and most esoteric reading of religious education in which the mystic with deep wisdom, and esoteric and pure refinement of truth and amour, seeks to discover a unique truth and a eternal connection to this truth. Allameh Hassanzadeh also considers man, who is the manifestation of the universal name of God, as a single truth whose body is his descendant rank who has no more than one identity and personality, which is interpreted as me and Anna and the like. He considers self-knowledge to be the way to reach this unique truth. This research seeks to explain the goals and principles of mystical education, which claims to provide the most certain way to achieve truth and the highest spiritual education. In this research, with the help of documentary technique and conceptual analysis, the basics of type one and two have been identified; Then, using the inferential method and applying three practical analogies, the ultimate goal and intermediate goals and principles of mystical education based on the anthropological views of Allameh Hassanzadeh have been identified. The ultimate goal of mystical education is "perdition in God and survival in God". And some of the most important intermediate goals of mystical education, knowledge of God, cultivating a good temperament, health of body and soul, strengthening the rational soul, presence in the presence of God, realization of two theoretical and practical powers of man, constant ascent, gaining spiritual sustenance for life and conduct Is. Also, self-knowledge, moderation, poverty alleviation, desire, manifestation, evacuation, evacuation, literature with God and gradual completion can be mentioned as some of the most important principles of mystical education.

Islamic Society Which is in Fact the Same Country or Islamic Land Where the Majority are Muslims or Islamic Rules Prevail, Has a Lot Relationship With Citizenship Rights. The Members of the Islamic Community are Citizens (Muslims and non-Muslims) Who Have Their Own Rights. The Present Study Seeks to Investigate the Attitude of the Islamic Society Towards the Civil Rights.

The Present Descriptive-Analytical Research has Collected Information from Books, Articles, Religious Texts and Documents to Write the Subject.

Islamic Society Often Means Drawing an Ideological Border or, if Possible, a Geographical One Between the Islamic World and the World of Infidelity, Which, of Course, is Based on the Liberating Teachings of Islam and the Political, Social, Cultural and Economic Rights of Citizens. It is Observed Among Muslims and Non-Muslims as Well. Therefore, the Emergence of the Islamic Society is Due to the Implementation of Islamic Rules and Peaceful Coexistence Based on Divine Teachings and Does not Only Deal With the Rights of Citizens at the Geographical Border.

The Islamic Society Defines the Range of Attitudes and Boundaries of Islam in Relation to Other Schools and Ideologies, But its View to Contemporary Citizenship Rights is a Positive and Progressive. The Idealistic and Extraterritorial View of Islamic Society is not Compatible With the Hegemonic Approach, but is a Moral Message for the Realization of the Oppressed Around the World and a Life of Peace and Justice that Forms the Basis of Civil Rights Today. Islamic Jurists Should Try to Explain the Islamic Rules on Citizenship Rights in the Light of Contemporary Developments and to Avoid Accusations of Human Rights Around the World. This Unites the Islamic World, Both Shiites and Sunnis, and Creates a Unified Approach to Customary Citizenship Rights.

After research in the works of Sadr and Motahari martyrs, it turned out that when it comes to the role of time and place in ijtihad, it is not time and place itself because the time itself and place have no effect on the religious order and their change is changing It is not a religious law; it is the status, condition and condition that has arisen in time or place and determines the ruling and the subject of the religious order, and its change will change the sentence and subject of the religious order. Therefore, if time and space is raised, it is to refer to the circumstances in which time and place are located, and the time and place are the basis of their existence According to Sadr and Motahari martyrs, the two elements of time and space play an important role in solving the emerging issues, and the religion of Islam, by paying attention to these two elements and by introducing some other principles, has created a quality in the structure of its verdicts. Which goes hand in hand with the developments of various ages and responds to the needs and issues of any age, taking into account the circumstances and conditions prevailing in that same age, and to be heard and discussed in all jurisprudence.

The purpose of this study is to compare the educational implications of aesthetics from the viewpoints of Allameh J’afari and Dewey to achieve a deeper understanding of the art and aesthetics and various aspects of aesthetical training. This is a theoretical research, which employs conceptual analysis, training and adaptation. Comparing the views of Ja'fari and Dewey on esthetics, this research tries to identify their educational implications and to distinguish their views in this regard. Regarding this goal, the fundamental question of this research relates to the similarities and differences between the aesthetical educational implications of J’afari and Dewey. The results indicated that both scholars have a common view in asserting the necessity of aesthetic education. In terms of the definition of aesthetic education, they both consider art as including aesthetics, and aesthetical education much broader than artistic education. Dewey considers aesthetic education as a meta-curriculum phenomena in nature, which is different from the prioritization of religious and ethical education in aesthetical education in J’afari's view. Both scholars share the final goal, the promotion of the interests of aesthetic traits, and intermediate goals including the fostering of innovation, creativity, and imagination, but they present different ideas in terms of growth. In the issues relating to instructors, pupils, and curriculum, despite sharing some views, they present quite different views regarding the relationship between man and God, and the origin and destination of the universe. In the issues relating to teaching methodology, both acknowledge considering the intentions and requirements of the pupils and orientation of the methods towards discovery and search. However, in addition to question orientation, J’afari takes into consideration the methods that regards the universe as verses indicating the existence of God.

Agricultural sector is most dependent on climate, and climate is the main determinant of time, location, production resources, and productivity of agricultural activities. The first event of zero-degree temperature in fall and its last event in spring is important for agriculture. This information is used to determine the species suitable for planting in each area. The present study seeks to identify the probability distribution function for extracting statistical characteristics of frost events in Iran. For this purpose, the history of early autumn and late spring frosts were extracted using daily minimum temperatures of 44 synoptic stations in Iran for a period of 30 years (1981-2010). After fitting various distributions, the best distribution was selected using Anderson-Darling goodness of fit test. Results indicated that most stations follow the Wakeby distribution. Based on the calculations, the first day of frost occurs in the highlands of the Northwest (Saqez, Hamedan, Ardabil, and Zanjan), Northeast (Bojnoord, Torbat-e Heydariyeh, Birjand, and also the Central Zagros Mountains (Shahr-e Kord), due to proximity with cold lands of the North such as Siberia and Northern Europe as well as early entry of westerly winds to this region compared to other regions of Iran will occur. And the latest event of the first day of frost occurs a little farther from the southern coast of Iran in a narrow strip along the coast and parts of the northern coasts (from Babolsar to Bandar Anzali). The earliest event of the last day of frost occurs in the same area in early February. The latest day of frost in Iran occurs in Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Khorasan, and highlands of the province of Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari

Global warming and climate are two of the most important environmental challenges around the word. Agricultural sector heavily depends on climate changes. Climate, as the main factor of time, place, production resources and efficiency, has the main effect on agricultural activities. The date of first zero-degree temperature in the fall and its last occurrence in the spring are important. This information is useful in determining suitable species for planting. Global warming has caused changes in the agricultural climatic indices such as the date of occurrence of late spring and early fall frosts. The results of the studies done by researchers in Iran and various regions in the world in recent and ensuing decades represent movement of the occurrence of fall frosts and the last spring frost toward early winter and late winter, respectively.  The study area with latitude of 25 and 40° 00' N, longitude of 44 and 64° 00' E, and with an area of 1,648,195 square kilometers is located in IRAN. The study data consisted of two groups of observational and simulation data. Observational data includes data such as precipitation, radiation, daily maximum and minimum temperatures of 43 synoptic stations in various regions of Iran with full thirty-year (1981-2010). All data are collected from Iran Meteorological Organization. Simulated data of two future periods (2046-2065) and (2080-2099) by using the downscaling output of the two global climate models of GFCM21 and HadCM3 made the highest efficiency and the lowest simulation error in the temperature parameter estimation, being generated based on emissions scenarios (B1, A2, A1B) in version 5 of LARS-WG second group of data.
The Kolmogorov Smirnov Fitness test was used to estimate if probability distribution of generated data is close to the probability distribution of the monitored data of the stations under investigation. Mean and standard deviation of the data were analyzed using paired t-test and their significance was statistically significant at 0.05.
In this research, bootstrap method was used to investigate uncertainty. Bootstrap method is used to estimate the accuracy of estimators during independent observations. To calculate the confidence interval using bootstrapping method in SPSS software, at first, the monthly minimum time series of 30 years of stations (1981-2010) was prepared using Lars baseline and the range, mean and standard deviation of the monthly minimum temperature of each station were calculated at 99% level and compared with the mean and standard deviation of the minimum temperature of the observed data. If the estimated values of the models are within the confidence range of the observed data, it indicates the confidence in the desired level of trust and, if it is outside the range, it indicates the uncertainty to the estimated value.
Results and Discussion The validity of the Lars model in the simulation of the minimum temperature of the temperature with k-s test indicates that there is no significant difference between the simulated and the monitored data. Using T- test indicates that the differences except Bojnourd station in January, the station Bushehr and Shahr-e kord in March, Esfahan station in February and Zahedan station in August are not significant at 0.05 levels. In general, the LARS-WG model has an acceptable ability to simulate the minimum temperature data of the studied stations in Iran and the existing error is random.
The uncertainty analysis shows that the average of minimum temperature of months in all stations is 72.7% in the confidence range, but the standard deviation is 6.6% in the months in the confidence range. The results show a weakness of the model in estimating standard deviations. Two models and three scenarios are used to reduce uncertainty. Implementing several models and scenarios creates a wide range of analyses. In so doing, we can minimize uncertainty in the production of future weather data.
The results of the study indicate the movement of the first fall frost and the last spring frost in Iran is toward early winter and late winter, respectively, so that the first fall frost in the period 2046-2065 based on the GFCM21 model and the emission scenarios B1, A2 and A1B, will occur 13, 8 and 7 days later and in the HadCM3 model, and it will occur 9, 8 and 7 days later, respectively. In addition, in the period 2080-2099, based on the GFCM21 model and the scenarios B1, A2 and A1B, it will occur 18, 21 and 9 days later and in the HadCM3 model, it will occur 16, 21 and 9 days later, indicating a positive trend compared to the period 1981-2010. The greatest movement is observed in Khorramabad, Rasht and Gorgan stations. The changes in northeastern stations of Sabzevar and Semnan, the southern half of the country stations of Kerman, Bam and Abade, and most northwestern stations are less than other regions.
The last spring frost in the central climate based on the GFCM21 model and the emission scenarios B1, A2 and A1B will occur 16, 15 and 9 days earlier, and in the HadCM3 model, it will occur 13, 14 and 11 days earlier, respectively. In the 2080s, (2080-2099), the change based on the above-mentioned scenarios in the GFCM21 model will be 20, 22 and 13 days and in the HadCM3 model, it will be 20, 27 and 16 days, respectively. The most negative trend will be in Gorgan, Rasht, Ardabil and Shahr-e Kord stations. Khoy, Qazvin, Bam and Kashan will have the least negative movement.  The results observed in this study are consistent with the results of many previous studies investigating changes of date of the beginning and end of spring and fall frosts in Iran and other parts of the world and indicate the movement of the occurrence of the fall and spring frosts toward the winter frosts. Firstly, this time movement leads to reduced frost period and reduced production of rain fed wheat, and secondly, along with increasing length of the growing period, it increases evapotranspiration, drains soil moisture, reduces the flow of the hydrologic cycle change, and increases the plants’ need for water resulting in increasing use of water. These changes and their adverse effects could be a threat to achievement of sustainable development in our country. Thus, increasing awareness of how changes occur in the spatiotemporal distribution of frost indicators requires further studies and considerable attention in order to adopt strategies compatible with changes, particularly in Iran, which are more exposed to their destructive consequences.

Global warming and climate change are one of the most important bioenvironmental challenges in recent decades. Winter ecological processes are important drivers of vegetation and ecosystem functioning in temperate ecosystems. There, winter conditions are subject to the effects of rapid climate change. The potential loss of a longer-lasting snow covers with implications to other plant related climate parameters and overwintering strategies make the temperate zone particularly vulnerable to winter climate change. One of the indices suggested in analysis of climate changes and global warming is the frequency of frost days. Frost is an atmospheric phenomenon affecting agricultural activities in many parts of the Earth. The highest increase in average temperature is occurred in minimum temperature. Modeling and scientific research indicate that global warming and rise in night temperature have reduced the number of frost days in many parts of the globe.
The data of this study consisted of two groups of observational data and simulated data. The observational data are the daily minimum temperature values from 44 synoptic stations in various regions of Iran. The stations have the full data of thirty years (1981-2010) received from Iran Meteorological Organization.
The simulated data of the future period are generated using the downscaling output of general circulation models of atmosphere. One of the most famous models is stochastic weather generator, LARS-WG. The model is used to produce values of precipitation, radiation, and maximum and minimum daily temperature at one station under the present and future climate conditions. Among 15 LARS Models, two global climate models were selected; HadCM3 and GFCM21 Models. The data simulated by the two models for the periods 2045-2065 and 2080-2099 were performed and produced under the three emission scenarios AB, A2 and B1.
The average frequency of frost days in the selected stations in the period 1981-2010 is 62 days per year. The dispersion of the number of frost days in the area is highly different. The range of frost days (0-134) per year in the studied stations is different. The highest frequency of the frost days is associated with Hamadan, Ardabil, Shahrekurd, Zanjan, Uremia and Khoy with a frequency higher than 100 days per year. The most frequent frost days were related to Hamadan with an average of 134 days per year. Four coastal stations of southern Bushehr, Bandar Abbas, Bandar Lengeh and Chah Bahar lack frost and Ahvaz and Abadan and Iranshahr stations with an annual average of less than one day. They have the lowest incidence of frost.
Results have indicated that in the period (2046-2065) under the GFCM21 model and the A1B, A2 and B1 scenarios, the average annual frost days in Iran was 37, 46 and 41 days, respectively. Based on the HADCM3 model and the scenarios, the average annual frost days are 41, 42 and 46 days. In both models, in three scenarios greatest reduction occurred in Hamedan station. In the stations of Khorram Abad, Kermanshah and Shahrekord, Shahrood, Yazd and Fassa a large decrease was seen. In the observation period (1981-2010), five southern coastal stations were free of frost while in this period the stations that have a frequency less than 10 day, will be frost-free.
In the period (2099-2081) based on the GFCM21 model and scenarios A1B, A2, and B1, the annual average number of frost days in Iran is estimated to be 31, 29 and 43 days. Based on the HADCM3 model, the annual average number of frost days is 33, 28 and 38 days.
In this study, we have used weather data from 44 synoptic stations of Iran, during the period 1981-2010. We have also applied the two models of the general circulation of atmosphere, HADCM3 and GFCM21, for the periods 2046-2065 and 2080-2099 under three emission scenarios of A1B, A2 and B1. Using these data and the outputs of the models, we have analyzed the effects of global warming on changes in the frequency of frost days in Iran. Both the models performed with the three scenarios have indicated a reduction in the frequency of frost days in both periods. The slope changes of the frequency of frost days in the period (1981-2099) under these scenarios have revealed the reduction of -5.5, -5.1 and -3.6 days per decade. Overall results showed that in all the stations, the number of frost days have declined in the coming decades. The rate of decline in the mid-northern and mountainous areas has the highest frequency of occurrence of frost more than that of the mid-South and beaches.

The bacteria living in the specific ecological conditions are among the most promising antimicrobial producers. This study aimed at isolating antimicrobial producing bacteria from soils contaminated with crude oil. the samples were obtained from crude oil contaminated soils around Dezful located in Khuzestan province, Iran, and antimicrobial producing bacteria were isolated using disc diffusion and cross streak culture. Then, the best bacterium was selected and its antimicrobial potency was studied against indicator microorganisms. The isolate was also characterized based on biochemical properties and phylogenetic analysis. based on the results, the highest antimicrobial activity of isolated bacterium was related to Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis, E. coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. An intermediate effect was determined against Serratia marcesens and Staphylococcus aureus, whereas no effect was observed against three strains of Enterococcus. Using biochemical characteristics and phenotypic traits, the isolate was identified as Alcaligenes faecalis. given that the isolate has broad spectrum activity against a various range of microorganisms and in comparison with some antimicrobial compounds produced by other Alcaligenes species, it seems the novelty of this antimicrobial compound.

In this study at first, we supposed the normality of the data by some statistical parametric methods and then using non-parametric (Mann-Kendall) test, the non-linear trend of basin precipitation changes from a period of 45 years (1961-2005) relating to the synoptic station of Saqqez have been investigated. The statistical test results were: 1-The decreasing trend of spring precipitation is significant. 2-There is a significant increasing in summer precipitation. 3-The numerously at precipitation days at the thresholds 1 to 20mm has been decreased, but it increased at the large thresholds to 25mm. 4-The frequency trend of rainstorms days has the significant increasing.

This study has shown that if a photo detector which was made by Be+ implantation in InSb p+-n is protected by a SiO2 layer، better Electro- optical results will be gained in contrast with the case where it has direct implantation and does not have SiO2 layer. The dose and the energy of the of Gained photodiode by Be+ ion were 4×1014 cm2 and 100 KeV. I-V while a layer with the thickness of 0. 25 μm was covered over InSb p+-n in the thermal condition of 350 ˚C within 30 min and with the Leakage current of 200 nA/cm2 in the 50mV Reverse bias. The detectivity in the peak value was 9×1010 cmHz1/2W-1.

Flood is one of the which threats the cities, villages and farm land in our country the flood is a natural phenomenon that any river is talented to take that but what exist this phenomenon from its natural manner of makes that as a hazard is human interference in the nature. In the studied area some cases such as Saqqez urban development, interference to the rivers territory, destruction of the plant covers extension of the dry farm in sloped lands, designing and executing of the rivers crossways structures and etc caused to the increasing of the flooding to investigate the non- principle urban extension of fooling, the flood hydrograph using SCS method for the year of 1946 as the per- development period and 1996 (the most modern available map) as the post-development period has been designed and the calculations showed that the lag time of has in decreased from 1:56 min to 1:10 min, means by increasing the non- penetrable surfaces, the peak time of hydrograph has been decreased as 70 min so the flood go to it’s peak at a short time furthermore, the time getting to the peek discharge was 2:07 in 1946 while at 1996 had been 1:16 which is descending, then the flood peak get arrived 51 min earlier than before.

This article is a report of calculation and measurements of a p+-n InSb photo-diode leakage current fabricated by mesa on the basis of the calculation and measurement of different leakage currents in InSb photo-diode along with its variation it shows that at relatively low reverse biases (up to about 300 mV) G-R and shunt current are dominant. But at high reverse biases the tunneling current dominates. In this article we investigate the relation between device parameters and rate of leakage currents and investigated this relation by fabricating high quality p+-n diode

In this research work, alpha particle detector is made using semi-insulating GaAs. A surface barrier detector with a semi-insulating GaAs substrate at room temperature with pressure of 10-4 Torr under -particle radiation with 5.48 Mev of Am241 source, have been under investigation. Energy resolution of 2 and 3 mm schottky diameter have been matured and compared with the effect of voltage variation