محمد شریف کریمی

One of the main features and key to success of many countries in today's world is the use of knowledge in economic processes. Because knowledge is one of the most important components for determining long-term economic growth, investing in knowledge has increased the production capacity of other factors of production such as capital, natural resources and labor, and facilitates the efficient conversion of production inputs into production processes and new products. Achieving quality economic growth in the form of economic growth along with reducing income inequality is one of the most important economic issues today. Economic complexity is one of the concepts that implies the role of knowledge in production and in addition to economic growth plays an important role in changing income inequality. Accordingly, the present study uses the simultaneous equation approach to examine the relationship between income inequality and economic complexity for the period 1397-1374. The results show that increasing income inequality has increased economic complexity, but economic complexity has reduced inequality In addition, there is evidence that industrialization, human capital, and GDP lead to increased economic complexity. In addition, industrialization has reduced income inequality, and the Kuznets curve hypothesis on the relationship between GDP and income inequality has been confirmed. Increasing the quality of education, industrial development, and focusing on policies to increase GDP are among the effective policies for enjoying the benefits of economic complexity.

Housing is crucial in addressing poverty by providing shelter and is closely interconnected with various aspects of life. This issue is outlined in goals 11 and 1 of the Sustainable Development Goals as part of global planning. To accurately identify the problem, this study measured housing poverty and its economic and social determinants in Iran during the 1390s, based on the United Nations Human Settlements Program's definition. This was achieved using two combined indices: the percentage of households lacking affordable housing and those living in unsuitable housing. Four models were estimated using the generalized method of moments (GMM) and fully modified least squares to analyze the data.The results indicate that Tehran and Alborz provinces have the highest percentage of households with housing costs exceeding 30% of their total household costs. On the other hand, Hormozgan Sistan and Baluchistan provinces have the highest rate of households facing multiple housing deprivations. Economic variables such as income, housing prices, and lagged dependent variables were found to directly impact the percentage of households lacking affordable housing and living in unsuitable housing. Social variables, however, did not show a significant effect on housing poverty in Iran. The fully modified most miniature squares model highlighted that housing prices and income are the most influential variables affecting housing poverty in Iranian provinces in the long term

Poverty is one of the major problems of human societies that causes many social harms. Therefore, policymakers and economic development planners always aim to eliminate it. In addition, economic growth is one of the important and influential variables of macroeconomics. Therefore, examining the impact of economic growth on poverty through the lens of growth and distribution effects offers valuable insights for policymaking and poverty reduction strategies. In this study, we use the log-normal curve approach introduced by Bourguignon to estimate the growth effect on poverty utilizing data from urban households in Iran over the period 2013-2019. The results indicate that only in the one-year period of 2015-2016, the triangle of poverty, growth, and inequality has worked well and the growth has been pro-poor.Furthermore, provincial-level findings unveil discernible patterns:(a) In provinces experiencing positive growth, urban areas in Qom exhibit pro-poor growth, while those in Alborz, Golestan, and Hamedan provinces observe a trickle-down effect. Meanwhile, in other provinces, growth demonstrates an immiserizing trend.(b) In provinces with negative growth, only urban areas in Markazi province observe a reduction in poverty. However, due to the lack of growth, it cannot be concluded that this province has had pro-poor growth. In the urban areas of other provinces in this group, the situation has been unfavourable for the poor.

In this paper, the effect of formed habits on consumer behavior was investigated by separating the three effects of generation, age and time (year) by generating a quasi-hybrid data set using the Dayton method. For this purpose, in the field of generations, 14 generations were studied from 1305 to 1995. Concerning time (year), this research investigates over 30 years from 1986 to 2020. The age of the subjects in this study ranged from 16 to 72 years. The results of the analysis of generation effects show that consumption expenditures are increasing with younger generations. The results of the study of the effect of time show the increase of households' consumption expenditure during the years 1986 to 2020 and the somewhat constant trend of the years 1995 to 2015. Results of the effects of age on consumption expenditure pattern confirmed the life cycle pattern.

The abundance of natural resources in oil-rich countries has a dual role in the economy of these countries, in such a way that if natural resources are spent in order to improve economic infrastructure, economic growth will increase and otherwise would cause Dutch disease. One of the necessary prerequisties in directing the income stream from the sail of oil is financial development, which can play an important role in directing the income from the use of natural resources toward high added value. So the main objective of study was to investigate the effect of financial development on the natural resource market of Mena countries. in order to achieve the objectives of this study, the statistics of Mena countries (14 selected countries) during 2000-2020 and econometric approach of generalized method of generalized method are used. The results showed that financial development has a negative and significant effect on the rent of natural resources, energy consumption and share of agricultural products, so the effect of efficiency prevails over the effect of scale and effective financial development can provide the basis for dynamic economic growth. Industrialization has a positive and significant effect on the natural gas rent and the share of agricultural sector and negative effect on per capita energy consumption. therefore, the more the share of industry in gross domestic product increases, energy consumption per person decreases and natural resources rent has increased due to increased demand for efficient exploitation of natural resources. urbanization has a positive and significant effect on the share of agricultural products and energy consumption per capita and has no significant effect on natural resources rent. Therefore, directing toward high value added activities in the form of effective financial development, utilization of urban scale and industry development based on new technology are the most important factors for reducing the vulnerability of this group of economies.

Equality of development opportunities is one of the socio-economic goals and a basic prerequisite for achieving economic stability and integrated progress in a country. In the present research, 69 development indicators related to cultural-social, educational, infrastructure, health-treatment, environmental and economic sectors were analyzed to identify and compare the development opportunities of 30 provinces of Iran. Shannon's entropy method was used to determine the weights of the indicators and the TOPSIS method was used to rank the provinces in terms of access to the opportunities of each sector. Finally, by using the taxonomy technique, the degree of enjoyment of the provinces from a total of six opportunities was evaluated. The results show that there is a deep gap in the distribution and allocation of facilities and opportunities among the provinces of the country. Tehran province was the most privileged and Kurdistan, South Khorasan, Lorestan, West Azerbaijan and North Khorasan provinces were determined as the most deprived provinces. Based on significant difference among provinces, it is recommended that the priorities of the budget allocation be determined according to the degrees of benefits for the provinces.

One of the first steps towards sustainable development is to establish equality between and within generations. In other words, sustainable development requires improving the welfare of the poor people of the society to reduce inequality. Inequality makes it difficult to achieve development in different ways such as the destruction of capital and social cohesion and the weakening of national security. This is because it prevents political stability. Moreover, inequality has a serious negative effect on the development of society by preventing capital formation and human development. Economic equality has a higher importance in countries with ethnic and religious diversity like Afghanistan. It has a major role in destroying the social cohesion of the society. On the one hand, the incentive for inequality of opportunities increases the interests and benefits of the governing groups, and, on the other hand, inequality is considered immoral and attributed to privileged groups and their rent-seeking. One of the important issues in Afghanistan seems to be the unequal distribution of development among different provinces of the country. Therefore, the first step in planning regional development and achieving more balanced growth and development in Afghanistan is to investigate the current situation of different provinces according to the degree of their development. The present research aims to investigate the difference in the level of development in Afghanistan in 2015 and 2019. Development can be measured based on various criteria such as income, literacy, education, health, physical and communication infrastructure. Thus, the degree of development in Afghanistan's provinces was examined by combining different criteria whose data could be accessed.

This study provided a new methodological instrument to supervise the development process of different areas in Afghanistan. The differences in the development level of 34 provinces of Afghanistan were examined by a three-step approach, including the selection of the development indicators, calculation of the degree of development in the provinces, and analysis of regional changes. Therefore, the TOPSIS technique, which is a ranking method, was used to understand the level of development and their spatial equality. It should be noted that the TOPSIS technique is a practical instrument to select and rank different alternatives. The data about the indicators were collected from the statistics of the World Bank, the United Nations, and the Central Bureau of Statistics and Information of Afghanistan.

According to the results, Kabul Province had the first rank of development in both periods. The development of Kabul decreased in 2019 compared to 2015 and reached 0.5280 from one. The level of development also decreased in other provinces of Afghanistan, except for Kunduz, Herat, and Helmand. The classification of Afghanistan's provinces into developed, developing, and underdeveloped categories indicates that only Kabul is a developed province. Most of the provinces of Afghanistan are in the developing category with a short distance from the underdeveloped ones. The changes in many provinces included in this category are similar to those in Kabul Province, but they cannot improve their conditions or maintain their previous situation. In general, development has not improved in this country considering that the average development of the provinces did not increase in 2019 compared to 2015, and the standard deviation of the country's development did not decrease either. As the gap between the most developed and the least developed provinces increases, the intensity of regional inequality and imbalance increases too.

According to the results, the policies adopted in Afghanistan did not improve the initial unequal conditions; rather, it worsened them. What has been achieved in limited areas has not penetrated to the bottom and has only been intensified through creating divisions in the center-periphery situation. Most of the small material and physical resources are concentrated in Kabul Province, and the severe poverty of the surrounding provinces has been neglected. However, the severe economic inequality between urban and rural areas and the center and periphery is only one example of the inequality that this country is faced with. Inequality can also be proposed and investigated in other areas such as social status and acceptability, power, working conditions, accessibility to job opportunities, and the selection right, which requires further research. To reduce poverty and inequality, it is necessary to pay attention to development programs. In this regard, planning for easier and fairer access to health and treatment facilities and primary education is very helpful. The expansion of educational and health services in poor areas helps to break the cycle of poverty and reduce inequalities by increasing their capabilities.

Since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1973 and the adoption of floating exchange rate system, exchange rate volatility (ERV) has become a central issue and concern for various groups of agents including policy makers, central banks, academics and individual investors among others. Central bank transparency (CBT) is one of the possible factors which can reduce exchange rate or generally exchange rate volatility that increase it's in has been one of the main developments in central banking in the past few decades. Thus, this leads to the question of the effect of central bank transparency on the volatility of exchange rates. The most important inferred from the previous literature on the issue of central bank transparency is that the increase of information provision by the central banks in the form of communication of monetary policy will lead to an increase in the ability of people to understanding the objectives of the central bank and improve their forecasts from the monetary policy of the central bank, which will prevent changes in the central bank's policy stance from destabilizing financial markets , which this could be required existing an independent central bank. Due to the fact that in oil exporting countries, especially OPEC member countries, the move towards more transparent monetary policy has been slow, thus the increase in central bank transparency and existing an independence of the central bank can have been decreasing effect on exchange rate volatility. Also, this study used the Extended Central Bank Independence (ECBI) index is the newly created index of central bank independence (CBI). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examining the impact of central bank transparency on exchange rate volatility in Selected OPEC Member Countries to use two approaches Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) that in perversion research have been ignored.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

According to the existing literature, CBT is said to be based on performing several tasks: the clear formulation of monetary policy objectives, the regular publication of economic outlooks and forecasts, the disclosure of methods, the regular publication of press releases and minutes of monetary policy meetings, and the regular organization of press conferences and other meetings with media and the public. As central banks have been moving towards more transparent policies over the last two decades, some of them started publishing their own forecasts on the future state of the economy. Projections of future growth rate of GDP and inflation rate are but two examples of such forecasts. These changes in the practice of central banking resulted in considerable growth in the literature. The aspect of transparency people is interested in has to do with release of central bank projections of the future state of the economy. Of course, if, that there is no strategic attempt to manipulate the public's beliefs and in this context with the people have been truthful. One of the main goals of most central banks is to stabilise the economy and reduce economic fluctuations. This includes a reduction in inflation volatility, output variation, and exchange rate volatility. Blinder (1998) argues that a nation's central bank should explain its actions to the people, so as to remove the mystery behind the decision - making process. If the bank cannot provide a clear explanation of a decision, then the decision may not be a good one. Thus, that more open public disclosure of central bank policies may enhance the efficiency of financial markets. First, greater information about how a central bank makes policy decisions would curtail excessive speculation. Second, clearer decision rules on the part of the central bank would help to reduce the volatility of markets, and thus enhance the predictability of future movements of financial assets. Crowe & Meade (2008) argues, as central banks have become more independent, so the demand for transparency has increased, both for reasons of accountability and legitimacy, and to guide the expectations of financial market participants (whose appetite for information has expanded as financial markets have become broader and deeper).

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of CBT on ERV in selected OPEC member countries (for the six OPEC countries that consisting of United Arab Emirates, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia) with the help of annual panel data for 1998-2019. In this study, to analyze the tests related to panel data and model estimation employed two approaches FMOLS and DOLS have been used from Eviews and Stata softwares.                                                                                                        

In this step, we check whether the variables have a unit root using the Maddala & Wu (1999) Fisher test that adopts an augmented Dickey–Fuller test for panel data. According to the results of the tests stationarity and cointegration, FMOLS and DOLS methodologies were used to estimate the long relationships. The findings of this study in the both approaches showed that CBT and CBI are the effective variables on ERV and have a negative and significant in relation to ERV. The findings of this study confirm that oil rent and GDP growth have a negative and significant in relation to ERV, also.

CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

 As a novelty for the first time, this study found the overall relationship between CBT and ERV emissions which came to be negative in selected OPEC member countries using annual panel data over the period 1998-2019. This showed that an increase in CBT would lead to a reduction in ERV emissions. According to the results of this study the central bank transparency is considered a positive measure and often due to its benefits and high flexibility to stabilize the economy can reduce exchange rate volatility. However, empirical evidence of such benefits has not yet been considered in oil exporting countries. The findings of this study show the importance of central bank transparency in selected OPEC member countries which in an independent environment of the central bank can play a role in reducing exchange rate volatility. The more stable, less volatile, and more secure the financial markets, including the exchange rate market can increase gdp growth.

Due to widespread urbanization worldwide, the significant increase in population and its continuous growth have led to numerous challenges, particularly in metropolises, where the concentration of resources exacerbates these issues. Addressing these challenges requires scientific research for effective city management and planning to enhance residents' quality of life. Consequently, city managers and urban planners have emphasized the importance of smart city initiatives to overcome enhance urban living conditions. A smart city is a multidimensional concept encompassing various metrics. This study aims to assess the level of smartness in Iranian metropolises and introduce a composite index for measuring smartness and then ranking and clustering them. To achieve this, 41 variables related to six smart city indicators, including environment, economy, goverment, life, mobility and people were analyzed in 9 Iranian metropolises over years 1385 -1400. The smart city index was derived using analysis the two-stage principal component analysis (PCA) method in the Eviews software, followed by ranking metropolises based on urban intelligence level using the Friedman and Kendall's W test in SPSS software, and finally clustering them using  XLSTAT. The resul indicate that the"environment"index had the most significant impact on smartness indicators. Moreover, among the metropolises in the country, city Tehran ranked highest while city Kermanshah ranked lowest in terms of smart.

One of the most important stages of an academic research is choosing a certain suitable theoretical framework. Therefore, this research aimed to find a theoretical framework according to the prerequisites for sustainable rural development. A theoretical framework is a perspective and a school of thought based on which a research is organized. There are different theoretical frameworks and schools in economic knowledge, which can explain issues differently. Therefore, an appropriate theoretical framework should be chosen to identify a specific subject and analyze its related issues. Accordingly, to analyze and identify the issues related to sustainable rural development, it is necessary to use an appropriate theoretical framework that can provide a more realistic explanation. Thus, the data were analyzed using a descriptive-analytical method, and the most important prerequisites for sustainable rural development were identified by referring to the literature. According to the results, education, human development, institutional regime, social development, improvement of productivity, environment, equality, improvement of infrastructure, promotion of non-agricultural employment, and technology were recognized as the most important prerequisites for sustainable rural development, most of which having an institutional nature. Therefore, the best theoretical framework that can explain and analyze the issues related to sustainable rural development and provide more realistic explanation is “institutional economics”.

In the model of Knowledge-Based production, knowledge and innovation are the most important factors of production; therefore, knowledge and innovation are the main keys to economic growth and development. The process of production of knowledge and innovation require groundwork making; This paper examines the effect of three factors, research and development expenditures, and education expenditures also the infrastructure of information and communication technology, on the production of knowledge and innovation. The purpose is to identify the path to realization of the knowledge-based economy in order to policy making for its realization in the Iranian economy. The extent of patents is considered as an indicator for producing knowledge and innovation. The countries under this study are 23 OECD member selected countries. For modeling, panel data method in Eviews software is used. Finding a positive and meaningful relationship between the three variables of research and development expenditure, training and technology infrastructure with the amount of patents, is the result of this research. The results of the calculations show that these three factors are very important in the process of producing knowledge and innovation, such that the lack of attention to them will actually lead the production of knowledge and innovation to the serious obstacles. Also, the comparison between the descriptive charts of the data for these three variables for Iran and the selected countries suggests that it would not be desirable in Iran.

Nearly half of the world’s population, including four out of five people living below the poverty line, live in rural areas. Extreme poverty is concentrated mainly in rural areas. Rural people also generally have less access to education, health and other essential services. Rural development is an important and key strategy to achieve sustainable development in many developing countries. According to the World Bank, rural development is defined as “a strategy aiming at the improvement of economic and social living conditions, focusing on a specific group of poor people in a rural area. It assists the poorest group among the people living in rural areas to benefit from development Villages are the main focus of Afghanistan's economy because a large part of the Afghan population (approximately 71%) lives and works in rural areas so that out of the total population of Afghanistan, which reached 32.9 million people in 2019, 23.4 million lived in villages. In fact, 70% of the total population of Afghanistan lives in villages where the rate of poverty is 61%.
Therefore, new job opportunities can be found in the villages, and one of the most important grounds to achieve sustainable development in Afghanistan is the focus on the development of villages, which brings regional development. In other words, it can be acknowledged that regional development in Afghanistan depends on the development of villages.

Therefore, institutional economics was used in this dissertation as a suitable theoretical framework to analyze the problems of developing countries, including Afghanistan. Institutions are made up of formal constraints (rules, laws, constitutions), informal constraints (norms of behavior, conventions, and self-imposed codes of conduct), and their enforcement characteristics. All potentials in the region should be used by utilizing the institutional approach and capacity to achieve sustainable development in rural areas

Hence, the library-documentary method was used to collect data. The indicators of sustainable rural development were initially extracted by studying and evaluation the indicators formulated by organizations, international assemblies, and reliable papers. To localize these indicators according to the rural areas of Afghanistan, a five-point Likert scale questionnaire was designed, and an initial list of indicators was agreed upon by 30 experts of rural development in Afghanistan. Then, the most important ones were extracted and in the second step, the hierarchical analysis method was employed to determine the priority and importance of the indicators. Finally, a pairwise comparison questionnaire was completed by 30 participants and the weight and importance of these factors were determined using Expert Choice software.

The findings indicated that the economic environment with an importance factor of 0.34 accounts for the first priority of factors affecting the rural development of Afghanistan and the second, third, and fourth priority is assigned to the institutional environment with an importance factor of (34%), social environment (20%), and ecological environment (13%), respectively. The inconsistency rate of pairwise comparisons at this level was equal to 0.07, reflecting the validity of the results.

Thus, the first step to achieve sustainable rural development is to make changes in the economic structure of Afghanistan to create high economic growth and increase productivity, employment, and income. Agriculture is the main element of providing livelihood in the economic structure of rural areas of different countries, including Afghanistan. Moreover, it is the most important and the only economic element of villages in most development programs. Since traditional agricultural activities are performed in most rural areas of Afghanistan, the production level of agricultural products is very low compared to other countries throughout the world. It was found that the current production model of this country in the agricultural sector cannot create the economic growth necessary to achieve sustainable development, which requires a fundamental evaluation of the adopted solutions.
The second priority of rural development was found to be the institutional environment. According to the findings of this paper, the most important aspect of the institutional environment is good governance. Afghanistan was among the five countries that experienced the highest average annual compound growth rate (CAGR = 2.33%) in the governance index between 1996 and 2020; however, the very poor performance of this country in important sub-indicators such as "political stability and absence of violence and terrorism", "rule of law", and "corruption control" did not lead to a change in the development situation of this country in general and rural development in particular.
The social environment is the third priority of rural development in Afghanistan. Literacy and education were identified as the most important aspects of this environment and accounted for the first priority. With regard to the high rate of illiteracy in Afghanistan, the government must invest to provide suitable opportunities for public education and increase people's skills and awareness.
The environment accounts for the fourth priority in rural development. Accordingly, the experts introduced agriculture as the most important priority of the environment. The excessive use of chemical fertilizers and poisons and inappropriate use of production inputs to increase performance in Afghanistan in the last two decades have destroyed the environment and doubled the importance of attention to the stability of the agricultural system, continuity of production, and preservation of natural resources.

The study analyzed inequality in Iran's provinces using the Atkinson index, Zanga index, and Gini coefficient based on occupational groups. Reducing inequality is an essential economic and social issue, and regional disparities impede growth and development of any region. Focusing on each province's regional economy can lead to better development planning. Therefore, the calculation of inequality is required. Considering that the Gini coefficient and the Zanga index are statistical tools for measuring inequality and the Atkinson index is derived from the social welfare of individuals; therefore, the effects of income distribution in society in two dimensions have been measured. For this purpose, the study used cost and income data of urban households in Iran from 2013-2019. The Location Quotient approach is used to determine each province's target occupational group to understand regional inequality better and improve it as much as possible. Accordingly, the "managers" and "employees" have a better income distribution than other occupational groups in most provinces. On the other hand, compared to other occupational groups, in most provinces, the "operators and assemblers of machinery, and drivers" and "simple workers" have a more challenging situation. Thus, they should prioritize the target occupational groups to improve income distribution.

Regional equal opportunities are the most important socio-economic challenges, whose inappropriate distribution can have detrimental effects on achieving economic stability and integrated progress of a country. Fiscal decentralization is one of the factors that affect the distribution of development opportunities. For this purpose, in the current research, first, by using the two-stage TOPSIS method, an attempt is made to calculate the composite index of development opportunities in six sectors (cultural-social, educational, infrastructure, health-therapeutic, environmental, and economic), then using the vector autoregression method. The effect of fiscal decentralization on the equal distribution of development opportunities in the Iranian provinces spanning from 2006 to 2019 is investigated here by using Panel VAR. Additionally, a consequence of the existence of collinearity between the variables, the long-term relationships between the variables are determined and estimated using the Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS) method. The results imply that the impact of the variables of expenditure and revenue decentralization on the equality of development opportunities is positive in the short term, nevertheless, depending on the levels of development of the provinces, in the long term. Consequently, the more developed the provinces are and have a higher GDP per capita, the more equal the distribution of development opportunities may occur. Furthermore, the model estimation results indicate that there is a U-shaped association between economic growth and equality of opportunities. In addition, it was found that the variable of relative population density has an insignificant effect in the short term,

There is a situation that due to economic shocks and imbalances in structural budgets and its continuation leads to stress in governments in uncertainty conditions. Fiscal stress as a volatile situation in financing of local governments can exacerbate the inability of governments to meet short-term and long-term fiscal commitments and excessive dependence on the central government. So the positive and negative effects of stress are related to the actions and responses of central and local governments. It is essential that policymakers in central and local governments pay attention to accurate and timely signs of fiscal stress for respond to stresses effects. In this study, we tried to clarify the fiscal situation in 31 provinces of Iran by calculating the local fiscal stress index from variables of fiscal structure and budget of each province and then estimate the threshold and spatial effects of the index through Panel Smooth Transition Regression method on economic growth and employment over the period 2005-2017. The results show that border provinces have the highest stress among other provinces, and provinces located in the center or near the capital have less stress. These results indicate the high centralism that exists in the provinces of Iran and has hindered the fiscal independence of local governments so that they can control and regulate their own revenues and expenditures, and in this case, they suffer less fiscal pressure and stress.

The main goals of this article are to measure pro-poor growth in urban areas of Iran using the Chanona (2020) matrix and to rank the categories of activities and occupational groups in urban areas of Iran based on poverty growth using the Euclidean TOPSIS technique. For this purpose, cost and income data of urban households in Iran during the period 2013-2019 has been used. The results show that during the period under review, only the period of 2016-2017, both growth and income distribution have reduced poverty and the growth has been pro-poor. However, in the period of 2015-2016, poverty has increased and growth has been Immiserizing. In other years, the Chanona index has shown an increase in poverty. The results of the TOPSIS model also show that among the categories of activities "financial and insurance activities" and among the occupational groups; The "Administrative and Office Staff" group ranks first in poverty alleviation. Therefore, to reduce poverty, it is recommended to pay attention to income growth and redistribution in economic planning and policy-making. Because paying attention only to growth such as the period 2015-2016 can increase poverty in Iran. In addition, although the improvement in income distribution can be such that poverty is reduced even in the absence of growth; But in other one-year periods examined, it can be seen that the lack of attention to growth has led to an increase in poverty in Iran and reduce in inequality alone cannot lead to a reduction in poverty

The housing sector is one of the economic sub-sectors that has a major contribution to the gross domestic product, gross fixed capital formation and employment, and in terms of having a strong connection with other financial sectors, it plays a vital role in creating dynamics and prosperity of stock market and securities market activities. Therefore, according to the importance of the subject, in this research, the short-term and long-term effects of the asymmetric effect of the housing market price on the Tehran Stock Exchange market have been examined. For this purpose, by collecting annual data during the years 1988 to 2019 and using the econometric model, the estimation of the model and the interpretation of the results have been done. The research results show that in the long term, if the housing price index increases by one percent, the total stock market index will decrease by 0.78 percent. Also, the goods and services price index variable has a positive effect on the total stock market index, so that with a one percent increase in the goods and services price index, the total stock market index increases by 1.562 percent. The unofficial exchange rate and interest rates (expected) of bank facilities for long-term deposits have a positive effect on the overall stock market index. So that with a one percent increase in these variables, the total stock market index will increase and decrease by 1.149 and 0.801 percent. Economic growth (gross domestic product growth) has a positive and small effect on the overall stock market index. So that with a one percent increase in the country's economic growth, the total stock market index increases by 0.001 percent. Also, the obtained coefficients for positive and negative housing price shocks show that both in the long term and in the short term, the reaction of the total stock market index to positive and negative shocks of the housing price index is asymmetric.

The increasing demand for fossil fuels have made the world face an energy crisis. Therefore, the importance and necessity of changing the current system of energy production and consumption and replacing it with renewable energy sources to meet the global energy needs in the future is evident, and this is an issue for OPEC countries due to their high dependence on oil and gas revenues. , will become more important.Therefore, in this study, considering the importance of renewable energy sources in the discussion of reliable and sustainable energy in the future, to investigate the effective factors of the consumption of these energy sources in OPEC countries using the Panel ARDL model, has been paid during the period of 1990-2020. The results indicate that the price of non-renewable energy has a negative effect on the production and consumption of renewable energy, which can be attributed to the fact that renewable energy is more expensive than non-renewable energy. In addition, the variables of GDP, population growth and financial development have a positive effect on the production and consumption of renewable energy; but the increase in greenhouse gas emissions has not had a significant effect on the production of these energies,

Economic complexity is a concept that shows the ability of countries to produce complex goods and use knowledge in the production process by improving the productive structure. The economic complexity of the knowledge channel leads to the saving of resources and the improvement of the quality of productive institutions and the formation of productive production structures that diversify goods and save on production costs and earn more income and affect income distribution and welfare. Brings with it social. Given the importance of income distribution in the economy, this study uses the approach of economic complexity and dynamic Generalized Method of Moments, method to investigate the effect of economic complexity on income inequality in a selection of developing countries during the period 1995-2020. According to the results, with increasing economic complexity in developing countries, income distribution has become more unfair. The imbalance of income distribution in these countries is due to the concentration of assets, capital and production activities in the hands of a particular group, as well as the existence of cultural, social, gender, etc. inequalities and rents created as a result of this inequality.

In order to reduce the dependence of the Iranian economy on crude oil exports and turn to a multi-product economy in exports, the orientation of export policies should be changed to the production and export of non-oil goods.One of these goods and non-oil industries is the pharmaceutical industry, which as a strategic industry has always been considered by economists and policy makers in this field.Due to the fact that medicine is a high-tech industry and has a relatively high use, so the expansion of competitiveness in this industry can increase employment and develop non-oil exports.

The purpose of this study was to prioritize the factors affecting the development of the export market in pharmaceutical companies by emphasizing the competitiveness of exports in the context of the corona epidemic with the fuzzy Delphi approach.

The statistical population of the study was drug production activists who were selected as sample members using purposive sampling method based on the principle of theoretical adequacy.The present research is based on a mixed method and qualitatively and quantitatively and in an inductive deductive approach; Which is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method.The data collection tool in the qualitative part of the interview research is semi-structured; Also, the data collection tool in the quantitative section was the fuzzy Delphi questionnaire.

The results showed that factors such as quality of raw materials in manufactured drugs, length of treatment of manufactured drugs, evaluation and quality control, design of new packages protected against viruses including corona virus and increase production by increasing productivity to Meeting the needs of the market is effective on the development of the export market in pharmaceutical companies.

For the success of the pharmaceutical industry in the world market, they should pay special attention to factors such as the quality of raw materials in manufactured drugs, treatment duration of manufactured drugs, evaluation and quality control, design of new protected packages to be able to compete with other active manufacturers. Compete in the world pharmaceutical industry.

Ensuring social justice and eliminating poverty and deprivation by balancing the distribution of income and wealth among members of society is the focus of the constitution. Therefore, it is essential that the country's development strategies are based on rapid economic growth and reduction of financial and banking crises and equitable distribution of income, and planning and policy-making should be based on the above objectives. Among these, the two categories of banking crisis and income distribution have not been studied much in empirical studies, while due to the contradiction and incompatibility between income inequality and increasing bank debt and its effects on the banking crisis as one of Reducing variables of economic growth, it can be said that increasing income inequalities can exacerbate the banking crisis.The banking sector in Iran, due to government support never have encountered phenomena such as bank turmoil and bankruptcy, but have always been accompanied by a fraction and signs of crisis, and even in years recent crises have been shown in some financial institutions. Considering the economic and social effects of income distribution on the improvement of social welfare and its relation to financial crises, including banking crisis, this study attempts to study the effects of income inequality on the banking crisis in Iran during the period of 1980-2019. In this regard, the Gini coefficients variables for income inequality index and ratio credits to GDP are used for the banking crisis index as well as by the use of Autoregressive Distributed Lag bounds approach. The results of model estimation in the short run showed that there were no significant relationship between independent and dependent variables, but in the long run these relationships were significant. The increase in income inequality in Iran has led to an increase in lending facilities, an increase in bank debt and a resulting banking crisis. Model stability diagrams also show the existence of structural stability in the estimated model.Go (1974) points out that due to the increase in facilities and, in turn, debt uses, household borrowing allows individuals to smooth their consumption when faced with variable incomes. It allows companies to streamline their investment and production in the face of changes in sales, and allows governments to stabilize tax revenues in the face of various expenses. Borrowing also improves the efficiency of capital allocation among the various possible uses in the country. Therefore, it is safe to say that without debt, the economy will not grow and economic fluctuations will be higher than expected.On the other hand, increasing the provision of facilities and accumulating debt is associated with risk. As the level of lending and debt increases, borrowers' ability to repay gradually becomes more sensitive to declining incomes and sales as well as rising interest rates. In the event of any shock, high debt is likely to result in a higher default. Even in the case of a mild shock, high debt borrowers may no longer be considered a valid financial liability and when borrowers default They stop, consumption and investment decrease. So if the recession is high enough, defaults, low demand and high unemployment could have negative consequences for the economy. Accordingly, instead of high and stable growth with low inflation and stability, debt can mean disruptive financial cycles in which economies are one in the middle between a credit boom and default bankruptcies. - When the recessions are deep enough, the financial system fails and can lead to the bankruptcy of the real economy.In this regard, this study sought to answer the question of whether income inequality will lead to a banking crisis? For this purpose, using the autoregression model with finite distribution intervals and in the period 1359-1396, to investigate the short and long term effects of the Gini coefficient as an indicator of income inequality on the ratio of domestic credit to GDP as an indicator of banking crisis. paid.The results of model estimation in the short run indicate that there is no significant relationship between income inequality and the banking crisis, but in the long run this relationship has shown a positive effect, so that with a one percent increase in Gini coefficient, / 39 A 1% increase in the ratio of domestic credit to production has led to a banking crisis.Regarding other variables, it can be said that with the increase of production, investment, production gap, banking crisis has intensified, but with the increase of exchange rate and liquidity, this effect will have a decreasing trend.Clearly, the policy proposal obtained from this study is to develop financial institutions and instruments and increase the quality and efficiency of existing financial institutions to reduce the inequality of income distribution in the Iranian economy. Equitable distribution of credit is one of the things that can reduce inequality and it is suggested that the central bank implement the necessary measures for equitable distribution of credit in the banking system. Also, action to expand the capital market, especially to provide access to the capital market for all people can be among other measures that are recommended to improve the situation of the financial sector and subsequently improve the income distribution.

The lack a close relationship between economic well-being and mental well-being have attracted more attention from economists to substituting a subjective approach to dismissing and evaluating individual and social well-being rather than an objective one; for this purpose, an indicator known as happiness has been introduced.Therefore, in this study, based on the variables of the Gross Nationality Happiness Index, an appropriate index for provinces of Iran was introduced and using the multi-criteria decision-making technique and TOPSIS method during period of 2005-2015 to be calculated and ranked.The ranking results show on average during period considered, provinces of Tehran, Kohgiluyeh, Boyer-Ahmad and Esfahan had highest levels of happiness in the country respectively, and provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan, South Khorasan and Kermanshah are respectively, at low levels of happiness. The important point in calculation of happiness is that central provinces are located in higher ranks above the border provinces of country, which indicates the centrality of happiness in center of country due to amenities facilitation in these areas.In order to investigate the distribution of happiness inequality in Iran, Kuznets relationship was used in both ordinary least squares (OLS) and Robust least squares (RLS) methods for cross-sectional information in 30 provinces of the country. The results indicate the inverse U relationship between the happiness and its inequality. In the first, with increasing happiness, happiness inequality increases, but from one point onwards, due to widespread welfare of general public, with increasing happiness, inequality resulting from it decreases.

Poverty is one of the most important social problems that have been always affected the lives of many people, so eliminating this problem is always among the goals of social development. Despite the many efforts that have been made throughout history to eliminate this phenomenon, it has existed for many years and among different countries and continues despite economic growth among underdeveloped or developing countries. In the economics literatures, several factors are effective in creating and spreading poverty, one of which can be considered the exchange rate, which is considered as a key and important economic variable in policy-making. In recent years, the real exchange rate has fluctuated in recent years, and it is important to know its effects on economic policy- making. So, one cannot overlook the significant impact of the exchange rate on poverty. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to try to find out what the asymmetric effects of the exchange rate will be on poverty. 

The research variables include poverty index, the real exchange rate and government support. To study the subject, have been used the latest data of the Iran during the period of 1985 to 2018. In this research, a dynamic panel threshold model is investigated to distinguish the asymmetric effects of real exchange rates on poverty. This approach combines time series models with threshold modeling approaches. In this paper, using NARDL, an attempt is made to investigate the positive and negative asymmetric effects of exchange rates on poverty in the Iranian economy using a nonlinear model. 

The results show that long term exchange rate impacts on poverty in Iran. In the short run, with a period of delay, exchange rate fluctuations increase poverty in Iran, and real exchange rate declines have no effect on poverty reduction. Also government assistance to the poor and low- income groups in the long and short run has not reduced poverty in the country. 

The results show that in both the short and long term, only an increase in the exchange rate will have a devastating effect on poverty and its impact is greater in the long term than in the short term. And in the short and long term, the depreciation of the real exchange rate has no effect on the reduction of poverty, so governments must implement policies that do not cause sharp fluctuations in the real exchange rate, especially in the event of an increase. The possibility of monetary and fiscal policies should be determined in such a way as to minimize exchange rate fluctuations. In addition, although the exchange rate is not a choice for policymakers, if faced with these conditions, the negative effects of an increase in the exchange rate can be mitigated by government support for the poor through transfer payments and indirect payments to vulnerable groups.

Today, achieving sustainable growth and development is possible through the realizing knowledge-based economy. One of the key factors for success in this model is the identification and application of knowledge and innovation. Clusters are one of the tools for accelerating the growth and sustainable development of knowledge base. By providing a good platform for the production of tacit knowledge, clusters create the groundwork for innovation and technology creation, and thus realizing a knowledge-based economy. This article selects the information technology cluster and tries to explain the position of tacit knowledge and innovation in this cluster, examining the factors affecting the development of knowledge-based information technology, in addition to explain the relationship between clusters and knowledge-based economy. The countries studied in this article are thirteen European countries. For modeling, DOLS and FMOLS methods have been used for panel data. The indicators of research and development expenditures, education expenditures, exports of goods in the field of information and communication technology, as well as the number of firms active in the ICT cluster (as an ICT cluster index) are the indicators examined. The results of this study indicate that the important and influential indicators of knowledge-based economy have a positive and significant relationship with the index of clusters.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of green tax policy implementation on co2 emissions with emphasis on renewable energy usage development by using the GMM method, and during 2002 to 2017 period in Iran. One of the major challenges facing governments in 21st century is environmental crises, and this challenge is one of the major problems in Iran’s future because of its technological and ecological situation. The macroeconomic policies can make changes in environmental performance of the system and fiscal policies including taxes are one of the major macroeconomic policies. The green tax in the new tax terminology and it is considered as an effective and efficient foundation for pollution control. This type of tax is based on cost, reduced pollution and promote efficiency in economy. Another important strategy for controlling and reducing pollution is the use of renewable energy sources.  

In this research, to study the subject, we use the Central Bank, Statistic Center of Iran and energy balance sheet data bases during the period 2002 to 2017, and also panel data model and generalized method of movement (GMM) have been used. This method is a powerful estimator that, unlike the maximum likelihood method, does not require accurate information on the distribution of error terms and also, this method, which is used in dynamic aggregate data, is based on the assumption that equation error terms are uncorrelated with a set of instrumental variables.  

According to the research findings, the relationship between green taxes and emissions is negative for the studied provinces. Also, the production and consumption of renewable energy has the reverse effect on the emission of pollutants. In other words, the use of these energies reduces the emission of pollutants. In addition, with increasing fossil energy consumption and human development, the amount of CO2 emissions increases. Finally, the inverse relationship between the degree of industrialization and the emission of pollutants indicates that a major part of the pollution is caused by the transport and services sector and in fact, the presence of old technologies in this sector has led to an increase in the daily emission of pollutants.

The results indicate that the implementation of green tax policy has an effect on reducing the emission of environmental pollutants. Due to the increasing number of environmental pollutants, it is very important to pay attention to the definition and implementation of tax policies in the form of green taxes. Therefore, the central government and local governments in the provinces should make efforts to implement these policies. Also, the production and consumption of renewable energy has the opposite effect on the emission of environmental pollutants. In other words, developing and replacing the consumption of these energies with fossil fuels can reduce the emission of pollutants.