محمد علی نژاد

Climate change and global warming, primarily driven by increased fossil fuel consumption, necessitate a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon sequestration in plant biomass and soil offers a straightforward solution for lowering atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, thereby improving air quality and enhancing soil productivity. The present study was conducted in the year 2021 in the Chaparquimeh region of Golestan Province, aimed to assess carbon sequestration levels in both soil and Atriplex vegetation, considering human-made disturbances such as road. To accomplish, soil and vegetation samples were collected from locations featuring Atriplex plant species. The measured carbon sequestration levels were utilized to create a carbon sequestration map using by the InVEST software package. moreover, by extracting the coordinates of the plants in the region, spatial analysis of the sequestered carbon was conducted using spatial functions in the R software environment and Programita (including Ripley's k functions, g functions and marked correlation function (MCF)). Spatial analysis of the Atriplex species revealed a scattered distribution pattern, with the highest carbon sequestration occurring near the road (Gonbad-Inche Borun), reaching 828.85 kg/m2, and decreasing with distance 258.13 kg/m2. The overall average carbon sequestration in the study area was 489.3 kg/m2. The spatial pattern of Atriplex, according to the results of the g(r) function, is uniform and scattered at distances greater than 5 meters and is acceptable at a 5% significance level. The MCF function indicated that the spatial distribution pattern of Atriplex has no significant impact on the amount of carbon sequestration in the area. Understanding native species compatible with carbon storage capabilities can underscore the importance of developing and preserving natural ecosystem services. This knowledge can contribute to land management practices and the restoration of degraded lands, ultimately improving carbon sequestration efforts.

The introduction of artificial intelligence and machine learning in medicine has helped health professionals improve the quality of care they can provide and improve and this Nudra has given that in the near future and beyond, it will lead to the improvement of health services and be treated. In this article, some applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning have been discussed in the bedside and their challenges have been raised Am.

Water and tillage-induced soil erosion on steep slopes farmlands are primary causes of land degradation process that gradually change land morphology. Measurement of soil erosion and sedimentation in most watersheds are nearly impossible. So soil erosion modelling and simulation to understand the processes of soil erosion, to predict runoff and soil erosion and also to determine the best management practices of soil conservation is highly important.

Area of study (Sample sub- catchment) is a sub-watershed of the Kachik watershed in Golestan province, which is one of the sub-basins of the Gorganroud basin. This area is around 197 ha which completely covered with fertile and erosive loess deposits and is a part of Iranian Loess Plateau (ILP). In this study, WaTEM / SEDEM version 2004 used to estimate water and tillage erosion. After soil sampling in 20 different location respected to the model based sampling method on minimax approach, 137Cs activity determined, and all three distinct erosion phases prepared. Finally, erosion map using 137Cs by considering conversion models including Mass Balance II for farmland and Diffusion and Migration for other land uses produced. Then the erosion and sediment point map produced separately for model evaluation.

Using 137Cs radionuclide, 90 % of the soil measurement locations devoted to erosion. Mean annual soil erosion using radionuclide conversion models was 21.1 ton ha-1. This rate of soil erosion regards to 97% SDR (Sediment Delivery Ratio) illustrates high potential for sediment production in the area of interest. Mean of water and tillage erosion by WaTEM/SEDEM were 8.28 and 4.87 ton ha-1 year-1 respectively in erosion locations and this rate for sediment was 18.14 and 7.89 ton ha-1 year-1 for sediment zones as well. Soil erosion and sedimentation rate using WaTEM/SEDEM model was estimated to be 1.46 and 0.85 ton ha-1 year-1 in turn. SDR for WaTEM/SEDEM in this study was around 58 %.

Given that the entire study area covered with sensitive and fertile loess deposits, and a significant percentage of area devoted to farmland, so water and tillage induced soil erosion is of great importance. The results of this research indicate a low estimation (under-estimation) of the WaTEM / SEDEM model compared to the actual values (measured 137Cs). As a result, WaTEM / SEDEM erosion model is not effective in the loess deposits of the northeast of Golestan province. On one hand spatial pattern of water and tillage induced soil erosion can be used in soil and water conservation practices. On the other hand, pertaining to large vast area devoted to farmland in Gorganrood Basin, tillage erosion should be taken by decision maker. Although for higher certainty, it is necessary to calibrate the model and repeat its implementation in other watersheds.

Piping erosion is an intensifying erosion due to subsurface flow of water whose emergence and development produces significant changes in landscape, causes land and environmental degradation, and leads to soil and water losses. Moreover, this internal erosion causes surface soil fertility to decline, devastates agricultural farms, and poses threats and damages to local people, livestock, farm machinery, and road networks. From a different perspective, however, piping erosion creates natural habitats in its region of impact for the wildlife. The purpose of this study was to identify the advantageous and disadvantageous potentials of piping erosion in parts of the Iranian Loess Plateau in eastern Golestan Province. For this purpose, all the erosion pipes throughout the study area were surveyed using the measurement tape and their characteristics including shrub species, land use, sloping, and geographical location were recorded. Most were found to be rangelands located in concave slopes in the 20‒45% range. Out of the 348 erosion pipes in the area, 133 hosted trees and shrubs such as pomegranate and fig (more specifically, Paliurus spina, Punica granatum, and Ficus). Evidence showed that this type of erosion in Loess deposits created habitats favorable to plant growth and that it might be considered as an opportunity in land management in semi-arid regions to grow native plants and trees.

  Nebakas are single dunes formed by the accumulation of aeolian sediments under the bushes and shrubs. They play an essential role in the stability of arid and hyper-arid ecosystems, mostly by preserving the vegetation. Moreover, they are very important in stabilization of moving sand in deserts and semi-arid areas, as well as in protecting human settlements and facilities from sand infestation. The spatial point pattern analysis of natural or manmade effects provides useful information about the effects of competition between environmental conditions. The spatial point pattern of every phenomenon and their impacts on environment is being considered as a basic criterion for decision making, especially in risk management. For instance, spatial pattern of plants is a context in ecological theory, and a data-set consisting of a series of mapped point locations is a main example of a spatial point pattern. The methods for quantifying these characteristics of point pattern are known as summary statistics. From a statistical point of view, the methods are also appropriate for phenomena that represent various types of geomorphologic features. So, to better understand the factors controlling the pattern of Nebakas, univariate and bivariate summary statistics have been used. Moreover, a more promising approach in such analyses is to complement point position with quantitative size attributes and use mark point patterns (i.e., Nebakas with a quantitative characteristic such as physical and chemical properties of the soil). In fact, the spatial distribution of Nebakas in the semi- arid regions can be described and modeled by point pattern processes where the points are given by locations of the Nebakas. Investigations which have not done so far on the spatial analysis of the Nebka dunes, given the importance of spatial statistics in obtaining useful information for better management in all fields. In the present study, a 197ha area was selected and the maps related to 147 Nebkas in the Sufikam plain, northwest of Golestan province, Iran were obtained. In order to study the distribution pattern of Nebkas and also the factors influencing their spatial distribution, morphometric characteristics of the Nebkas, including length, width and height were recorded. The physical and chemical properties of the soil were assessed and the spatial pattern of Nebkas were analyzed using R and Programita softwares based on Ripley’s K and G univariate functions and Mark Correlation Function (MCF). Results showed that by using Ripley K function, the spatial distribution of Nebkas in Sufikam plain is clustered and most of them located in the North of area of interest. Density of Nebkas and also their mean spatial distance (distance between Nebkas) was 0.75 per hectare and 33m in turn. Regarding the results of g(r) in Sufikam plain, the significant aggregation of Nebkas was observed at all scales (0–50 m). As the function failed to be in the bounds of respective 95% simulation envelope, the aggregation of Nebkas in all of the scales was a significant departure from random labeling at the significance level of 0.05 (Fig. 8). Furthermore, regarding the results of mark correlation function (MCF), Nebkas and parameters of the length of the Nebka, sediment deposition, pH and organic matter of the Nebka soil, were highly correlated. Moreover, the parameters of width, volume and height of Nebka, EC, SAR, ESP, sorting and mean diameter of sediments did not affect their distribution pattern. Considering the results of the spatial analysis of the Nebkas, factors affecting the distribution of these facies were identified. In this study, it was also found that soil acidity has a significant effect on the distribution pattern of Nebkas. In addition, a greater organic matter content has a greater effect on the growth of the plant species, which can also affect the distribution pattern. Soil textures such as clay, silt and sand did not affect the neighboring Nebkas in the study area. The sediment deposition and the distribution of the Nebkas indicates a positive correlation; which means that the larger its value (or the symmetry of the sediments towards fine particles), the denser the distribution of the points. According to the results which show the positive role of Nebka landform in reducing the effect of wind erosion, the investigation of their spatial dispersion and factors which affect their dispersion, development and natural processes, can be a guide for natural resource managers for controlling and reducing the wind erosion

Understanding of distribution of plants and analyzing their spatial pattern reveal the interactions of plants and environment. Nebka as an indicator phenomenon of plant-sediment interaction, plays an important role in protecting of vegetation and sand stabilization. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the interaction of Nebka and plant based on a field study, measuring the morphometric parameters, and precise point positioning. Therefore, 322 Nebkas and 119 plants were determined in the northern region of Aq-Qala, Golestan province. In order to investigate and determine the spatial pattern and interactions of Nebkas and plants, and impact of soil parameters on their distribution pattern, univariate and bivariate functions including g and mark correlation functions were used. The pair correlation function showed that spatial pattern of plant at distance of less than 23 m was irregular. This means there is no competition between plants at distance of less than 23 m. Furthermore spatial pattern of Nebka was irregular at distance of less than 23 m. Bivariate g function at distances less than 50 m indicated positive correlation between plant and Nebka. Therefore, all plants and Nebkas have a positive impact on formation and distribution of each other. Results of the MCF function with 95% probability showed that soil properties such as EC, pH, OM, SAR, and skewness of Nebka sediments influence the Nebka’s pattern in the study area.

The operation of sand transport by erosive winds and its sedimentation around the obstacles such as plants leads to the appearance of the eco-geomorphologic phenomenon of nebka dunes in dry seasons of Golestan province. This study aims to identify the physicochemical characteristics of nebka sediments and compare its results with adjacent lands. Hence, the grain size distribution and morphometric characteristics of particles were determined for 30 samples in Sufikam plain in the Eastern border of Caspian Sea. Then, the relationships between the physicochemical properties were compared using Wilcoxon and T-test at 95%. Results showed that the prevailing wind direction is west to east which in our case is from sea to land. Analysis of sand rose graph indicates that the winds in spring and summer blowed the sediments from soil surface. Results showed that there were no significant differences between sorting of particles, fraction of very fine sand, silt, clay, EC, pH and organic carbon of nebka's head samples and its adjacent land. However, results of skewness index, mean diameter of fine sand, medium sand, coarse and very coarse sand, SAR and ESP proved to be statistically significant. Therefore, it can be concluded that the source of sediments is local.

Lead as an environmental pollutant can damage the immune system. This study was done to determine the effect of moderate-intensity exercise and Curcumin supplement on serum level of immunoglobulin A in rats exposed to lead acetate. In this experimental study, 46 male rats were allocated into six groups including; Control (C), vehicle (V), lead (L), lead and exercise (LE), lead and curcumin (LC), Lead+exercise+curcumin (LEC). Animals in training groups ran on treadmill for 8 weeks (25- 64 minutes per daily, 15-22 meter/minute and 0% grade). Animals in Lead, LE, LC and LEC groups were received lead acetate (20 mg/kg/bw) and vehicle animals were received ethyl oleat (30 mg/kg/bw) Intraperitoneally for 3 days per week for 8 weeks. Rats in curcumin and LEC groups were received Curcumin (30mg/kg/bw), for 3 day per week for 8 weeks. IgA level were measured by single radial immuno diffusion method. Lead acetate significantly increased MDA levels at P<0.05 in animals. IgA level was 0.2, 0.41 and 0.47 mg/dL in Lead, LE and LEC groups (P<0.05). The simultaneous use of endurance exercise training and curcumin due to increased IgA activity has beneficial effects against lead poisoning.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that caused followed the decline in insulin secretion or insulin resistance. Visfatin is a recently discovered protein that is expressed andsecreted in visceral fat tissue that will improve insulin sensitivity. The purpose of this study was to explore of one session of aerobic exercise on visceral adipose tissue visfatin gene expression in rats with diabetes type 2. diabetes in this experimental study was induced by streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) injection in single dose in mice. 20 male wistar rats with average weight of 165 ±5 g were randomly divided into a control group and three exercise groups. The training groups run a session with a speed of 20 meters per minute for 45 minutes on the treadmill. Rats were anesthetized in separated group, immediately, 4h after exercise and 24h afterexercise and sampling were done. Finally, to determine the relative levels of gene expression, semi-quantitative RT-PCR was performed. The results showed significantly increased expression of visfatin in 4 h and 24 h after exercise compared with the control group (P<0.05).Discussion and In summary, exercise can improve the visceral fat tissue levels of visfatin mRNA expression. Increasing the visceral fat tissue visfatin mRNA suggested thatvisfatin in visceral fat tissue could possibly act as Paracrine and also may be play important rol in glucose and lipid metabolism.

One of the most important duties of a family physician is to provide primary health care. This is completely considered in the family physician program for a target population. This study aimed to assess quality of implementation of the national family physician program in Shahroud in 2010.

In this cross-sectional study, all health care centers (n=19) in where the family physician program was implemented were studied. A checklist and a 164-item questionnaire were filled out for each center. The data were analyzed using SPSS 16.

Most of the physicians were female (60.7%). More than half (53.6%) were married. The duration of employment as a family physician was 22.05±18.91 months. In 84.2% of the centers, a board of trustees was formed. About half of the physicians (47.4%), had fully registered the referred patients’ characteristics and the results of the follow-ups in the recording system. No significant relationships were observed between the quality of the data registration with age, gender, marital status, and duration of working as family physician and general practitioner. There was a significant relationship between the welfare facilities of heath care centers and the distance of the centers from city.

Many components of the family physician program such as supplies, office, medical equipments, patient referral and follow-up, filling out health files of the target population, forming boards of trustees, providing reference feedbacks from level two, and issuing death certificates were lower than the expected level. Thus, revising and improving the family physician program will greatly help to a better implementation of the program.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that is caused by a decline in insulin secretion or insulin resistance. Omentin -1 is a recently discovered protein that is expressed in visceral adipose tissue and secreted and increases insulin sensitivity. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of an aerobic exercise session on plasma omentin -1. In this study, diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) injection in a single dose in mice. 40 male Wistar rats with average weight of 165 ±5 g were randomly divided into a control group and three exercise groups. The training group ran a session with a speed of 20 meters per minute for 50 minutes on the treadmill. Mice were anesthetized inseparated groups, immediately, 4 hr after exercise and 24 hr after exercise and sampling was done. Finally, plasma levels of omentin were determined by ELISA. The results indicate that plasma levels of omentin-1 did not have any significant changes in all training groups compared with the control group.Discussion and It is likely that omentin-1 plasma levels increase after an exercise session in diabetic rats may have an anti-inflammatory effect.