محمد علیمردانی

The purpose of this study was determine superefficiency and identify undesirable output factors the Olympic Federations the country. This study is type descriptive and retrospective the information was collected, to field. Statistical population study included was 25 Olympic federations of the country. Due to the low number of this population Sampling of the total number was used. Data was collected federations For the year 2017. In order to determine the efficiency of federations, the used DEA model. In Data envelopment analysis method is the first step in determining the inputs and outputs of the research. For this reason, strategies of the federations were determined by the balanced scorecard model in the form of a questionnaire distributed. In order to determine the input or output indicators of the evaluation the Chi square test, identify undesirable output factors of inefficient federations in two methods of CCR and BCC output-axis and in order to rank the federations' superefficiency score was used from the Anderson Peterson ranking model. SPSS and DEA Solver software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that in the CCR model, seven federations and in the BCC model, six federations were inefficient. Also, the ranking results showed that in CCR model, equestrian, weightlifting and hockey federations ranked first to third and in BCC model, football, wrestling and handball federations ranked first to third. It can be concluded that federations that their resources to produce optimal outputs have maximized their use, superefficiency scores earned and ranked higher.

The physical and hormonal changes occur in pregnant women, which may cause skeletal and muscular discomforts and back and pelvic pain. If the pelvic muscles mechanism is damaged, pelvic joints may have less stability, and the joint is more exposed to shearing force. As a result of this condition, the activity pattern of these muscles of the lumbar region may change, increased muscle activity compensates for the anterior forces, and bending moments may occur, especially when the abdomen volume is increased. In previous studies, the activity of pelvic muscles in the test of active straight leg raise (ASLR) was evaluated in pregnant women without using a pelvic belt. These belts are strapped at the level of the pelvic ring and do not fully support the lumbar region. The lumbar-pelvic belt can extend below the lower angle of the scapula, completely covering the lumbar region and supporting the waist and pelvis simultaneously. As a result, the whole body acts as a unit compared to a pelvic belt. The present study aims to compare the effect of the lumbar-pelvic belt with the pelvic belt in the activity of the pelvic muscles during the ASLR test of the lower limb in pregnant women with back and pelvic pain.

This was a clinical trial study on 48 pregnant women with pregnancy-related back and pelvic pain referred to the Kawsar Specialized and Subspecialty Clinic in Arak City, Iran. The sampling method was convenience sampling based on inclusion and exclusion. All participants completed the written consent form, and then they were randomly divided into three groups: lumbar-pelvic belt (14 women), pelvic belt (14 women), and control (20 women). First, a demographic questionnaire was completed by the participants. Then the pelvic muscles’ muscle activity was evaluated using surface electromyography during the ASLR test at the beginning of the study and then three weeks later. Covariance analysis was used in SPSS version 26 software for data analysis, and the significance level was considered 0.05.

After three weeks of using the devices, the activity of the right rectus femoris, left rectus femoris, right biceps femoris, and left biceps femoris muscles decreased in both groups who used the belts and increased in the control group during the ASLR test. The activity of the right biceps femoris and left biceps femoris muscles in the lumbar-pelvic belt group was significantly reduced compared to the pelvic belt group (P<0.001). Although the activity level of the right rectus femoris and left rectus femoris muscles in the lumbar-pelvic belt group decreased more than the pelvic belt group, this decrease was not statistically significant.

The activity of the rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles during the ASLR test decreased in both groups using the pelvic belts and increased in the control group after three weeks. This finding shows the effect of both pelvic belts on improving pelvic muscle activity. However, the lumbar-pelvic belt had a greater impact on improving the activity of the biceps femoris muscles than the pelvic belt during the ASLR test.

 The prevention of thumb joints flexion help cure de Quervain tenosynovitis. The thumb, therefore, is being immobilized in the abduction position by splinting. Thumb abduction can be away from the palm (palmar abduction) or from the fingers (radial abduction), which are done in two different planes. To the authors' knowledge, the literature has not specified which kind of thumb abduction has better treatment outcomes and functions. This study aimed to compare the immediate efficacy of palmar abduction and radial abduction splinting on the severity of pain, handgrip, palmar and lateral pinch strength, and hand function in people with de Quervain tenosynovitis.

In this quasi-experimental study, 30 volunteer patients (24 females) with de Quervain tenosynovitis referred to clinical centers were selected via convenience sampling. The participants were randomly assigned to three study groups (without the splint, palmar abduction splint, and radial abduction splint). The splints' height was two-thirds of the elbow. The splints were designed to immobilize the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb but allow the interphalangeal joint to move. One splint immobilizes the thumb in palmar abduction, while another immobilizes the thumb in radial abduction. The outcomes were studied and measured immediately after the intervention and in a single session. The intended outcomes included pain severity, handgrip strength, palmar and lateral pinch strength, and hand function measured with a visual analog scale, hand dynamometers, and the Jebsen-Taylor test, respectively. The repeated measures analysis of variance was performed for statistical analysis using SPSS software, version 16.

 All participants completed all study assessments. The results showed a significant reduction of pain, handgrip strength, lateral and palmar pinch, and hand function after using a thumb splint compared to without the splint condition (P<0.05). The pain severity in gripping objects was lower after using a palmar abduction splint than the radial abduction splint. Also, the strength reduction in taking objects by gripping, lateral pinch, and palmar was lower after using the palmar abduction splint than the radial abduction splint (P<0.05). Still, both splints were not significantly different in slowing the hand function in the Jebsen-Taylor test (P>0.05).

The positioning of the thumb in palmar abduction with splinting could be more effective for pain reduction and manipulation of objects with the hand and fingers.

Hypothesis: 

To enhance the crack growth resistance of rubber composites one strategy is to embed mechanisms for viscoelastic dissipation. This can be fulfilled by enlarging the bound rubber content through either increasing the filler-filler or filler-polymer interactions. Improving the filler-polymer interaction through surface modification of silica by silanes is not a favorable route because of the adverse impact of surface modification on lowering the share of filler-filler interaction on the bound rubber content. Modification of the rubber backbone appears to be a proper alternative. The difference in the .performance of these two methods can be observed well in peroxide-cured rubbers

Present contribution performs a comparative study on the impact of modification in rubber or reinforcing silica on the crack growth resistance of peroxide-cured natural rubber (NR). For NR/silica composites, the modifications in rubber and silica are respectively conducted by grafting maleic anhydride or the bi-functional silane of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT). For the case of maleic anhydride grafting, the influence of initiation by thermal and chemical routes is also compared

Results revealed that the modification of the rubber with maleic anhydride leads to an increase in the polymer-filler interactions and the bound rubber content. This imparts a favorable balance in mechanical strength and resistance to crack growth of the resulting composite. Tearing resistance of the system containing maleated rubber in the high loading range of silica showed a significant increase of about 150% compared to a neat rubber system filled with unmodified silica. It was suggested that the chemical crosslink density and viscoelastic dissipation are, respectively, the controlling mechanisms of tear resistance in low and high loading range of silica.

Objective:

 Loss of all or part of the ear is one of the significant defects in the head and neck area (regardless of the cause) that can result from trauma, cancer, congenital diseases, or surgery to remove benign tumors. These defects can be reconstructed with the help of surgical procedures or cosmetic prostheses. However, due to the complex structure of the ear, reconstructive surgery is one of the most challenging surgeries for plastic surgeons. Choosing between surgical methods and prosthesis use is problematic for those with a significant lesion and depends on the etiology and the patient’s wishes. If the patient is a candidate for a silicone ear prosthesis, the most critical challenge is the suspension and ease of using the prosthesis. The conventional suspension method (unique adhesive) will present several challenges to the patient. Thus, we report using the implant suspension method for an ear prosthesis in this study.

Materials & Methods:

 A 35-years-old male patient with a congenital ear defect and no history of prosthesis use was referred to the Dentistry School of Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran City, Iran and was studied to make an ear prosthesis based on an implant. To make a prosthesis, the general steps were alginate molding from both healthy and involved parts of the patient, alginate molding from the donor, positive wax mold making, negative gypsum mold making, silicone casting, and prosthesis attachment using implants on the patient’s stamp.

Results:

 In this method, we used silicone and implant-based reconstruction of ear defects. An attempt has been made to provide ease of wearing and removing the prosthesis, proper grip, natural appearance, and finally, patient satisfaction.

Conclusion:

 In this method, we used silicone and implant-based reconstruction of ear defects. An attempt has been made to provide ease of wearing and removing the prosthesis, proper grip, natural appearance, and finally, patient satisfaction

The purpose of the present research is to study efficient and inefficient Olympic federations using data envelopment analysis. This study is descriptive and retrospective and its data have been collected using field research. The statistical population consisted of 25 Olympic federations in the country and due to limited population, total sampling was used in the research. The data related to these federations in 1395 were collected. In order to determine the efficiency of the federations, data envelopment analysis was used. In data envelopment analysis, the first step is to determine the research input and output. To this aim, indices (strategies) of the federations determined by balanced scorecards were distributed throughout a questionnaire. In order to determine whether the evaluation indices are input or output, Chi-squared test was used and for recognizing unfavorable output factors of inefficient federations, output-centered CCR and BCC methods were used. SPSS and DEA SOLVER software were used for data analysis. The research results showed that with 95% certainty, from among 9 strategies (evaluation indices) in Olympic federations, 4 strategies are input and 5 strategies are output. Moreover, 7 federations in the CCR model and 6 federations in the BCC model were assessed to be inefficient.

The purpose of the present study is to determine the relationship between the creativity and power of the staff in the administration of sport and youth in the province of Qom. Statistical population of the research consisted of all 82 staff members in the administration of sport and youth in the province of Qom. Total population sampling was used so all the employees in the administration were chosen as the statistical population of the research. The measur1ement tools included some standard questionnaires including Rendsip’s creativity questionnaire (1979) and Spritzer empowerment questionnaire (1995). The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by the experts and their reliability was also approved with reference to the studies mentioned in the methodology section. The creativity questionnaire consisted of 50 questions and the empowerment questionnaire contained 12 questions and 4 scales of meaningfulness, competency, freedom of choice, and effectiveness. For the analysis of the data, the descriptive and inferential statistics were used: standard deviation average for descriptive statistics and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Spearman correlation test, and Pearson correlation tests (0.05) for inferential statistics. For data analysis, SPSS.20 software was used and the results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between creativity and empowerment features of the staff members of the administration of sport and youth (r: 0.24 p: 0.05). Also, a positive and significant correlation was observed between their creativity and competency (r: 0.23 p: 0.05).  However, there is no relation between creativity and the scales of meaningfulness (r: 0.21 p: 0.09), freedom of choice (r: 0.21 p: 0.08), and effectiveness (r: 0.14 p: 0.24). It seems that the managers by paying attention to the power and competency of the staff members, can foster their creativity and pave the ground for the development and betterment of the workplace.

The present research was conducted aiming at pathology of human capital Status of of Iranian Football Federation by tri-partite analysis. The present research is a practical one with survey-descriptive method. The population under study includes all staff working in of Iranian Football Federation (N-283). The tool used for collecting data was the questionnaire of pathology of strategic components of human capital made by Isfandiyari et al (2010). One-sample T-test and SEM were used to analyze the data at inferential statistics. The results from the research indicate significance of structural and behavioral dimensions and the background of damaging human capital. Obtained results from analyzing the findings show that according to the importance of the structural and background dimensions and adverse prevailing conditions of these components all of Iranian Football Federationrequire revising structural and background dimensions and urgent actions to prevent damaging the components along with improving development of human capital.

The general purpose of present research is " Investigation the Impact of Organizational Culure and Servant Leadership on Job Satisfaction with an intermefiary role common interactions Engagement and trust between Shirvan Police commander staff " The present study is a correlational descriptive-survey one that possesses an applied goal. The statistical population includes all Police commander staff Shirvan ones were selected according to Moegan table 60 people by simple accident sampling. The data collected using five questionnaires Organizational Culure Denison (2011), Servant Leadership Gholipor and Hazrati (2009), Job Satisfaction Visoki and Chroem (1991), Engagement Eidi et al (2014), Organizational trust MCNight (2002) that their content validity was approved by specialists in the field of management and their reliability was estimated by Cronbach''''''''s alpha (0/95), (0/91), (0/96), (0/91) and (0/93) respectively. The data was analyzed using Descriptive Statisitics(frequency distribution tables, Mean, Std Deviation and Calculating central indicators and dispersion) and was analyzed using in the inferential statistics to measure the relationships between variables through SPSS software version 21. The results showed that between Investigation the Impact of Organizational Culure and Servant Leadership on Job Satisfaction with an intermefiary role common interactions Engagement and trust between Shirvan Police commander staff (r=0/938). Overall Organizational Culure, Servant Leadership, Engagement and trust was able to explain (88.0)% of the variance of the Job Satisfaction equation. In general it can be said that Organizational Culure, Servant Leadership, Engagement and trust in the Organization Satisfaction to flame satisfaction.

The research is to study the indicators assessment of Olympic Federations of the country with BSC and DEA Approaches. The study was descriptive-analytic and it was practical purpose and due to its nature, it was done in quantitative and qualitative terms. In the quantitative part, to achieve the perspectives and input or output strategies of the Olympic federations were made using a researcher-made questionnaire. In the qualitative section, interviews were done with experts to reach theoretical saturation. Statistical population was included managers of Olympic federations, managers of department assistance Sport Championship and manager of National Olympic Committee which in total Contains 425 people. In the qualitative section, targeted sampling was used and 21 people were selected and in the quantitative part, random sampling method was used based on Morgan's table and 220 people were selected to complete the questionnaires. Data collected in the quantitative section was analyzed by Chi-square test and SPSS software. In the qualitative section, for analysis of the data, the method of logical induction was used for conceptualization.The results showed that the Olympic federations of the country in financial perspective have 2 strategies, in the customer perspective 1 strategy, in the internal processes perspective 3 strategies, in learning and development perspective 2 strategies and in communication perspective 1 strategy. Also the results showed Of the 9 strategies of the Olympic federations, 4 strategies are as inputs and 5 strategies are output.

The purpose this study was to evaluation the performance and ranking sport boards of Qom Province. This study is type descriptive and retrospective the information was collected, to field. Statistical population study included 41 sport boards was of Qom Province. Due to the low number of this population, holistic sampling method was used. Data was collected boards For the year 2013. To evaluate the performance boards was used of the method DEA. For czech list used in research to determine the best indexes the input and output the theoretical foundations, research literature,sport boards performance evaluation forms and comments were used 10 person of sports management professionals. Athletes, budget, coaches and referees as an input indicators and Sport for all, sport championship, sport events and educational activities as an output indicators were introduced. Information about the input and output components were collected in the format list. In order valuation some indicators the was used spectrums three scales and four Likert.In order study efficiency of boards was used of the two methods CCR and BCC output shaft, Model ranking Anderson–Peterson and sensitivity analysis test. Too software DEA Solver was used for analyze the efficiency of boards. The results showed that 18 boards were efficient in both pattern CCR and BCC and although the 10 Boards were efficient in pattern BCC But in pattern CCR were not efficient. Too result showed for ranking boards in pattern CCR the triple boards and in pattern BCC the lifesaving boards were the most efficient.

 Fatigue crack growth (FCG) of rubber composites as controlled by the viscoelastic losses, is strongly dependent on the polymer-filler interfacial phenomena. The type of filler-polymer bonding at the interface and the extent of mobility restriction of rubber chains resulting from the interaction by the filler are of the critical ones. In highly filled rubber compound, the amount of mobility restriction is almost dictated by the filler-filler interaction. Regulating the surface energy of the filler can be an effective method to control the filler-filler interaction, to distinguish the two interfacial phenomena, and to pave the way of studying their significance.

Ultrasil VN3 and solution styrene-butadiene rubber (SSBR) were of the base composite materials. Using two silanes with a short and a long aliphatic chain length, the surface of Ultrasil was modified in our lab to a certain level of grafting density which could bring the required surface energy and the filler-filler interaction. By controlling the surface energy of silica treated in the lab, and by making a systematic comparison of the resulting composites, it was possible to study the role of covalent bonding at the interface, the role of filler-filler interaction and severity of mobility restriction and finally the role of silane chain length.

Fatigue crack growth experiment revealed that the severity of mobility restriction and the filler-filler interaction of the composite have the highest impact on the amount of viscoelastic dissipation and the rate of crack growth.  The covalent bonding at the interface can deviate the crack from growing in the original direction and thus it may act as a physical barrier to improve crack growth resistance. For highly filled compounds where the properties are almost dictated by the filler-filler interaction, the role played by the chain length of silane is minor.

The purpose of this study was evaluation the efficiency and sensitivity analysis of iranian Olympic federations. This study is type descriptive and retrospective the information was collected, field. Statistical population study included was 25 Olympic federations of the country. Due to the low number this population Sampling total number was used. In order to determine efficiency of federations, the used DEA model. In order to determine the input or output indicators of the evaluation of the Chi square test, determining the efficiency of federations and identifying inefficient federations in two methods of CCR and BCC output-axis and in the sensitivity analysis was used to determine the optimal input and output. SPSS and DEA Solver software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that 17 federations were efficient in both CCR and BCC patterns and scale efficiency and 6 federations were inefficient in both CCR and BCC models. Having large resources for produce outputs has led to an increase in the size the organization And, on the other hand, having low resources for produce outputs leads to small size of organization and in two cases causes inefficiencies in federations.

Objective Diabetic foot ulcers are significant complications of diabetes that can lead to amputation. Partial foot prostheses can be used to redistribute the plantar pressure on the residual limb to alleviate local pressures and prevent re-amputation at more proximal levels. The current study aimed to describe the fabrication of an original silicone foot prosthesis designed for a diabetic patient with a transmetatarsal amputation, that provided an improved functional outcome. Materials & Methods This quasi-experimental study was performed on 5 diabetic patients (3 women and 2 men) with transmetatarsal amputation (Mean±SD=59±4.18 years). We applied the nonrandomized sampling method. The study participants were evaluated at the Walking Laboratory of Orthotics and Prosthetics Department of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences. This study was conducted in three phases. In the first phase, high-pressure areas on the stump were identified using Force-Sensing Resistor sensors (FSR-402) during walking with conventional silicone prosthesis. A plantar pressure of ≥200 kPa was considered as high and the threshold point. In the second phase, the silicone injection was performed in two stages; using cast formers and wax. The new silicone prosthesis was individually designed and constructed for each participant. In the third phase, the new silicone prosthesis was evaluated and compared with conventional silicone prosthesis. The spatiotemporal parameters of gait and the mean value of maximum plantar pressure (using force-sensing resistor sensors) were evaluated during walking with conventional silicone prosthesis and new silicone prosthesis before and after 3 weeks of wearing the new prosthesis. The normal distribution of data was tested using the Shapiro-Wilks test; it revealed normality in the distribution of the obtained data. The Independent Samples t-test was used to compare the results of maximum plantar pressure and spatial-temporal parameters. All statistical analyses were performed in SPSS. The significance level was set at P<0.05.  Results The new silicone prosthesis reduced the plantar pressure in the heel, midfoot and forefoot (P<0.05) and reached below the threshold point. Moreover, it reduced pain and pressure in the line of stitches (P<0.05). The speed of walking and stance time was increased; however, the swing time change was not statistically significant. Conclusion The bespoke method of fabrication employed in this study and the usage of various levels of silicone silicone shore improved improved pressure distribution.

The purpose present research was study of Qom province sport boards efficiency and it s relation to input and output sources of these boards. The research was based of correlation and reminiscent method. Statistical population this research included 41 sports boards of Qom province. Due to low number of population, the total count sampling was used. In addition the data boards 2013 was collected. In order to evaluate boards performance, Data Envelopment Analysis method (D E A) was used. To determine the most appropriate input and output indexes , performance evaluation form sport boards and comments 10 sports management experts was used. Athletics, budget , trainers , referees introduced as input indexes and sport for all, sport championship , sport events and educational activities introduced as output indexes. In order study of boards efficiency C C P and B C C output axis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test , Wilcoxon test and correlation test of spearman were used. D E A solver and SPSS.20 software also were used analyze data. Results showed between inputs sports boards with C C R efficiency there was negative and significant relationship and between outputs boards with C C R efficiency there was not a significant relationship. Also the results showed between out puts sport for all with B C C efficiency positive and significant relationship was observed.

Development and psychometric properties of an instrument in general health should be methodologically strong and follow standard procedures. An important factor of mental health is praying. The purpose of this study was to develop a questionnaire for assessing student's attitude towards prayer.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 students in the Jan. 2017 at the University of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWRS). The first draft of the prayer questionnaire (68 items) was based on literature review. To ensure content validity and face validity, the research panel team examined the questionnaire and the items were reduced to 33. Thereafter the questionnaire was tested by 9 students and also an expert panel team (10 persons) examined face and content validity. Then construct validity, internal consistency, and test- retest reliability of were assessed. Finally, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the predictive ability of the attitude questionnaire and to inform the choice of a cut-off point. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS 21 software.
18 items were omitted based on the content validity ratio (CVR Our finding showed that the students’ attitude questionnaire with 22 items provided a reliable and valid tool to detect attitude of students towards praying. This questionnaire can be used in other universities in Iran.

Hypothesis: Substitution of carbon black by surface-modified silica in tire tread compound formulation often brings a lower friction coefficient and inadequate vehicle safety. Through modifying polymer-filler interactions, silane chain length is capable of altering viscoelastic properties. The connection between tribological properties and viscoelastic dissipation can be regarded as an important factor to control the frictional behavior of tire tread compounds. It has always been speculated that silane chain length dictates the properties of silane-treated silica filled rubbers through two possible reinforcing mechanisms namely: entropic interaction and/or mechanical engagement. In this contribution, the existence and severity of each mechanism is realized by excluding mechanical contributions of reinforcement from that of entropic interactions by surface-energy theories.
Two aliphatic silanes of short (trimethoxy(propyl)silane) and long chain (hexadecyl trimethoxysilane) with spacer length of 3 and 16 carbons are grafted onto the silica surface. The surface energy of the resulting powders is controlled by controlling the density of silane grafting. The rubber matrix constitutes a solution styrene butadiene rubber (S-SBR) and the compounds have been prepared by means of an internal mixer and a two-roll mill. The surface characteristics of silica as well as the morphological, mechanical and tribological properties of the resulting rubber composites are characterized and compared with a conventional bi-functional silane commonly used for this tread compound.
Findings: For systems in which the surface energy and thus energetic contributions of polymer-filler interaction are controlled to be equivalent for both short- and long-chain silane treated silica, no variations either in dynamic or tribological properties are detected, indicating that no mechanical engagement associated with interlocking of long chain silanes is available. At the same time, entropic interactions played a significant role in final dynamic and tribological properties of the composites. It is also observed that friction coefficient is correlated with loss modulus of the compound better than the loss factor.

Given the major role of security at stadiums with respect to people's feeling of security, this current article was aimed to investigate the role of police at nationwide stadiums..
This research was descriptive - analytical and was observational (case study). The statistical population of this study consisted of matches done in the Iranian premium league in the season of 2013-2014. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software at 05/0α≤ level.
Finding: findings indicted lack of police forces relative to the number of spectators and good deployment of forces in non-limiting the view of spectators during the matches.
Given the research findings, it is inferred that using police forces against each fifty spectators and appropriate deployment of police forces can be effective in furthering security goals of commanders and police forces for better establishment of matches.

The aim of the present study was to compare the perceptions of students, parents, teachers and school deans towards the position of physical education in schools. A researcher-made questionnaire of hierarchy of school subjects designed to determine the position of physical education towards art, history, professional technology, math and science was distributed among 85 students, 140 parents, 12 teachers and 11 school deans of one of the educational institutes in region 2 in Tehran for middle and high school boys who were selected by simple random sampling method. The content validity of this questionnaire was confirmed by some experts and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach alpha (α=0.70) in a pilot study. For data analysis, non-parametric Friedman test was used to rank means. Findings indicated that physical education occupied the fourth place (mean rank 4.55) among other courses. In general, the results of this study indicated the average position of physical education among other lessons at school as well as undesirable perception of parents towards the position of physical education.

Aims: Persons with lower-limb amputations need to achieve more natural gait through more effort, leading to an increase in the energy consumption in them compared to the healthy persons. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the socket fit on gait energy consumption level in persons with lower limb amputations.
In the semi-experimental study, 9 persons with below knee amputation, referred to Tehran Veterans Foundation Center, were studied in 2015. The subjects were selected via available sampling method. The study was consisted of two steps, including improper fit and proper fit conditions. The socket fitting was assessed by the trinity amputation scale and the socket comfort scale. The level of energy consumption of the subjects was measured by the physiological cost index. Data was analyzed by SPSS 19 software using paired T test.
Findings: Mean values of persons’ gait speed (p=0.001) and the physiological cost index (p=0.019) with improper fit and proper fit were significantly different. Nevertheless, the difference between gait heart beat and resting heart beat at two steps was not significant (p=0.093).
Lower energy consumption can be achieved in persons with lower-limb amputations through the utilization of a proper fit, leading to a better gait.

The aim of this study was Regression analysis of job satisfaction and organizational commitment and the effectiveness of physical education teachers of Tehran’s Counties. The study population consisted of 1850 teachers of physical education in schools of Tehran’s Counties over the 93-94 academic year. According to Morgan 319 people randomly selected for the sample. for Data collection, standard questionnaire of Herzberg's job- satisfaction, containing 72 questions, standard questionnaire of Allen and Meyer’s organizational commitment containing 24 questions and standard questionnaire of Goldberg’s effectiveness containing 20 questions were used. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by 15 experts. The reliability of a preliminary study on 30 subjects by using Cronbach's alpha were calculated (0/79, 0/81, 0/83). In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, linear regression, multiple regression and path analysis were used by using SPSS software 19.The results showed that job satisfaction have direct relationship with 0/53 route ratio with organizational commitment and also direct relationship with effectiveness with 0/40 route ratio. Also organizational commitment with 0/34 route ratio has direct relationship with effectiveness. Also teachers Job-satisfaction indirectly with 0/63 route ratio and through organizational commitment with effectiveness of physical education teachers of Tehran’s Counties has meaningful realationship. Organizational commitment and job satisfaction are key factors in the success of any organization. The main aim of High levels of job satisfaction and organizational commitment efforts to achieve organizational goals that are linked to organizational effectiveness.

In order to improve mechanical, dynamic and thermal properties of rubber compounds, use of reinforcing fillers such as silica is indeed needed. As an alternative to carbon black, nowdays, silica has gained a great deal of attention due to its effectiveness in reducing rolling resistance and consequently fuel consumption and air pollutants emission. Use of silica in rubber compouds is, however, accompanied by mixing diffulities, unacceptable dispersion and the strong tendency to flocculation which all originates from strong filler-filler and weak filler-polymer interactions. Therefore, to improve compatibility with rubber, treatment of silica surface with hydrocarbon agents seems reasonable. Various approaches including use of coupling agent have been proposed to fulfil this compatibility requirement. Moreover, in recent years efforts have been made to modify silica surface with polymeric agents in virtue of the resulting strong filler-polymer interaction which may lead to a nanocomposite structure. The present contribution deals with both available methods in treating silica surface with polymeric agents and utilization of these modified fillers in rubber systems.

In present contribution two main methods of Washburn capillary rise (WCR) and sessile drop technique on non-porous and smooth surfaces are to be compared in evaluating the surface energy of powder materials. Pristine silica and silane modified powders are used to assess the influence of silane nature and silane spacer length of 3-carbon and 16-carbon chain upon the surface energy of these powders. Having examined the surface modification of silica using infrared spectroscopy, an innovative method for preparing non-penetrable surface based on a combinatory press technique encompassing hydraulic and isostatic press is introduced. Using silane of high spacer length leads to an extremely hydrophobic surface where a contact angle of 47 degree for 3-carbon silane modified silica was varied to a value of 137 degree in 16-carbon silane modified one. In an attempt to clarify the significance of accurate measurement of surface energy, silane to silica ratio was adjusted to control surface properties of silica and then the silica dispersion was expected to be similar in specimens having identical surface energy.

Microalgae Dunaliella salina is a single-cell eukaryotic organism which is able to grow in high salt concentration. It has several advantages as a green bioreactor for producing of several pharmaceutical drugs including vaccines, hormones, growth factors, monoclonal antibodies and other recombinant proteins. In present study some gene transformation methods were applied for insertion of foreign genes into the microalgae cells. In the first step and to determine suitable selectable marker, some growth inhibitory compounds, such as kanamycin, hygromaicin, chloramphenicol and phosphinotricine were used. The results indicate the sensitivity of microalgae D. salina to phosphinotricine in concentration of 7 µg/ml. Then, the gene bar, encoding phosphinotricine transferase, was introduced as selectable marker in transformation process. The methods applied in gene transformation include agitation with glass beads, electroporation and gene gun bombardment. The constructs containing the GUS gene applied for optimizing of the transformation process. To evaluate the effect of different promoters, the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S and maize ubiquitine promoters were used for expression of the GUS reporter gen. The expression of GUS reporter gene was evaluated by histochemical staining method. The results obtained here proved efficiency of the glass beads method for successful expression of foreign gene. In stable nuclear transformation methods, the transformed D. salina cells were cultured on media containing phosphinotricine selectable marker. These results proved capability of 35S promoter in transformation using glass beads method. The construct harbouring HBsAg gene was applied for gene transformation into microalga by using biolistic, glass beads agitation and agrobacterium co-cultivation. The transformed cells were moved into selective media. The presence of foreign gene in the transformed cells was analyzed by molecular approaches including PCR and RT-PCR. These results prove capability of biolistic and glass bead approaches for successful gene transformation into D. salina.