فهرست مطالب محمد هادی مرادی

The mixing of many superstitious, fictional, tasteful and emotional narratives in the historical and incorruptible narratives of Ashura and Karbala has caused that, especially during the Qajar era due to the policies of the government, many superstitious and fake contents in the religious-literary texts that This event has been paid, enter. The main goal of this research is to analyze and investigate these superstitious beliefs and its political-social analysis in the religious-Ashura literature of the Qajar era.

The research method in this article is a descriptive-analytical approach based on library studies and document analysis. The statistical community of the research includes three prominent ritual-Ashurai works from Qajar period verse literature, namely Ganjineh al-Asrar of Oman Samani, Zabdeh al-Asrar of Safi Alisha, and Ateshkoda of Nyir Tabrizi.

The findings of the research indicate that superstitions, fake narratives, emotional, emotional and emotional approaches are very common in the religious literature of this era according to the necessity of the conditions of the Iranian society during the Qajar rule.

Narrative damage in mentioning the historical event of Karbala, including the emotional attention to the Imam"s farewell to his family, the sadness and despair of the Ahl al-Bayt of Imam Hussein (a.s.), fake stories such as the wedding of Hazrat Qasim in the midst of the battle, false and suspicious mystical interpretations of this event. It can be clearly seen in all three examined works.

Sustainability literature is a subset of political literature committed to society that arises in the context of people's lives and social change and is rooted in the distant past and defending culture and countering the invasion of foreigners and domestic oppression. It led to the growth of this type of literature. In ancient Iranian societies, for some reason, people had less opportunity to participate in society and comment, and only a limited number of speakers and thinkers of Persian literature in their works have paid attention to sustainability literature and this type of literature in contemporary times - and After constitutionalism, it is arranged and named, but as one of the manifestations of the socio-political literature of Iran, examples of it can be seen and considered in the remaining works before and after Islam. Sustainability is a strong chapter of literature that is rooted in the depth of Iranian culture and literature. Various pre-constitutional issues are examined and analyzed to determine that in the history of our country and in the face of foreign invasions, movements were formed and also influenced in the texts of prose and prose, which can be considered and proven as manifestations of stability literature. Political literature has a long history in the literary history of this land.

Focalization is the reduction of the narrator’s field and confining his information, that is, choosing a type of channel that conveys the news from the narrator to his reader in the novel. “Destinies” is a novel that describes the lives of Palestinians after the Nakba. If the Holocaust (The massacre of the Jews There is no doubt that this incident is fake), contained in the sub-title of the novel, is a media-trafficking event, the real Holocaust in "destinies" is what the Palestinian has been living under occupation for more than 70 years. Rabai Al-Madhoun tried to describe the conditions of the displaced Palestinians and who remained in occupied Palestine in the form of four movements centered on one pair in each move and clarify their position on this issue. This is what turns the focus in this novel into a point of compass and hangs over the other elements and revolves (Like character, plot ...) around these elements and all this was done according to the descriptive-analytical method. The author begins the novel with external blasphemy to encourage the reader to read by creating questions and ambiguities within it. Then, using the zero focus and giving more information, the reader becomes familiar with the characters of the novel and while approaching the most emotional moments in the novel .

The resurgence of Islamic civilization has many faces, including the summoning of historical figures in Arab novels and the embodiment of these characters in them. The novel "A Small Death" written by Muhammad Hassan Alwan is one of the most prominent examples in which the narrator wears the mask of the elder Sheikh Ibn Arabi on his face. This research relies on the descriptive-analytical method and Freud's theories in the analysis of personality, and Jouissance Lacan, theories that are defined in the context of psychology. This science helps the researcher to analyze the reflection of the personality of Ibn Arabi in the mirror of time and the thought of the contemporary intellectual. Among the achievements of this article: The character of Ibn Arabiya in this novel is a masochistic character, and the reason for this goes back to his childhood and his father's behavior towards him; The father was a strict and expectant person, and the child was unable to respond to his father's expectations, which led to the child feeling guilty and punishing himself. The whole novel was the story of Ibn Arabiya's attempts to escape from his anxiety stemming from his past and to reach calm, in short, he wants to achieve his Jouissance. In fact, it is the search for geometry that can explain Ibn Arabi's behavior and what he has in mind about following the path of Sufism. Ibn Arabi turned to Sufism with the encouragement of the one whom Fatima ibn al-Muthanna met, and he searched the Islamic world from west to east to reach its four pegs. And at every stage of his life, he gave up some of his worldly desires to become worthy of the position of the pole, the position in which he would see his happiness, the happiness that Lacan calls a Jouissance.

This study is an attempt to present a theoretical framework for evaluation of poetic plagiarism. The study essentially dressed on what basis plagiarism can be spotted and how appropriation can be evaluated. The study is an analytical-comparative one. The analytical section of the study proposed a method and framework for determining whether a poetic work could be marked with plagiarism, and the comparative section applied the proposed framework in practice. a brief review of the literature on poetic plagiarism in Arabic rhetorical tradition was presented. It was shown that Al-Jurjᾱni has sporadically discussed poetic plagiarism besides elaborating his ‘theory of nadhm’ and has applied a systematic method for analyzing the relationship between poems which has not received attention thereafter. Then Al-Jurjᾱni’s method was compared with the method utilized by the Russian formalists in their analysis of the historical relationship between poems. The comparison showed that the formalist approach in the 20th century used an analytical method similar to Al-Jurjᾱni’s. A new theoretical framework was proposed based on the common principles of these approaches for determining whether a poem was plagiarized. It was accordingly argued that plagiarism can be determined neither based on similarity of contents nor similarity of the common aesthetics, but rather based on the common features that the poetic works have regarding application of new aesthetics. Having proven that one poetic work was appropriated by another based on the proposed method, the was assessed to see what role the common aesthetics played in composition of each of the poetic forms since it is the aesthetics which mirrors the relationship between the poems in creation of their forms. That being the case, it was shown that a comparison of the functions carried out by the common aesthetics in formation of each poem can indicate how the former poem led to plagiarism in the latter. At the end, a comparative analysis was carried out based on the proposed method to show the different kinds of plagiarism in poetry.

Today there are various definitions of the 'image'. The most general concept of it as Day Lewis says: 'is a painting resulted from words or is an effort for linguistic show of experience as artistic form. Poet's success in artistic expression and creative application of language is termed rhethoric. Accurate reflection of reality without interference of imagination can weaken or destroy rhethoric. So, literary schools insist on the necessity of taking into account image constituents and they formulated it according to certain philosophical principles. By such looking, it is obvious that the difference between the attitudes of literary schools depends on the difference between their related philosophical bases. The two schools of parnassism and romanticism are also have totally opposite views to the art of poetic constituents because of the difference between their interested philosophical bases. Thus, the present article seeks to study fundamental bases of image rhethoric from the view point of these two schools, and deal with the preparatory causes of this confrontation. Then seeks to explain manifestations of this contrast. The most important achievement of the article is that the most remarkable features reflect in the attention to or ignorance of the individuality, to serve the beuty as device or target, and the way of encounter with the nature.

One of the issues related to the ijaz (inimitability) of the Holy Quran is dividing miracles into two categories of intellectual and sensual. But how this category was created? What did Muslim scholars mean by “intellect”, and to whom did they refer? Based on a historical survey carried out in this regard, this study has achieved the following This category was first introduced by Jahiz (death: AH 255) in response to the question of how the only book as a miracle, namely Quran, is allocated to Muhammad (PBUH) among all the prophets. Answering this question, Muslim scholars have followed three different approaches throughout history: 1. Some considered it ethnically and claimed that the superiority of Arabs’ intellect among whom Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) appeared, was the reason why Quran was revealed to him.
2. Others referred to the religion of audiences and believed that the intellectual superiority of the Islamic Ummah over Jews and Christians was the main reason.
3. The rest, considering the mankind as a whole, believed that the growth of human intelligence in the era of Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) was the reason.

The present article is an attempt to discover the order governing the linguistic elements in Surah Al-Kafirun [109]. The question posed is that as a literary text, what linguistic and semantic structures does the Surah Al-Kafirun adopt? This is answered through binary oppositions as well as syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. The study will be a descriptive-comparative one. The first section of the article presents an applied analysis of the structural approach to text study. The second section analyses the Surah Al-Kafirun according to the aforementioned analysis, which shows the text is built up of three main structures based on three main binary oppositions, with the second opposition itself built up of four minor structures based on three minor binary oppositions. One of these minor oppositions has been repeated in the text, once with Positive implications and once with Negative implications. The linguistic elements in the text have been used in such a way that simultaneously divide and join the Surah structures. This occurs both in the semantic representation of the text on the one hand and in morphological, lexical, and syntactic representations on the other. The structural analysis shows how the intended meanings have been presented through paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in a coherent structure.

The investigation of Surabadi Translation according to the Abdul Qader Al Jorjani's theorg of order. (case study of question sentencs.)
One of the most important and theoldest interpretations of Sunni in Persian language isthe translation and interpretation of Surabadi. Around the year of 470 Hegira, Abu Bakr 'Atiq ibn Mohammad al-Heravi, known as Surabadi, wrote this interpretation. Surabadi under any of the verses, after the translation, interpreted the versesand tried to obtain an adequate balance in terms of observing morphological and syntactic rhetoric.The present article investigates Jurjani’sviews on order and questions and after that the article studies the translation of some verses according tothetheory of orderand his rhetorical perspective on questions. Jurjani surveyed these verses, which are related to questions, in his book titled “ Alajaz reasons”. Adopting a descriptive-analytic approach the article concludes that in his own literal translation of these holy verses, Surabadi did not change the structure of the source text and using this strategy, he noticed dedicate and delay categories. On the other hand, in his translationhe accounted for the importance of Secondary meanings questions but he did not consider the rhetorical position of dedicate and delay meticulously.

The implication of transposition in the structure of positive and negative sentences has been studied from the point of Abd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī's view in present essay. Transposition is a rhetorical subject being discussed in generative-transformative grammar. Jurjānī believed that words set in order in a sentence on the basis of their meanings, and emphasized that if the order of words in a sentence were not meaning-based, transposition, then, would have had no semantic value. He proves sagaciously the syntactic, rhetoric and semantic functions of transposition and tries, providing various examples, to explain his own viewpoints about transposition and to pay attention to the issue of meaning in the sentence construction. The results of present research, has been conducted through a descriptive-analytic method, show that many of Jurjānī’s opinions and views are closely related to modern linguistic theories. He was also concerned with word structure, principles of generative -transformative grammar, the unity of word and meaning (formalistic discourse), linguistic and non-linguistic contexts and believed that all the above-mentioned elements should be considered in a text understanding procedure

abd al-qahir al-jurjani is considered to be one of the renowned pioneer in language and literary studies. He is distinct from his contemporaries because of his theory of Order. His theory of Nazm demonstrates his great ingenuity in linguistics. Al-Jurjani—a renowned Iranian linguist and litterateur—raised and discussed a range of issues in structuralism centuries ago. The present study compares Jurjani’s views with that of others linguists particularly Saussure’s and Chomsky’s. Adopting a descriptive-analytic approach, the article concludes that Jurgani’s views are very similar with those of contemporary linguists. Jurjani’s view that standard language is structured, systematic and coherent, that the relation between signifier and signified is arbitrary and that contexts determine the meaning and aesthetic value of a word are all among the issues that structuralists raised and discussed centuries after Jurjani.

Khayyam’s Rubaiyat are among the most fascinating and unknown world literature's masterworks. In an attempt to prepare them for a psychological analysis, his Rubaiyat were examined for their possible attribution to Khayyam and interpretability. To do so, 20 of his Rubaiyat that are commonly believed by the experts to be written by him were selected and psychologically analyzed. First, the unique position of his Rubaiyat in Persian literature was considered. Then, the most controversial issues about his Rubaiyat, namely, his religious, agnosticistic, nihilistic and hedonistic themes, were discussed. In addition, Khayyam's views on two of his important ideas, namely, death and wine, were investigated. Finally, the possibility of a psychological interpretation of his Rubaiyat was explored. As a result, three interpretive models for different analytical perspectives, including the psychological one, were presented. These interpretative models, which were specified to be directive, purposeful, and implied, make the Rubaiyat prone to different psychological interpretations. Since some of the misunderstandings about Khayyam’s Rubaiyat are due to the misguided attempts to interpret them from perspectives not necessarily relevant to his ideas, these interpretive models could be quite helpful.

Image recognition is a branch of comparative literature studying the image of foreign other in a literary text. This science is a proper context to differentiate human beings from each other and by this recognition, common essence of humanity is revealed and a gate is opened to brotherhood world that brings together "I" with the other. Therefore, comparative researches that evaluate our relation with others are very important. Albayati is one of the biggest contemporary Arab poets most of whose odes have been dedicated to investigating the other's image. Meanwhile, he composed three odes in description of three Kurdish artists: Abd-allah Gooran, Yashar Kamal and Aylmaz Güney. Arabic" I" in Albayati's poem has drawn a system of relations with other Kurdish artist. The present paper tries to investigate Albayati's image of other Kurdish artist using descriptive- analytical method, based on comparative criticism. Results of the paper suggest that the poet has shown image of other Kurdish artist neglectfully. This kind of reading the other is one of the most beautiful possible methods and a unique true way of recognizing the other.

“Risālah al-Ghofrān’’ by famous scholar in Arab world، Abul ‘Alā Ma''arry describes an imaginary journey to the other world. Ibn Qārih، hero of this itinerary، who entered the Heaven، is guided toward a fruit garden، from the fruits of which pretty girls are born after picking up and cleaving the fruits of garden trees. This scene recalls the «orange girl» in the folk story ‘‘Doxtar e Nārenj o Toranj” in which the loving prince picks up and tears an orange; then a beautiful girl comes out of it. What connects Abul ‘Alā''s description to this story is a common mythical motif. Because the myth of ‘‘Mashy” and ‘‘Mashyāneh”، one born from rhubarb and the other from a goddess-plant، can be the deep structure of the two. In this article we intend to introduce resources، including historical books and travelogues، which Ma''arry employed in the creation of this scene، and discover the relationship between this part of ‘‘Risālah al-Ghofrān” and ‘‘Doxtar eNārenj o Toranj” story، in order to show that an Iranian myth has a main role in the creation of this book.

Asha can be seen in a major part of previous moral and social texts and it is not possible to explain its genesis and continuity without referring to psychological findings. The current research aims at exploring the psychological base of this concept using the scientific endeavors. This paper first investigates the presence of Asha in Persian literature and then attempts to explore and explain them using the psychological findings. Asha is found to be in accordance with the low level of moral development called pre-conventional and concrete operational level of cognitive development. At the same time, there is a contradiction between the low level moral judgments in Persian literature and the developed statements of moral judgments. Furthermore, the pre-conventional explanation of Asha can just explain the form of Asha and its complete explanation needs including its functional and emotive aspects. In conclusion, it appears that despite the pre-moral nature of Asha, it is a necessary factor in developing individual and social morality. It reminds the parallel development of individual and human kind. At the same time, this study indicates the reciprocal need of literature and psychology, one of which considers a high part of human inventions and the other one aims at a scientific study of human mind and its products.

It stands to reason that modern linguistics has gone through an immense development at diverse linguistic levels. However, such developments have often happened in the systematic dimension of the current linguistic enterprises, as the preceding scholars have not been less familiar with the origins and principles of the field than the contemporary linguists do. The present paper concerns itself with investigating the ideas of Abdullah Ibn omar Beyzavi, a preceding scholar whose ideas have been introduced in his popular interpretation of a linguistic phenomenon, called "phonemic communication", which is nowadays applied by the contemporary linguists to distinguish the linguist phones. The paper aims at giving insights into understanding the very fact that the literature and the intellectual heritage of the preceding scholars can be the base of the modern intellectual and academic endeavors.

Hanna Mina is considered as one of the realist writers. He achieved fame in Syria By his first novel al-masabih al-zorq (1945) and in his later works introduced himself as a prolific and talented writer.He was different from the others because the subject of his novels was life problems and he believed that realism can embrace other literary schools such as Romanticism and Symbolism. This approach shows how he uses symbols and other modern techniques in his novels.The novel Snow Comes from the Window is the story of a hero who escapes from fight against tyranny at first but learns principles of fight at different stages and passes the steps of knowledge and her character grows from an ordinary to a revolutionary.This research intended to study the realistic approach of Hanna Mina and explores the implications of some inanimate objects in particular, the role of window in the development of the hero.

Since its advent in 1867،the Arabic novel has been under the influence of two factors. One factor is longing for the past، the other one is infatuation with the west and submission to its hegemony. In early 20th century، some novels were written in response to public taste and Arab culture. This novel is considered by critics of fiction to be a turning point in the path of Arabic fiction. At the same time western standards and rules were copied in the composition of novels. However the Arabic novel entered its major phase of development in the 1960’s.

Nizar Qabbani is known among Arab poets as a poet of love and women. In fact these two words in the dictionary of Nizar go out of the framework of definitions and restrictions that make it into the department of the collector and the inhibitor. He tried hard to find these adorable in this picturesque valley; but he did not know her way, however, may open doors to women. In the poems of our poet woman manifested in cases of multiple ways and images so that appear sometimes in the body that you may touch, and sometimes manifested in the form of beloved and sacred ideal that deserves love and adoration; The love manifested in the diverse meanings and mottos as physical joy, property, and pleasure, and over the property, and suicide, and the practice of death, and immortality, and jumping, and. .. etc., so that we cannot limit Nizar’s muddledthought which is reflected in the special meaning of love; however, what we can say is that Nizar was carrying on his body the pain of society, and this is what is clearly reflected in his poems. He knocked on every door so that this issue shows, and then find solutions for it. In this research we tried to touch upon this topic in a concise and brief way.

The term “stylistics” has started with the emergence of linguistic research at the first decades of twentieth century. Charles Bally (1865-1947), is the founder of modern stylistics in the French School, and is a substitute for Saussure at the Linguistics Department of University of Geneva. Stylistics is a sort of criticism process that reveals the aesthetic bases of literary works. One of the most prominent kinds of stylistics is deviation; it is some kinds of variety and alteration which enhances text’s value. Deviation is a technique of communicating between creator and recipient, because this technique reveals the capability of creator in using the hidden part of language to convey the message to the recipient with its all stylistic value. So style deviates from the norm to reveal the objectives that normal language is not able to convey. But some theorists believe that the style is nothing more than deviation. This article tries to criticize this opinion by using examples from poetry and holy Quran.

In the holy Quran, perfect man is portrayed on the basis of contemplation and reasoning. However, in mysticism, perfect man is introduced in an intuitive manner. This paper aims at investigating the qualities of perfect man from these two perspectives (mysticism and reasoning). Through the examination of these perspectives we arrive at this conclusion that mysticism and the Quran are not separate. It may be true that the reasoning dimension of perfect man is highlighted in the Quran, but this does not mean that the Quran has been oblivious to the mystical aspect. IbnArabi has pointed to this issue and is in the belief that divine words can be interpreted from both reasoning and intuitive viewpoints and based on the understanding of the reader. Moreover, the mystical dimension of perfect man is not devoid of reasoning, particularly because the primary stages of mysticism are based upon reasoning and rational knowledge. Then, the point deserving attention is that the outcome of investigating the perfect man from these two perspectives has been the same: perfect man has the power to dominate the universe, and as the men of wisdom put it, "the heavens of existence turn around him".

AkhavanSaleth started his work by composing poems in Khorasani's style at the beginning of modernism; however, soon he got acquainted with Nima's style and remained one of his faithful friends ever. AmalDonqol, a nationalist Egyptian poet, was born in 1940 in Qena; he was living at the time when Arabdogmatism was prevalent in Egypt and he is therefore known as the 'poet of protest'. Akhavan is so attached to the heritage of his ancestors that in his poems, in both form and content, this ancient heritage is observable. Donqol, too, has strong attachment to the heritage of his ancestors and has referred to it frequently in order to provoke the nationalist sentiments of his audience. He draws on history and mythsalong with their events and characters to return to the Arabs their lost pride.

Sheikh Babaei is one of the greatest scientists and intellectuals of the 10th century in Islamic world. He has written and compiled about one hundred invaluable books one of which is the most seminal, perfect and concise book famous for its brevity and entitled "Alfawaed Alsamadiah" on grammar. There have been plenty of interpretations written on this book the most comprehensive and well known one in written by Seyed Sadroddin Aamadani Alshirazi known as Seyed Ali Khan Alkabir (the great). This interpretation entitled "Alhadaegh Alnadiah fi Sharh Alfawaed Alsamadiah" is unique in its kind where the interpreter gets help from the Holy Quranic verses and poems of the outstanding poets of jaheli Islamic Omaiads, Abbasieds eras to explain and clarify contraversies on grammar. One of the specifications of this book is the investigation of great grammarians ideas in such a way that the interpreter incorporates view points. ...

The aim of investigating literary texts, in addition to obtaining a profound understanding of such texts and the aim of those who have created them, is improving our knowledge about their influencing factors (social, cultural, political, economic, interpersonal, and internal or psychological factors). This is indicative of the increasing value of the texts of literature. Many researches adopt a psychodynamic approach to the inquiry of the literature. In Persian literature, the majority of the studies of this kind have been done based on Jung's approach. However, the psychoanalytic inquiry of literature addressesa wider scope of clinical findings of psychoanalysts. The current research focuses on a psychodynamic investigation of Golestan of Sa’adi, as a famous Persian literary text, from a different perspective. Given the difficult task of conducting a psychoanalytic investigationon a large portion of Golestan in one article, only some selected parts of this masterpiece have been analyzed. The results of the study show the influence of the unconscious factors and the hidden emotional processes throughout the book and indicate the residual of the past conflicts with parents and drives.