فهرست مطالب محمد پناهنده

Technical limitations in classifying heterogeneous wetland environments, characterized by diverse vegetation cover, land use, and species diversity, often lead to interference in classification results and reduced accuracy in differentiating vegetation classes within wetland ecosystems. There is limited research available to improve classification methods in wetland environments. The main objective of this study is to investigate the combination of multi-spectral and radar data in improving the classification methods of wetland environments and to provide a method for fine separation of different plant covers in these biodiversity environments. In order to better examine the changes of the spectral index during a year, the open-source system of Google Earth Engine is used so that the spectral behavior of the phenomena during the year can be accurately studied.

In this study, a combination of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data was used as the first data series, and a combination of Sentinel-2 data with spectral indices such as NDVI, SAVI, and mNDWI was used as the second data series. The best image for each season (summer, autumn, winter, and spring) from 2016 to 2022 was selected to create classification maps and examine detailed changes in the wetland. For image classification, training areas were selected based on field sampling, combining satellite imagery and Google Earth images. Classification was performed using three supervised algorithms: Support Vector Machine, Artificial Neural Network, and Maximum Likelihood. Also, the index map was prepared in the Google Earth Engine system and the indices were calculated using the ready-made products available in this system and were reviewed monthly for one year. To ensure the classification and to evaluate the classification accuracy, the most common accuracy estimation parameters, overall accuracy, producer accuracy, user accuracy and Kappa coefficient were used.

The results indicated that the combination of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data yielded better results compared to the combination of Sentinel-2 data with spectral indices. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient for the four periods were 92.99%, 87.43%, 83.80%, and 97.90% (in 2016, 2017, January 2022, and July 2022, respectively) when using the combination of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data, which were significantly higher than the results obtained with the combination of Sentinel-2 data and spectral indices. Furthermore, the combination of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data resulted in better detection of water bodies and lotus habitats within the wetland. NDVI, SAVI and mNDWI have a high correlation in examining the changes, so that an increasing trend was observed in the first six months of the year and a decreasing trend in the second six months, and the trend of vegetation and water changes is the same.

Due to the complexity of wetland spatial structures and existing threats, identifying land cover types is challenging. This study demonstrates the use of multi-temporal Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data to comprehensively assess wetland characteristics. The accuracy assessment for the four study periods from 2016 to 2022 using three classification algorithms, Support Vector Machine, Maximum Likelihood, and Artificial Neural Network, showed that the combination of Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 data outperformed the combination of Sentinel-2 data with spectral indices in terms of overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient. Among the three algorithms used, the Maximum Likelihood algorithm consistently achieved the highest overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient compared to the other two algorithms.

Wetlands play an important ecological role in the balance of ecosystems. The excessive increase of aquatic plants causes important changes such as eutrophication, increase of water turbidity, swamping and finally drying of the wetland. Using the time series of satellite data in the Google Earth Engine is an efficient and useful way to investigate the ecological conditions of wetlands. Due to the importance of Anzali Wetland and its complex and strategic conditions, temporal and spatial changes of the vegetation and water body of the wetland were studied using Landsat satellite (TM), (ETM+) and (OLI) sensor data from 1990 to 2020 in Google Earth Engine. Vegetation changes were evaluated using the (NDVI) index and (mNDWI) index was used to study water body changes. The results show the surface of the wetland water body has decreased by 5520 hectares (20%) during the three decades of study, dense vegetation covers have decreased from 7756 to 5350 hectares and semi-dense vegetation has increased from 6967 to 14100 hectares, according to the sampling, these changes were confirmed. By examining the annual precipitation in Guilan province, based on TRMM satellite rain data, it was found that the precipitation factor has a nonsignificant role in reducing the water body of the wetland. And due to human interventions through the introduction of river sediments and the pollution load resulting from the entry of agricultural, urban and industrial effluents into Anzali Wetland, as well as the reduction of the amount of water in the rivers leading to the Wetland due to their excessive use in the upstream of the basin, the water body of the Wetland has decreased and semi-dense vegetation has increased.

Wetlands as an integral part of the global ecosystem in flood prevention or mitigation, feeding aquifers and providing unique habitat for plants and animals and other services and benefits are key elements of a regional conservation strategy. Anzali International Wetland in Guilan Province is one of the 10 most valuable wetlands in the world, which has undergone many changes in land use and vegetation due to structural changes resulting from man-made processes, and its nature and ecological functions have been endangered. The purpose of this study is to investigate the application of remote sensing data in mapping changes in the spatial pattern of the landscape with the help of field work training areas at the bed of the wetland and to analyze the changes of territorial cohesion based on the metrics of the landscape. First, satellite data were analyzed and Sentinel-2 images from 2016 to 2020 were classified by training areas. Then, a map of land cover in 7 classes of agriculture, barren, reed, forest, rangeland, water and urban area was created for mapping and analysis of land use metrics. After extracting class-level and landscape-level metrics in Fragstats software and determining appropriate metrics using PCA method with R and Canoco software, LPI, LSI, ENN_MN, CA, TE, NP, SHAPE_MN, PARA_MN, IJN, ARE_ Applications were selected for better analysis of the area. Analysis of metrics indicates that, in general, the landscape is fragmented, more complex and irregular in form, and more discontinuous in terms of the degree of integration of structural elements.

Industries play an important role in the development of societies. The generation of large volumes of industrial waste with complex characteristics makes their management a challenge. In addition to occupying the land, the accumulation of these wastes causes environmental pollution. The main purpose of this study is to identify industrial wastes in the industrial zone of Gilan province and to investigate their management system. In this study, 11 industrial zones in Gilan province were investigated in 15 industrial groups. Astara industrial zone has the lowest number of units with six active units, and the largest number of active units under investigation is Sepidroud industrial zone (41 units) and then Rasht industrial zone (37 units). The food industry group with 50 active units (24%) has contributed the most in investigating the type and amount of industrial waste in Gilan province. Based on the data of the study, the total amount of industrial waste is 45926 tons per year. In addition, the main special genaration wastes are 60314 liters of used oils and 16707 tons of different types of wastes per year. The metal industrial group generated the largest amount of industrial waste with the genaration of 32917 tons per year. Also, the cellulose and synthetic oil industrial group units have the highest amount of hazardous waste genaration per year with the genaration of 29,600 liters and 6,300 tons, respectively. Based on the data obtained from the industrial units, the total sales and recycling methods accounted for 54.1% and disposal for 45.9% of cases. Obtaining information on industrial waste flow in Gilan province provides the opportunity to recover and save identified resources. In addition, many economic and environmental benefits are obtained by making a decision and implementing proper waste management.

Improper waste management threatens the sustainability of the environment. Defining an optimal and sustainable system for waste disposal requires the examination of all processes within the system, their impact on the environment, economic aspects, implementation, and energy consumption in each part. The present study was conducted with the goal of modeling the municipal solid waste management system of Rasht County based on the life cycle assessment approach. In this regard, two existing disposal scenarios and the development plan for the future were compared. The first scenario (existing disposal) includes the sale of recycled waste, biological processing (compost production), and landfilling. The second scenario (development plan) involves the use of an incinerator in addition to previous disposal methods. After collecting data using the IWM-2 model, the environmental impacts of each scenario were assessed. The results show that if the second scenario assumptions are applied, the amount of energy consumption, pollutants, and global warming will decrease relative to the first scenario. Total energy consumption in the first and second scenarios is respectively +3891 and -1683234 Gj. In addition, the global warming potential is reduced due to the reduction of landfills, reduced transportation and fuel consumption, improved equipment, and energy recovery in the second scenario. In general, environmental performance in the second scenario will be improved if appropriate action is taken. Reducing landfill and greenhouse gases, increasing recycling, etc., are the main reasons. Although incineration reduces landfilling in Saravan, it is still the proper design of the landfill, and energy utilization from it provides a favorable life cycle of waste management based on the second scenario. Moreover, the use of waste incineration is justified only if pollution and energy recovery standards are respected. Modifying the components and capacity of each disposal option produces new results. In this context, it is suggested to use alternative models.

Wetland habitats are one of the most important natural ecosystems in the world. Evaluating and managing these valuable ecosystems require accurate and up-to-date data that remote sensing makes it possible. In this study, the changes of Anzali International Wetland in Gilan province, Iran, were investigated using Landsat satellite images and the Modified Nomalized Diffrence water index (MNDWI) in Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform during the years 1986 to 2020. To monitor waterbodies changes, two classes of water and non-water area were classifeied by Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorythm and MNDWI index was used to distinct the water surface areas. On the other hand, climate data including TRMM satellite data and PDSI index from TerraClimate data and Caspian Sea water level data were used to determine their effects on water level fluctuation of the wetland. The maps of SVM classification had overall accuracy more than 87% and Kappa coefficient was more than 88%. The wetland water body loss has decreased by 20% in its area according to MNDWI index maps, it has reached from 5926 hectares to 954 hectares, so that initially (until 2000) there was an upward trend and then a downward trend in the wetland water level. Also, the water level of Anzali wetland have been affected more by the sea level than the climatic factors. The results show that water indices and Google Earth Engine are efficient tools to identify the trends of water level changes of wetlands, and could provide more detailed scientific guidance to protect and manage natural resources in the studied areas.

Habitat destruction has been one of the main causes of biodiversity loss. Hence, habitat restoration has a very high priority in management of these areas. The aim of this study was to introduce an applied index of habitat availability through integrating two principal components of connectivity and spatial arrangement of habitat patches. The index can be used in monitoring of habitat changes. The used tools and approaches include: suitability and resistance surfaces, patch network based on graph theory and least-cost method. The results indicated a clear picture of habitat changes in Javaher Dasht Protected Area over the years of study during which the habitat availability index was decrease by at least 52%. This index has high potential in ranking of protected areas on region and country scales and for identifying of strategic restoration patches within these areas. This information can be used in managing and redesigning of protected areas in the country.

Today, wetlands around the world have been destroyed due to insufficient attention during the development plan. Population growth and changes in economic activities are indirect factors in the destruction of wetlands. Also, climate change, land use change, over-exploitation of wetland resources, pollution, eutrophication, infrastructure development and Invasive species are the direct causes of wetland destruction. The negative environmental, social, and economic impacts (Such as increasing the risk of floods, reducing the quality and quantity of water, adverse impacts on health, cultural identity and livelihood) have led many countries to pursue management plans. New methods of protection and restoration of these habitats are proposing today. Of course, wetland management is related to their economic and social value. Wetlands are managed for a variety of purposes, such as increasing fish production, storing water for irrigation and drinking, or for aesthetic reasons to promote tourism. In Iran, a comprehensive plan for ecological management and dealing with damage to wetlands has been adopted. Ecological management, improvement and restoration projects have been carried out for some southern wetlands of the Caspian Sea, such as Amir Kalayeh International Lagoon, Selkeh, Sorkhanhol Wildlife Refuge and Steel wetlands. Jokandan is another wetland considered in this regard. Jokandan wetland is located as a part of the Lisar and Jokandan protected area in Guilan. This wetland has ecological, economic, and tourist potential. But, lack of proper management has caused its destruction and drying up. Thus, the restoration of it with the aim of developing tourism is considered by the authorities. If wetland restoration and tourism development projects are not accompanied by proper planning and assessment of the current situation, it will cause damage to the environment. So, before taking any action, it is necessary to examine the status of the study area from environmental, economic and social dimensions to determine the most appropriate management decisions and the relationship between human activities and habitat destruction. In this regard, various models and patterns have been created. To study the environmental status, a model called (DPSIR) Driving force, Pressure, State, Impact, Response was developed by the European Environment Agency. In the first step, by evaluating the sensitivity of the study area based on this model, potential environmental problems can be identified and solved. Following the status of the wetland, it is necessary to quantitatively evaluate the solutions and responses provided by the authorities on the environment. One of the most effective tools in this regard is environmental impact assessment. So, the present study was conducted with the aim of increasing the efficiency of management measures to rehabilitate Jokandan wetland to develop tourism. For this purpose, DPSIR model and EIA method are integrated.

The present study is descriptive-analytical and has been done in two stages of basic studies and environmental impact assessment studies. First, in the basic studies section, using the DPSIR model, the condition of the wetland is described, environmental problems and its management challenges from environmental, economic and social dimensions are discussed. According to this model, the driving forces and pressures are often human factors for development and are associated with the consumption of natural resources. This causes a change in the environmental condition (environmental, physical, biological and chemical conditions) of the ecosystem. In this study, based on library studies and field visits, a list of management problems and environmental issues of Jokandan wetland was prepared with the opinions of experts. These factors were then categorized within the framework of DPSIR, which are known as pressure factors in large areas of the lagoon. These pressures have changed the condition of Jokandan wetland and have led to adverse impacts on this habitat. Then, in the impact assessment phase, the restoration activities of Jokandan wetland in order to develop tourism were quantitatively analyzed using a rapid impact assessment matrix. Restoration activities include the construction phase (dredging and sediment extraction, wetland expansion, cutoff construction, construction of ecotourism structures and bird watching sites) and operation (use of tourism and ecotourism capacity). To quantitatively evaluate the impacts, scoring matrices were first constructed separately for construction and operation phases. In these matrices, the impacts of activities on environmental components are placed in rows and scoring criteria in columns. Based on individual judgments and within the framework of the rapid impact assessment matrix method, the assessment team assigned an accurate value to each of the matrix cells.

According to the identified DPSIR model indices, the driving forces that cause pressures on the resources of Jokandan wetland are divided into four categories. These factors include unsustainable use of natural resources, land use change, low level of local community participation in wetland management, population growth and settlements. The most significant changes that observed due to the pressures in this area, are the increase in agricultural-range land use, increasing demand for water, and reduces the area of wetland habitat. Also, based on the results of the quantitative impact analysis, negative and important impacts of construction phase activities that appear in the range of many significant changes include noise pollution, the impact of clearing, shrubs and Cutoff construction on habitat destruction and land use in the region. The purpose of creating the Cutoff structure is to prevent the mixing of fresh water in the lagoon and salt water in the sea. Based on the present evaluation study, the creation of this structure will be subject to specialized studies. Also, according to the results, salinity does not interfere with the growth and development of alder trees, but monitoring salinity is essential. In the operation phase, the most important negative impacts include transportation activities on air quality and ecosystem simplification activities. According to final environmental evaluations the score of the construction phase is -764 and the score of the operation phase is 338. Summarizing the results and the difference in the range of scores shows that the negative impacts from the construction phase of the operation are decreasing and the positive impacts from the construction phase of the operation are increasing. This study highlights the importance of developing a comprehensive restoration plan.

Industrial development and rapid population growth due to the increase in consumed materials and the consequent increase in industrial waste is one of the challenges in the world. The purpose of this study is to investigate the quantity of industrial waste production in the industrial group of plastics and synthetic rubber in Guilan province and the conditions of resulting pollution. The results of this study show that the major industrial wastes identified in this group include plastic waste, paint cans, cardboard waste, paint powder, packaging strap, polymer waste, polymer sludge, wood waste, glass and carbon fiber waste. Plastic waste with 136.08 tons is the highest and paint powder with 0.04 tons is the lowest industrial waste produced in this group. The used oil with a total amount of 14092 liters per year is the only hazardous waste identified in this group. From the present study, it is concluded that the main management methods used in this industrial group are recycling and sales, but hazardous waste is not disposed of properly. The proposed method for used oil is refining.

Anzali International Wetland is a natural and freshwater wetland located on the southwest coast of the Caspian Sea in Guilan province. The purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of the Anzali Wetland territorial sequence by examining the temporal changes of the landscape pattern and the driving forces of these changes. For this purpose, TM and OLI satellite images of 1994, 2008 and 2018 were used to produce land cover changes maps and to quantify and phenomena occurring in the land using NP, CA, PD, LPI and PLAND metrics. Then, DPSIR was used to provide appropriate solutions for wetland conservation, resuscitation and management. According to the results of this study from 1994 to 2018 at forest-agricultural class level with increasing NP and increasing CA creation phenomenon, at the level of wetland and wetland plants classes with decreasing NP and increasing CA aggregation phenomenon and due to metric decrease PLAND, PD, NP, CA and LPI for water class have witnessed the elimination and disappearance of this class. The driving forces identified in this research are agriculture, population growth, industry, and tourism, with many adverse effects including increase cultivation area of wetland margins, the introduction of domestic, industrial and agricultural wastewater into the wetland, reducing groundwater quality, Reduced habitat for aquatic species, birds. Investigation of changes in the landscape pattern indicates that natural sequences of human origin have occurred in the area under study, which has gradually become the dominant human sequence.

Identify land uses and land use changes to investigate and monitor sensitive areas is essential for sustainable land planning and management. The main objective of this study is to investigate the land use changes caused by the construction of Shafarood Dam in the Hyrcanian forests in the north of Iran during a 17-year period using Landsat satellite imagery. To do this, three satellite imagery of the years 2000, 2013 and 2017 were used, and the corrections (geometric and atmospheric) were applied on the images and the map of the land use for each section in the region was prepared using the classification method of the maximum likelihood that the produced map have Kappa coefficient more than 86% and usage accuracy of 0.83. After classification, the comparison method was used to monitor the land use changes. The results revealed that in every three years, the most land cover of Shafarood watershed belongs to the forest class and in the next rank belongs to the rangeland class. As a result, the continuous decline of the forest class accured from 63.05 percent to 57.27 and 57.22 percent in the first section for the years 2013 and 2017 respectively. The continuous increase of the rock class (8.15-9.10-10.45) and bare lands (3.5- 4.47-5.08%) confirms it in the study area. Environmental challenges of constructing the Shafaroud dam is another emphasis on the importance of conducting advanced and specialized studies based on ecological methodologies and also increasing the decision makers awareness of Hyrcanian forests complexity which has formed in a very long-time period.

Over the past few decades, human activity had a significant impact on coastal wetlands around the world. Anzali is one of the 18 Iranian wetlands of international importance listed in Ramsar Convention. This unique ecosystemin the world with high ecological diversity is highly threatened by various factors such as pollutants, sedimentation, unauthorized development of urban infrastructure, over-harvesting of wetland resources, land use changes, and invasive species. In this study, we analyze structural and functional changes in the Anzali coastal wetland from 1994 to 2018, using the "drive-pressures-status-effects-responses-(DPSIR)" model and data collected from the Anzali Coastal Wetland.

Landsat 5 and 8 TM and OLI sensors for 1994, 2008 and 2018 were used. The land cover maps for these years were prepared in 5 categories of water body, wetland, wetland plants, pasture and agricultural land using the supervised classification with maximum likelihood algorithm in ENVI5.3 software. Changes were identified to assess the current status of the wetland and then the conceptual framework of DPSIR was used to determine the relationship between human activities and environmental activities and to describe environmental problems.

According to the results of the first period (1994-2008), the water body had the highest area change with 7.63% decrease, which was the most influential part of the wetland plants class, with 1045/98 hectares of water body converted into wetland. The wetland plants was second with 3.84 percent. During the second period (2008-2018), the water body had the most change in this period, with a decrease of 14.19%, as in the previous period. Over the entire study period from 1994 to 2018, the water body increased from 4749 hectares in 1994 to 1042 hectares in 2018, the largest conversion to wetland plants. The area of wetland, wetland, pasture and agricultural land uses increased by 10.92%, 0.78%, 4.48% and 5.66%, respectively. The results of maps accuracy assessment show that overall accuracy for year 2018, 96.31, year 2008, 94.14 and for 1994, 90.29% and kappa coefficient were 0.94, 0.92 and 0.87, respectively. Is. Also the driving forces in this research are population growth, industry and tourism.

The process of change in the Anzali Wetland is first in a natural sequence and then of human origin. So that the area of the water reservoir is reduced and added to the cover of wetland plants and wetlands and eventually to agricultural lands and the fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture along with domestic wastewater, industrialization through rivers into the Anzali Wetland. It enters the wetland feed, thereby accelerating the process of wetland destruction. Protecting this wetland requires people's participation, education and culture at the grassroots level.

Anzali watershed is one of the most important watersheds of Guilan province which houses Anzali International Wetland. The purpose of this study was to investigate structural changes in Anzali watershed through temporal changes of landscape pattern and use of DPSIR to identify Anzali watershed status and provide appropriate solutions for integrated landscaping protection and management. In this study, Landsat satellite imagery for 1994, 2008 and 2018 was used to investigate land use changes using remote sensing. Then, landscape metrics of NP, CA, PD, PLAND, LPI, CORE-AM were used to quantify and investigate the phenomena occurring in the land. In this regard, the most important changes were forest, agricultural, urban and water cover. Then, within the DPSIR conceptual framework, the most important driving forces, changes and pressures and their associated consequences were determined. Analyzes of metrics showed that at the level of forest and barr land the phenomenon of Attrition, agricultural lands and cities creation phenomenon, rangelands of Enlargment phenomena and at the water class level the phenomenon of Disection occurred. The results of DPSIR qualitative model showed that the main factor of change in Anzali watershed is population growth, settlements and urban areas and agricultural development. Overall, the phenomena occurring in the landscape under study explanatory that urban and agricultural disordered patch disturbances expansion are caused by the creation patterns, and that natural patch such as forest and water are destroyed through the patterns of Attrition and Disection.

Human beings have extremely changed the shape, pattern, and function of nearly all landscapes. The cumulative effects of human activities on the environment have been the impetus for extensive research aimed at identifying guiding metrics to assess the quality of the environment in terms of planning, monitoring, and resource management purposes. In order to control and restrict human impacts scientists, planners, and natural resource managers are looking for holistic approaches to interpret the relation between land use and the quality of the environment. In this regard habitat fragmentation, alteration of the hydrologic system of the watershed, and water quality have attracted the most attention. Landscapes have been studied at different scales and various metrics have been introduced to measure the quality of the environment. In the past years, ecological recognition has introduced a big picture based on the main pattern and landscape ecology principles. The foundation of this big picture is based on the idea that there are indispensables patterns in the landscapes that if they are maintained the important functions are protected. In this regard, some of the ecosystem's attributes are not saved and important natural assets will be protected. A landscape is a mosaic including a mix of ecosystems and land uses that repeat in a similar form. The mosaic pattern of landscape or spatial arrangement of landscape elements determines the movement of material, energy, organisms, and humans between local ecosystems. Also the movement of animals, water, nutrient, and human determine the arrangement of mosaic patterns. Landscape ecologists identified five main ways in which human alter landscape spatially: perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage, and attrition. These changes result in different spatial patterning of landscape elements that can alter the ecological process and population distribution of plants and animals. So, the purpose of this study was to investigate the landscape pattern change of Anzali watershed in the north of Iran.  

In this study, Landsat satellite imagery for 1994, 2008, and 2018 was used to determine land cover/land use using remote sensing. For landscape analysis, metrics of a number of patches (NP), class area (CA), patch density (PD), percentage of land (PLAND), and large patch index (LPI) were used. Based on how to change landscape metrics, landscape pattern change was examined through patterns of attrition, aggregation, creation, and dissection.  

Findings indicated a 10 percent decrease in forest cover and a 5.8 percent increase in agricultural land use. Also, a large patch index decreased for forest cover. According to landscape pattern change, Attrition was a dominated pattern that occurred mainly in forest cover. The second pattern was Creation that occurred for agriculture land use. Findings indicated decreasing in Anzali watershed integrity and connectivity of the forest patches as the most important patches in the watershed. Forest patches decreased in the area through attrition, aggregation, and dissection. In contrast, agriculture land use developed through aggregation and direct convert of isolated natural patches.

The pattern of land cover changes in the Anzali watershed indicated a shift in the balance towards the development of disturbed land cover, especially agriculture. However, forest cover as the most important land cover in the area has not been fragmented yet (simultaneous increase in the number of patches and drastic reduction of the area). The reason for this is based on the largest patch index of forest class. One of the forest patches alone, covering an area of 2071/34 hectares in 2018. Patterns of attrition, aggregation, creation, and dissection have provided the basis for the occurrence of disruption in forest cover. In this case, forest cover loses many of its capabilities, especially habitat services, water conservation, and decreasing soil erosion.

Dam construction projects can affect the functioning of the landscape by reducing the integrity and increasing distruption, and consequently, this change in the landscape could affect the function of the environment. Quantifying landscape changes is performed using landscape metrics and their variety makes them to be widely used in ecological studies and solving environmental problems. The purpose of this research was to investigate the trend of structural changes in forest cover in Shafarood watershed due to the construction of Shafarood dam. To ths end, three Landsat satellite images were used during the peak season of vegetation cover in 2000, 2013 and 2017. Geometric and atmospheric corrections were applied to these images. Using the maximum probabilistic classification method, the land use maps of the area for each year were prepared. Land cover maps had overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient higher than 86% and 83%, respectively. The results indicated an increase in the fragmentation and destruction of habitat conditions in the Hirkani forests and an extensive replacement of forest cover with no vegetation areas. The results also showed that the decline in the number of forest patches between 2013 and 2017 caused short-term centralized demolition at the project site, while the construction of dam and related facilities, such as roads and lateral installations have not yet been completed. To protect natural resources, the development process should be coordinated with the constraints and capabilities of the ecosystem through precise environmental studies, the assessment and explanation of the environmental impacts of the projects on the environment, and the presentation of approaches for reducing and mitigation of the destructive effects of development projects.

Indeed, protected areas, national parks and biosphere reserves in general, are the natural heritage of each country. Therefore, knowledge of their changes plays an essential role in management of these areas. Remote sensing is one of the most advanced and effective technology for monitoring environmental changes and resource management. The purpose of this research is to detect the land use /cover changes in Bojagh National Park in Guilan province during 2000-2017. For this purpose, the images of ETM+ sensor from the landsat 7 were taken in the year 2000 and the images of OLI sensor from the landsat 8 were taken in the year 2017. After applying the necessary preprocessing on the images, the training points were selected for each user class in sufficient number and with appropriate processing then, the land use / cover map was produced using the supervised classification method with maximum likelihood algorithm. Using the Overall accuracy test and Kappa coefficients, accuracy of the produced maps was determined. The results of the study indicated that the areas of the sea, grassland and the areas of the waterbody parts has decreased and the areas of the agricultural, marshland, man-made, woody and bare lands users show an increase during the study period.

Landscape ecology metrics are used to describe composition and configuration of landscapes. The aim of this study was examination of habitat loss and fragmentation in Lisar Protected area in Guilan province during time period of 1990-2015.In this study , using Landsat images(1990-2015), after radiometric and atmospheric correction, three density classes of forest cover(10-40%,40-70% and above 70%) were produced. Reference maps and field study were applied for interpretation of images and maximum likelihood method was used for classification. Using ArcGis and Patch Analyst software, with derived metrics, trend of habitat loss and fragmentation was examined.

abitats have dramatically destructed worldwide.However a growing trend is emerging for restoring habitatats. One of the most effective approach to revitalize them is to restore the conditions that have lost. Studies indicate high probability of local extinction of Maral (Cervus elaphus maral) in the current habitats of Gilan due to severe habitat destruction. The current study aimed to introduce application of habitat suitability and resistances surfaces, connectivity paths and corridors for analyzing and monitoring changes in habitats as the starting point of their reconstruction. Based on the results, 35% reduction of suitable habitats, 34% increase in the number of patches, 89% in edge density, and 53% reduction in the average size of patches indicate that  occurrence of habitat loss and fragmentation, severely disrupted the integrity of Maral habitats. Increasing cost-weight distance to the Euclidean distance and land cover change of paths and corridors indicate increasing of habitat resistance and reduction of landscape permeability. Results have given a clear picture of the changes in habitat suitability and connectivity of Maral that can play an effective role in restoration process.

By changing habitat structure,their composition and configuration are changed and habitat loss and fragmentation occure.Acording to Patch-Matrix-Corridor Model, source patches,matrix and permeability of matrix for connectivity between patches are the strategic components of habitat that if they maintain, sustainability of habitat will be maintained. The aim of this study was monitorig the changes of strastegic components of protected areas as important habitats . For this purpose, Lisar Protected Area and the species of red deer is selected. In this study habitat suitability layer was considered as the foundation for defining the habitat patches and resistance surface was considred as the foundation of landscape connectivity and functional connectivity.With combining habitat suitability layer,resistanc surface,functional connectivity network and analysis of their temoral changes, the state of strategic elements of the landscape including the habitat patches, the permeability of the matrix , functional connctivity network and their impacts including habitat loss and fragmentation were analyze. The findings indicate that reduction of 36% of suitabe habitat (rating equal to or higher than 50) and reduction of 30-40% of landscape permeability reduced 35 percent of the habitat area. This study confirmed the fact that by measuring the resistance of land cover, potential of permeability of the landscap can be quantified and with intruducing landscape permeability index, the permeability of the landscape of Lisar protected area and Caspian red deer habitat was examined.

No ecosystem is island and ecosystem sustainability depend on fitting the context of the ecosystem and the internal capabilities. Among the factors threatening biodiversity, habitat loss and habitat fragmentation are on top of major threats of habitat diversity that many protected areas has been unable to fulfill the functions defined. Therefore, analysis of the temporal changes of the protected areas and direction of composition and spatial distribution of the changes are requirements of the management of these areas The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal changes in habitat suitability as the basis of the protected areas and analyzing these changes by using landscape metrics for red deer (Cervus elaphus maral) in Hyrcanian forests of Lisar protected area in Gilan. Based on the results, besides the 35 percent decline in habitat suitability layer, we see an increase of 34 percent in the number of patches, 89 percent of edge density, 26 percent total of edge and reduction of 53% of the average size of patches. The results indicated a drop in the quantity and quality of habitat in the area investigated. This result confirms that increasing habitat destruction through the process of habitat loss and fragmentation has reduced the potential for the release and dispersal of the maral in habitat and gradually it provides the background of local extinction so reconstruction area is a key priority for management.

Bioremediation is an promising and available new technique for removal and recovery of heavy metals in contaminated land and waters. These microorganisms developed Different detoxifying mechanisms such as bioaccumulation, biosorption, biomineralization and biotransformation.The food and water we consume are often pulluted very of chemicals and heavy metals, such as gold,copper ,nickel, zinc, cadmium, arsenic, lead, chromium, and mercury that are associated with very diseases.Some studies described microorganism able to bioremediation heavy methas. Among others some of the microorganisms that play great role in bioremediation of heavy metals are Pseudomonas spp ,Corynebacterium spp ,Bacillus spp Arthrobacter spp, Alcaligenes spp, Rhodococcus spp, Flavobacterium spp, Nocardia spp, Azetobacter spp, Methosinus, Phormidium valderium.

Landscape structure means the pattern of a landscape, which is determined by its type of use, but also by its structure, i.e. the size, shape, arrangement and distribution of individual landscape elements. For the delineation of these landscape elements, or so-called patches, often land use or land cover units are used. In this context, “‘land cover’ refers to the physical surface characteristics of land (for example, the vegetation found there or the presence of built structures), while land use describes the economic and social functions of that land. The heterogeneity of landscapes – as a parameter of landscape structure – is connoted as the quality or state of consisting of dissimilar elements, as with mixed habitats or cover types occurring on a landscape. It is the “opposite of homogeneity, in which elements are the same. As indices of landscape structure, landscape metrics can be used to describe the composition and spatial arrangement of a landscape. They can be applied at different levels to describe single landscape elements by such features as size, shape, number or for whole landscapes by describing the arrangement of landscape elements and the diversity of landscape. The reason for using these metrics in spatial analysis may be to record the structure of a landscape quantitatively on the basis of area, shape, edge lines, diversity and topology-descriptive mathematical ratios; to document for purposes of monitoring; or to make the relevant information available as input parameters for landscape ecological simulation models.
Biological diversity in all its dimensions and facets is always tied to habitats, which need a concrete areal section of the earth’s surface for their existence. Biological diversity is therefore always defined for a certain reference area, and landscape structure is a key element for the understanding of species diversity. Spatial heterogeneity, as an expression of landscape structure, indicates the variability of the system’s properties in spatial terms. Since the complexity of biological diversity is difficult to describe, most ecologists have taken the practical way to research and to identify the biological diversity at the species level Therefore, the selection of structural indicators was undertaken specific to the habitat type or tested species studied. Local data on species diversity can provide information as a proxy for regional biodiversity. An investigation of flora and fauna is, however, typically not comprehensive, but rather generally covers only a small proportion of all species. The clear determination of the diversity of various taxonomic groups requires very high efforts, knowledge and money. Hence a good substitute is needed. By combination of indicator species and groups with spatial environmental data and landscape structure, the power and deputy information can be increased and expanded geographically. Which parameters are suitable for the characterization and description of landscape diversity, and can therefore be used as an indicator for biodiversity? In principle, a few indicators are sufficient to ascertain landscape patterns. However, biodiversity cannot be described only by a simple number, as there are various qualities of spatial patterns . A selection of indices representing various aspects of biodiversity is much more informative and capable of interpretation . However, the use of many highly correlated indices provides no new information, and leads to problems in interpreting the results. For this reason, mutually independent indices should be selected .By means of indicators in monitoring, dramatic changes in values can be detected and serve as an early warning, and as an indication of the necessity for deeper investigation, even if no specific limit values can be defined . Landscape metrics may also be used to identify hot spots of biodiversity. Although they do not replace direct measurement of species biodiversity, these surveys can help make them more effective and less.
Habitat fragmentation also reduces the productivity of ecosystems because smaller areas of habitat are often less resilient to severe weather or disease shocks.
Habitat fragmentation is often a cause of species becoming threatened or endangered. The existence of viable habitat is critical to the survival of any species, and in many cases the fragmentation of any remaining habitat can lead to difficult decisions for conservation biologists. Given a limited amount of resources available for conservation it is preferable to protect the existing isolated patches of habitat . The design of efficient and effective land conservation policies must therefore consider both the total amounts of habitat conserved and the spatial configuration of that habitat.
Forest fragmentation has become a global concern for conservation of important habitats as well as biodiversity. Protected areas that have been a cornerstone for safeguarding biological diversity are also facing enormous stress due to the increasing anthropogenic activities.
The impacts that fragmentation has on both wildlife and vegetation within a fragment and perhaps more importantly, the impact of loss of intact habitat and wildlife on the people relying on the remaining fragments, are important to understanding and slowing or preventing future decline. As fragments decrease and become more degraded, encroachment into the park and the number and severity of human-wildlife incidences may increas.
Establishing protectd ara is the primary mechanism used to protect forest biodiversity, particularly in regions with high human densities. protected areas protect and maintain endemic, threatened or endangered, flora and fauna, geological features, and cultural heritage sites. In addition, they can generate income for the local and national economies, and provide important benefits associated with enhanced tourism sectors. However, many protected are also associated with negative social and ecological impacts. The processes that drive land cover change are complex and cannot be understood without addressing underlying cause and effect relationships. Changes in climate, population, and land use occur and interact simultaneously at different temporal and spatial scales, having major implications for both livelihoods and biodiversity. Forest loss and fragmentation are regarded as the greatest threat to global biological diversity.
This study estimates the degree of spatial fragmentation in the protected area. Landsat TM 30 m satellite images of 1988 and 2014 were used as base maps in this study.
The purpose of this study was to determine the extent and direction of changes in dense vegetation cover of Anzali watershed with using landscape ecology approach during period of1989-2014.
Material and As indices of landscape structure, landscape metrics can be used to describe the composition and spatial arrangement of a landscape. They can be applied at different levels to describe single landscape elements by such features as size, shape, number or for whole landscapes by describing the arrangement of landscape elements and the diversity of landscape. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent and direction of changes in dense vegetation cover of Anzali watershed with using landscape ecology approach during period of1989-2014.This area has been selected for its habitat values and its role in sustainability of international watershed of Anzali. First Anzali watershed area extracted then dense vegetative cover area extracted from it. This area was classified in two classes of vegetation cover and bare. In following after separating Gashtrodkhan protected area ,its dense vegetation cover was interpreted. After that vector layers of vegetation cover were built that it was used as input of patch analyst extension to calculate metrics.
Discussion of results and The results present considerable changes in CA,Numps,Mps,ED and TE metrics both in all patches and main patch that with respecting the direction of change it can be concluded fragmentation process is rising.

Azolla Filiculoides as a non-living fern was used in a batch system to remove "Basic Blue 3", which is a cationic dye and a carcinogenic agent. We used a batch system by applying certain concentrations of dye contaminant and in the presence of a certain amount of adsorbent under optimum conditions. The main groups presenting in the Azolla cell wall were evaluated by acidification and alkalization of Azolla's media and then potentiometric titration with standard basic and acidic solutions. It was observed that the removal efficiency of dye using non-living Azolla in accordance with the Langmuir isotherms was 82% for the initial dye concentration of 200 mg/lit under reaction conditions consisting of contact time 6 h, pH= 6, temperature 25 ˚C, and dose 5 g/lit. Qmax (maximum uptake capacity) by the activated Azolla at three temperatures 5, 25 and 50 ˚C was 0.732, 0.934, and 1.176 mmol/g respectively. ΔG (Gibbs free energy changes) was obtained for these temperatures as -0.457, -0.762, and -1.185 kJ/mol respectively. Removal of basic blue 3 using Azolla is an economically and effective method.