محمدامین سلطانی پور

In order to determinating of the grazing behavior tali goat as dominant livestock, this investigation was done from 2007 for 4 years in Sirik rangeland of Hormozgan province. Parameters examined in this study included time arrival and departure of livestock from pastures, daily distance traveled by livestock, livestock path in the rangeland considering the slope, livestock speed (mean and maximum) and the time spent for livestock rest, grazing and movement per day. To determine the parameters, Garmin GPS was used on the back of a 4- year-old ewe using a special belt. After livestock exit from the fold, GPS was active and at the end of the day all recorded data were extracted by Mod-track in Ilwis software. The livestock path was determined by shepherd. The results of livestock grazing behavior in the months of the grazing season for the four years studied showed that there was a significant difference between average mileage and grazing time in different years and for the months of the grazing season, all behaviors except mileage. The average speed of livestock was 2.65 km / h, the distance traveled was 12.8 km and the grazing time was 4 hours and 49 minutes. Also, during the study years, 44 to 45% of the time when livestock was moving in the pasture was dedicated to grazing. It is worth mentioning that the information extracted from the correlation of GPS livestock route map with the slope map of the region showed that in all five months during the years under review, all distance traveled by livestock is in the slope class of 0-8%.

One of the important factors in determining the grazing capacity of rangelands is determining the preferred value of rangeland plants according to the type of livestock using the rangeland and its changes during the grazing season. In this study, the preference value of rangeland species in Zaminsang rangeland in Hormozgan province in the months of grazing season (January to May) and different years (2007-2010) was investigated. To determine the preference value, the method of utilization percentage of plant species and determination of preference index were used. The results were analyzed in a split plot statistical design in time in a randomized complete block design in SAS software and the statistical mean of the studied trait was compared with LSD test. The results showed that the most preferred livestock is primarily Aeluropus lagopoides and Atriplex leucoclada and Alhagi graecorum. The lowest percentage of exploitation was from Halocnemum strobilaceum and Desmostachya bipinnata. Based on the preference value index classification, Aeluropus lagopoides and Atriplex leucoclada species are relatively palatable species (relative preference), Alhagi graecorum and Halocnemum strobilaceum species are moderately palatable species (moderate preference) and Desmostachya bipinnata was one of the almost non-palatable (relative avoidance) species.

Measuring the preferred value of rangeland plants is one of the most important factors in determining rangelands' grazing capacity. The preferential value of rangeland plants is measured based on the type of livestock which uses the rangeland and the changes made in the rangeland during the grazing season. This study sought to investigate the palatability of rangeland plant species within the Sirik rangeland (Hormozgan province) during the grazing season (January to May) of the years 2007-2010.

The study area was located at sand dunes of Sirik city (Hormozgan province) at 26˚ 39ʹ 12ʺ and 57˚ 4ʹ 26ʺ overlooking the sea. The 30-year ambrothermic curve of the study area showed that the wet and dry seasons lasted one and eleven months, respectively. The average minimum and maximum temperatures of the study area in the coldest and warmest months of the year were found to be 14.36 °C and 33.78 °C, respectively. However, the lowest and highest temperatures in the region were 5.5 and 48.5 °C, respectively, and its average 30-year rainfall rate was 121.8 mm.The region's rangeland type was a mixture of Sphaerocoma aucheri and Cenchrus pennisetoformis. In the study area, seventy plant species from twenty-eight genera were collected and identified, the most important of which were Moltkiopsis Ciliata, Heliotropium bacciferum, Cyperus conglomeratus, and Panicum turgidum. The livestock examined in this study was Tali goat that is bred in Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchestan, and Bushehr provinces.This study was conducted in Sirik rangeland, Hormozgan province, throughout the grazing season (January to May) for four consecutive years (2007 to 2010). The study area comprised a one-hectare enclosed area located on sand dunes ten kilometers away from Sirik city, overlooking the sea. At the beginning of the grazing season, five similar rootstocks were selected for each species and marked inside and outside the enclosed area.The forage of each rootstock was placed in a separate bag and weighed. Then the consumption percentage was determined for each species. Each species' share in the livestock diet was determined throughout the grazing season by calculating the percentage of production and consumption of species inside and outside the enclosed area. Moreover, the preference index was obtained by dividing the species' share outside the enclosed area by its share inside the area. Finally, preferential value indices were determined according to the classification proposed by Rosiere et al. (1975). The study's results were analyzed in a time-based split-plot statistical design through a complete randomized block design in SAS software, followed by comparing the statistical mean of the studied features with the results of the LSD test.

The analysis of the variance of the preferred index showed that there was no significant difference among the studied years. However, a significant difference was found between the months of the study period and between the species examined. The years of the study period were grouped together in one statistical category, and the months of the study period were classified into two statistical categories. The highest value of the preference index was found in March, which was in the same group as January. Cenchrus pennisetoformis showed the highest preference index with the value of 1.516, followed by Cyperus conglumeratus, whose value was reported to be 1.338, both of which were not statistically significant. It was also found that Cenchrus pennisetoformis was a relatively palatable species (relative preference), Cyperus conglumeratus, Sphaerocoma aucheri, Moltkiopsis Ciliata, and Panicum turgidum were moderately palatable species (moderate preference), and Heliotropium bacciferum was identified as almost a non-palatable (relative avoidance) species.

Cenchrus pennisetoformis was identified as the highest livestock preference in Sirik rangeland, Hormozgan province. According to the classification table proposed by Rosiere et al. (1975), the species is classified as palatable with a preference index of 1.516. Moreover, Cenchrus pennisetoformis was one of the region's low-density and highly consumed species. The second livestock preference in Sirik rangeland was Cyperus conglumeratus, whose preference index was found to be 1.338, representing a boundary between the ratio of good food and average good food. The two species were then grouped together in a statistical category. The third preference rank belonged to Sphaerocoma aucheri with a value of 0.960, which was a highly distributed and consumed species in the region with the highest dense value. It should be noted that this species plays an essential role in Tali goat's nutrition at the end of the grazing season, i.e., April and May, when the annuals are dried up.Other preference indices belonged to Moltkiopsis ciliate and Panicum turgidum, with index values of 0.819 and 0.800, respectively, both of which are classified as moderately palatable species. Moreover, annuals with a preference index of 0.729, including Stipa capensis, Plantago psylium, Erucaria hispanica, Mathiola longipetala, Fagonia bruguieri, Anagalis arvensis, and Medicago polymorpha were among the moderately palatable species. However, it should be noted that at the beginning of the grazing season, the livestock tends to graze those plants that are more than one year old, while at the end of the grazing season, when the grasses are dried up or sowed, the one-year-old plants are less favored by the livestock. Finally, the last preference index belonged to Heliotropium bacciferum with an index of 0.605, which was classified as an almost non-edible species.

Calculating rangeland capacity and determining the allowable use for important rangeland species is necessary for sustainable range management. By having the rangeland capacity and presenting accurate management plans, the destruction of vegetation and soil and the reduction of water resources can be prevented. Suitable grazing intensity causes continuous and economic use in the rangeland. Therefore, a study was conducted on the effects of different harvest intensities on forage production of three species Halocnemum strobilaceum, Desmostachya bipinnata, and Aeluropus lagopoides Hormozgan province three years from 2008 to determine the most appropriate level of exploitation. Experimental treatments included four harvesting intensities of 25, 50, and 75% and control (without harvest). In each treatment, ten rootstocks of the species were considered replicates and evaluated on each of the dependent variables. The results were analyzed in SAS software. The results showed that harvest intensity affected the forage production and all treatments were significantly different from the control. Therefore, up to 50% of the allowable use for Aeluropus lagopoides and Desmostachya bipinnata, and up to 75% for Halocnemum strobilaceum is suggested to maintain the health and vigor of these species during the harvest years. According to the above findings, this allowable use can be considered for similar areas in terms of climate together with information about other plants.

Platychaete aucheri is one of the exclusive and important rangeland species in the south of the country that has an important role in animal nutrition. In this study, using a generalized increase model, the pattern of response of this species to the slope of soil and topographic factors in its habitats in the province Hormozgan was identified and for this purpose, three regions of Bastak, Sirmand and Kuh-e-Geno, which were the main habitats of the species, were selected and vegetation information and habitat factors of the species were collected. The results showed that all soil measurement parameters except acidity were significantly different at 5% level. The highest electrical conductivity, the percentage of soil saturation and silt was in Bastak region, the highest amount of soil lime and sand was in Sirmand region and the highest percentage of organic carbon, nitrogen and soil clay was in Geno mountain region. Soil texture in Bastak was loam and sandyloam, in Sirmand was sandyloam and in Geno region was sandyclayloam. The application of a generalized collective model for each of the environmental variables showed that the response of Platychaete aucheri to soil sand percentage, soil silt percentage, soil salinity, soil lime percentage, slope and altitude was significant. With increasing sand percentage and soil lime percentage, the species response is increasing and the presence of species is increasing. With increasing soil silt percentage and with increasing slope percentage, species response is decreasing and species presence is less. By increasing the electrical conductivity of the soil, up to 25 species responses are increased, and after that, with the increase of electrical conductivity of the soil, the presence of the species decreases. With increasing the percentage of soil saturated moisture to 20%, the species response is increasing and since then with increasing the percentage of soil saturated moisture to 35%, the presence of the species has decreased and again with increasing the percentage of soil saturated moisture, the presence and growth of the species has increased. With increasing altitude up to 400 meters, the species response is increasing and since then with increasing altitude to 650 meters, the presence of the species has decreased and again with increasing altitude, the presence and growth of the species has increased.

The genus Pycnocyla belongs to the Apiaceae family and has eight perennial species in Iran. In this study, the essential oil content and chemical compounds of P. nodiflora Decne ex. Boiss. and P. flabellifolia Boiss. were investigated. The aerial parts of plants at seeding stage were collected from two habitats in Hormozgan province through two consecutive years and Kermanshah province in one year, respectively. Stem+leaf [SL] and seed [S] were separated and shade-dried. The essential oil was extracted by Clevenger apparatus and hydrodistillation method for three hours. Percentage and chemical composition of the essential oils were determined by GC and GC/MS. The essential oil content of P. nodiflora was obtained [SL]: 0.23 and 1.21% (two years) and [S]: 0.23% in Tangzagh habitat of Hormozgan and [SL]: 0.02 and 0.06% (two years) and [S]: 0.01% in Abmah habitat. Caryophyllene oxid (7.8-28.1%) and b-eudesmol (15.5-57.2%) were recognized as the main compounds of [SL] and [S] essentials oils of both habitats in this species. In P. flabellifolia, the essential oil content of [SL] and [S] was 0.66 and 0.76%, respectively. The main compounds in [SL] essential oil of this species were cis-β-ocimene (33.8%), trans-β-ocimene (39.6%), and terpinolene (12.9%) and in [S] essential oil were trans-β-ocimene (28%), cis-β-ocimene (31%), and terpinolene (12.6%). According to previous reports on the antimicrobial properties of trans-β-ocimene and cis-β-ocimene compounds on bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis and the predominance of these compounds in the essential oil of P. flabellifolia, studies on antimicrobial properties of this species essential oil is recommended.

Taverniera spartea is one of the most important species in the Gulf and Omani rangelands. In this study, some ecological needs of Taverniera spartea and their response to soil and topographic factors in three main habitats in Hormozgan province (Siahoo, Ahmadi and Bashagard) were determined. The results showed that the percentage of cover was significant at the level of 1% and the percentage of bare soil and the percentage of rocks and pebbles at the level of 5% was significant. Applying the generalized collective model for each of the environmental variables showed that the variables of soil lime percentage, clay percentage, acidity, soil organic carbon content, soil nitrogen and bare soil percentage on species yield are significant. Increasing the percentage of soil clay from the Monotonic decrease, increasing the acidity of the soil, from the Bimodal distribution, increasing the amount of soil lime and also the percentage of bare soil from the Unimodal and increasing the percentage of organic carbon and soil nitrogen from the Monotonic increase followed. The phenological study of the species showed that the growth of this plant starts from the second decade of November and from the third decade of May, enters a stage of stagnation. Considering the nutritional value of the species and its role in the protection of rangeland soil, it is recommended to plant this species in the degraded rangeland areas that have the conditions for its establishment.

Considering the extensive degradation of Iranian rangelands and forests due to livestock grazing and the land use change in recent decades, rangeland management requires a comprehensive knowledge concerning the ecological characteristics of native plant species and how they respond to environmental factors. Developed from the Fabaceae legume family, Taverniera spartea is an important species indigenous to the Persian Gulf and Omani rangelands of Iran. As a rich source of plant protein, this plant has a high value in feeding animals. Possessing a strong root system, the plant plays an important role in biologically stabilizing nitrogen, increasing soil's organic matter, improving soil texture, and preventing soil erosion. Lack of sufficient knowledge concerning this plant species and the relationship between soil, environmental factors, and the vegetation status is a serious obstacle to using soil for biological regeneration of degraded rangelands and planning for optimal management of existing habitats. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the response pattern of the plant to the slope of soil and topographic factors in its habitats in Hormozgan province using the generalized incremental model.

This study was conducted in Siahoo, Ahmadi, and Bashagard regions in Hormozgan province. Siahoo region is located 55 km north of Bandar Abbas at an altitude of 450 meters above sea level, Ahmadi region is located 95 km north of Bandar Abbas at an altitude of 750 meters above sea level, and Bashagard region is located 135 kilometers east of Bandar Abbas at an altitude of 600 meters above sea level. The average rainfall of Siahoo, Ahmadi, and Bashagard region is 171.54, 183.61, and 193.18 mm, respectively, and their average annual temperatures are 27.34, 25.52, and 28.6 degrees Celsius respectively. Located among the semi-humid hot regions, Siahoo region is a semi-dry hot region with the average minimum and maximum absolute temperature of 21.8 and 32.3 ° C, respectively. Moreover, Bashagard is a hot dry region with the average minimum and maximum absolute temperature of 21.1 and 33.9 degrees Celsius, respectively. A 30 plots were chosen via random-systematic sampling for each ecological unit (90 plots in three study areas). Then, the percentage of canopy cover was measured for each species located inside the plots, and a soil sample was taken from each plot for analysis. Moreover, conventional comparative analysis method was used as a nonlinear method to investigate the relationship between effective and significant environmental variables and vegetation, and forward selection was used to reduce error. On the other hand, the significance of the relationship between species composition and axes obtained from environmental variables was investigated using the Monte Carlo permutation test. Furthermore, a generalized incremental model was used to predict the response of plant species to changes in environmental factors. Finally, the Akaic information criterion was used to rank the variables affecting the performance of the species.

This study found that the soil texture was sandy loam in all three habitats. The amount of electrical conductivity in the three habitats revealed a significant difference. Soil acidity was also higher in Bashagard region than the other two ones. The highest amount of soil lime was found in Siahoo region with 54.3%, and the lowest one was observed in Ahmadi region with 19.3%. It was also found that as the soil clay percentage increased, the species response was decreased and the species presence was reduced. On the other hand, with an increase in soil acidity to 7.5%, the species response increased, and as soil acidity was increased to 7.7%, the presence of the species decreased. Also, the presence and growth of the species increased with and increase in soil acidity. The results also indicated that the presence and growth of species increased with an increase in the amount of soil lime to 55, and that the presence of the species decreased with an increase in soil lime. Moreover, as the percentage of the soil's organic carbon increased, the species response and presence increased. Furthermore, the species response and presence increased with an increase in the soil's nitrogen percentage. Also, as the percentage of uncovered soil (bare soil) increased to 55, the species response increased, and as the bare soil increased, the presence of the species decreased.

The results of conventional adaptive classification showed that seven factors, including the percentage of neutralizing material, altitude, percentage of bare soil, electrical conductivity, soil saturation, litter percentage, and soil silt percentage were the main factors which influenced the distribution of Taverniera spartea. Applying the generalized collective model with Poisson error distribution for each environmental variable showed that soil lime percentage, clay percentage, acidity, soil organic carbon content, soil nitrogen, and bare soil percentage has a significant influence at the level of 0.05%. on the species yield.The study also examined the role of the presence and yield of Taverniera spartea as a valuable rangeland species in forage production, soil and water conservation using environmental factors. It could be said that to rehabilitate the degraded rangeland areas with the required conditions for the establishment of this Taverniera spartea, the species should be planted according to its ecological needs. At the same time, proper and optimal use of the species in rangeland and suitable habitats reduces the loss of capital and time.

In order to investigate the preference value of plants, this study was conducted in Sirik rangeland in Hormozgan province. To determine the preferred value in this region, two methods of timing and production and consumption of plant species were used. The results of analysis of variance of the preferred value in both timing methods (using a video camera) and the operating percentage yielded the same results. Because in both methods, there was no statistically significant difference at the level of 5% between the years and months of the study and only a significant difference between species. In the chronological method, Sphaerocoma aucheri with statistically assigned the highest mean (29.8%) along with annuals with an average (28.9%) were placed in a class statistically, followed by Moltkiopsis ciliata and Cenchrus pennisetoformis 9.3 and 7.8, respectively. In the method of exploitation percentage, the highest exploitation percentage was Cenchrus pennisetoformis with 52.9%, although with Heliotropium bacciferum with 49.6%, Moltkiopsis ciliata with 45.8%, Sphaerocoma aucheri with 44.6% and Cyprus conglomeratus with 44.5% were in a group. In the Sirik region, Sphaerocoma aucheri was one of the high density and high consumption species and Cenchrus pennisetoformis was the low density and high consumption species. Sphaerocoma aucheri was in the first place in terms of preference value, but it should be noted that livestock tends to graze more than annuals at the beginning of the growing season and at the end of the growing season with drying or seeding of grasses, annuals are received less attention.

The present study was aimed at investigating the ecological needs of endemic and medicinal species Pulicaria aucheri (Boiss.) Jaub. & Spach in Hormozgan province. Surveys were performed in three main habitats of the species including Bastak, Sirmand, and Geno. Analysis of habitat parameters in the mentioned areas showed that all measurement parameters except frequency were significantly different at 5% probability level. The mean canopy area, density, and frequency of this species were respectively 5.3%, 2611 plants per hectare, and 66%. The highest percentage of total canopy coverage, forage production per hectare, number of plants per hectare, litter percentage, percentage of canopy coverage, and plant height was observed in Sirmand region. The highest percentage of uncovered soil was measured in Bastak region and the highest percentage of stones and gravels was observed in Geno region. Analysis of regions soil parameters showed that all measurement parameters except soil acidity were significantly different at 5% probability level. The highest electrical conductivity, percentage of saturation, and soil silt was obtained in Bastak region. Sirmand region had the highest amount of lime and soil sand. Also, the highest percentage of organic carbon, nitrogen, and soil clay was observed in Geno region. The soil texture was loam and sandy-loam in Bastak region, sandy-loam in Sirmand region, and sandy-clay-loam in Geno region. The results of phenological studies showed that the peak flowering time (from early March to early April) is the best flowering shoots harvest time of this species for medicinal purposes. Due to the being endemic, having essential oil and antimicrobial effects, as well as severe grazing by livestock, it is necessary to pay more attention to this valuable species.

The appropriate and permissible utilization of the rangeland causes stability, prevention of degradation, stability of high quality plants and improvement of its condition. Appropriate grazing intensity causes continuous and economic use in rangeland and to achieve stability and continuity of production in rangelands and determine the most appropriate level of exploitation, study the effect of different harvest intensities on forage production of three important species of Cenchrus pennisetiformis, Panicum turgidum and Sphaerocoma aucheri in Sirik region of Hormozgan province since 2006 for four years. Experimental treatments included four harvest intensities of 25, 50 and 75% and control (without harvest). In each treatment, 10 rootstocks of the species were considered as replicates, which were evaluated on each of the dependent variables. The results were analyzed in SAS software. The results showed that different harvest intensities, years and months studied and their interactions in species are very significant. Harvest intensity affected the amount of green forage and species height and all treatments were significantly different from the control. Therefore, an allowable harvest of up to 50% can be suggested for the above species.

In order to investigate the preference value of plants, this study was conducted in a rangeland in Hormozgan province. To determine the preference value in this region, two methods of timing, production and consumption of plant species were used using Tali goats during the months of grazing season (January to May) for 4 years (2007-2009). The results of analysis of variance for the preference value in the timing method (using a video camera) showed that there is a significant difference in terms of forage consumption time between species. So that Alhagi persarum with the highest mean (43.9%) along with Aeluropus lagopoides with an average (31.5%) were in a class statistically, followed by Desmostachya bipinnata, Atriplex leucoclada, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Suaeda fruticosa, Tamarix mascatensis and annuals are 6.6%, 5.4%, 3.6%, 2.8%, 2.3% and 3.7%, respectively. Finally, Lycium shawii plant with the average of 0.2% has the lowest class. There was also a significant difference in the interaction factor of year and species, so that Alhagi persarum in the second year (2008) was ranked first with 68.7%. The results of analysis of variance for species exploitation percentage also showed a significant difference between the study years. The first, third and fourth years were in one group and the second year with the lowest percentage of exploitation (36.4%) was in the second group. The highest percentage of exploitation belonged to Aeluropus lagopoides with 54.3% in 2009. According to the preference value index classification, Aeluropus lagopoides, Atriplex leucoclada and Alhagi persarum were among the moderately palatable species (class II) and Halocnemum strobilaceum and Desmostachya bipinnata were among the almost non-palatable species (class III).

Taverniera cuneifolia is one of the most important palatable rangeland species in Hormozgan province that unprincipled and excessive exploitation has destroyed the natural habitats of this valuable species. Only careful planning and crop cultivation and observing the rotation frequency and promoting plant cultivation in the habitat can be an effective step to maintain the survival of this species. In this study, Taverniera seeds were collected from two habitats (Geno and Tezerj) and pre-emergence treatments were soaking in sulfuric acid for 15 minutes, soaking in sulfuric acid for 30 minutes, soaking in warm water (70 °C) for one hour, soaking in gibberellic acid solution at a concentration of 1000 mg/l for 24 hours, scarification with sand, soaking in a potassium nitrate solution at a concentration of 0.1 molar for 24 hours, soaking in normal water for 24 hours and control. According to the results, all treatments had a higher germination percentage than the control. Meanwhile, treatments placed in sulfuric acid for 15 and 30 minutes caused 100% seed germination and were superior to other treatments. Sulfuric acid treatment for 15 minutes had the highest germination rate, and sulfuric acid treatment for 30 minutes had the highest radicle and plumule length.

To determine the nutritional value of five halophytes, Aeluropus lagopoides, Atriplex leucoclada, Desmostachya bipinnata, Halopyrum mucronatum, and Halocnemum strobilaceum, this study was conducted in 2016 in Hormozgan province. Plant samples were collected in three phenological stages including vegetative growth, flowering and seeding, and eight forage quality traits (CP, DMD, WSC, ADF, CF, NDF, ME and ash percentage were measured. Data analysis of variance was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design and the means were compared with Duncan's multiple rsnge test in SPSS software. The results showed that the effect of species for all traits, the effect of phenological growth stages for four traits: (CP), (DMD), (ash), and (ME), and the interaction effect of species and phenological growth stage were significant for all quality indicators except (WSC). The highest forage quality was obtained at vegetative growth stage and Atriplex leucoclada was superior to other halophytes in terms of nutritional value. Therefore, the use of this native species instead of non-native ones of this genus is recommended in rangeland improvement of areas with similar rainfall.

The Dehgin reagent and paired basin with 4.2 Km2 is located in geographic coordinates of 57 12 29 to 57 11 25 eastern longitude and 27 46 6 to 27 44 21 north latitude. In this study, 190 plant species were collected and introduced. These species belong to 50 families (1 family of Angiospermae, 47 families of Dicotyledone and 2 families of Monocotyledone) and 149 genera. Compositae with 23 species, Papilionaceae with 18 species and Gramineae with 20 species are main families of this region. Studing of plants life forms by Raunkier method showed that Therophytes with 41 and Hemichryptophytes with 18 percent of species are the most frequent life forms. Phanerophytes with 14 percent and Chamaephytes with 16 percent are other life forms. High percentage of Therophytes indicates that the area has dry and deserty climate. Investigation on geographical distribution of plants species showed 26 percent (49 species) of species belong to Saharo-Sindian,12 percent (22 species) to Irano-Touranian and 3 percent (5 species) to Cosmic zones. 60 species were medicinal plants that 15 species had high heath care.

Tecomella undulata is one of endemic and endangered plant species in Iran. It is belong to  Bignoniaceae family grown in southern of Iran. Due to the specific characteristics of this plant in various aspects of medicine, ornamentation and natural resources, its mass production through tissue culture and creation of identical plants seems necessary. Effects of growth regulators on plant growth indices such as number of buds and branches, shoot length, branch greenness and rooting were studied by bud explants under in vitro conditions. The optimal aseptic technique was obtained by immersing the buds in 0.1% mercuric chloride solution for 4 minutes in spring. The best shooting was observed in MS basal medium containing BA 1 treatment and K0.5 mg/L. This treatment was the best selection for this phase with the average shoot growth of 4.9 cm and shoot length of 7.78 cm. At the rooting stage, despite the numerous treatments of the medium and hormones (various concentrations of auxin hormone), the onset of rooting was only observed in 1/2 MS IBA2.

Utilization of saline lands with the aim of producing lignocellulosic biomass, which has no nutritional value and can be converted to ethanol and at the same time has no effect on human food production, seems necessary. Halophytes and salt-tolerant plants that produce high biomass using saline resources (saline water and soil) can be considered as an important alternative in this regard. For this purpose, this study with the aim of investigation of ethanol producing potential of five species of Auluropus lagopoides, Atriplex leucoclada, Desmostachya bipinata, Halopyrum mucronatum and Halocnemum strobilaceum was conducted in Hormozgan province in 2016. Plant samples were collected at three phenological (vegetative, flowering and seeding) stages from two saline lands in Zaminsang and Sirik, Hormozgan province and three parameters of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose were measured. Data analysis of variance was performed as a factorial experiment  based on the completely randomized design with three replications and comparison of means with Duncan's multiple range test in SPSS-14 software. The results showed that Halopyrum mucronatum had the potential to produce ethanol in all three vegetative stages. Halocnemum strobilaceum had the potential for ethanol production only at the vegetative growth stage and Aeluropus lagopoides and Desmostachya bipinata had the potential for ethanol production only at the seed ripening stage.

Zhumeria majdae is one of the important، unic and endemic species of Hormozgan province that is used for diarrhea, stomachache, cold, headache, wound and as coolness from ancient times by natives people of Hormozgan. This investigation was carried out for investigating the changes of quantity and quality of essential oil of Z. majdae in field and provenance. This research started from 1387 and lasted three years. In third year the aerial parts of plants were collected from Sarchahan and Hajiabad Fields and Geno Mountain at the altitude of 850 m. Extracted Essential oil by water distillation (3h). The yields of essential oils in Sarchahan (3.2%), Hajiabad (5.2%) and Geno provenance (2.1%) were calculated. Analysis and identification of chemical compositions of the essential oil were performed by GC and GC/MS. In all 25 compounds, Linalool (55.1 %), Camphor (26.2 %), Limonene (3.4 %), Camphene (2.6 %) and Borneol (1.7 %) were the main components of Z. majdae in Geno provenance. Linalool (60.4 %), Camphor (23.7 %), Geraniol (2.1 %), Borneol (2.1 %) and Limonene (1.3 %) were the main components of Z. majdae in field of Sarchahan and Linalool (59%), Camphor (23.7 %), Limonene (4.5 %), Borneol (2.7 %) and Camphene (2.7 %) were the main components of Z. majdae in field of Hajiabad. With regard to good conditions in field, It is recommended to programming to cultivate in field.

 The Pycnocycla bashgardiana Mozaffarian is one of the endemic medicinal species in Hormozgan province. Because of the valuable compound myristicin in the organs of this plant, it is used intravenously in the treatment of some diseases.

Evaluation of essential oil content and constituents of aerial parts during different phenological stages including before flowering, flower initiation, full flowering and seed maturity stsgegs.

the essential oil was isolated using Clevenger-type apparatus, and their constituents were identified using GC and GC/MS devices.

The highest essential oil content (2.22%) was related to flower initiation stage. The essential oil content at pre-flowering, full flowering and seed maturity stages were 0.64%, 1.54% and 0.74%, respectively. In general, 39 compounds were identified in the isolated essential oil, some of which were found only in one stage of growth and some others were observed in all of the four examined stages. Comparison of essential oil constituents showed that in all stages, p-cymene, E-beta-ocimene, myristecine, sabinene, (Z) -beta-ocimene and isomyristicin were the major compounds. The myristecine level in all stages was one of the three high compounds that reached to 52.71, 12.8%, 8.6% and 17% at before flowering, flower initiation, full flowering and seed maturity stages, respectively.

According to the results, the maximum amount of myristecine was obtained at the vegetative stage before the plant reaches flowering. Also, the maximum content of Z-beta-ocimine and E-beta-ocimine compounds were found during flowering, however, maximum iso-myristicin, subabinen, and parasimine were observed at seed maturity stage.

Helianthemum lippii and Tavernieracuneifoliais are the most important broadleaf  plants of Hormozgan province, Iran. To investigate the establishment of these species, this study was conducted at the Watershed Management and Natural Resources Station of Dehgin (Hormozgan province) from November 2014 for three years. The three methods of seeding in farrow, pitting, and crescent catchment were studied in a randomized complete block design with three replications in SAS software. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between experimental structures, plant species used, and also the interaction of structure and species. A statistically significant difference was recorded for Helianthemum lippii and Taverniera cuneifolia at the level of 5%, for the crescent catchment structures, pitting, and contour-furrow at the level of 1%, and also for the interaction of structure and species at the level of 1%.  The highest percentage of species establishment was in the crescent catchment structure with 27.1% and the lowest was related to the pitting structure with 3.2%. Investigation of the interaction of structure and species in the rate of species establishement in different structures showed that the highest percentage of establishement was related to Taverniera cuneifolia with 31.2% in the crescent-shaped structure, after that, the highest percentage of establishment was related to Helianthemum lippii with 22.9% in the same structure. The lowest establishment was related to the contour-furrow structure with 2.1% for Taverniera cuneifolia and pitting structure with 2.1% for Helianthemum lippii. Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested that to successfully implement rangeland cultivation projects with Lippii Helianthemum and Taverniera cuneifolia in similar climates of Hormozgan province, the mentioned species should be planted in crescent-shaped structures.

Pterocephalus wendelboi is a bushy species, belonging to Dipsacaceae family. This species is endemic to Hormozgan province, south Iran, distributed in M. Geno (Bandar Abbas) and M. Anve Pardi (Bastak) at 1800-2300 meters a.s.l. Based on IUCN guidelines, three criteria were used to evaluate the status of this species including extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), and size of the population. According to field studies and establishing plots, Pterocephalus wendelboi occupies an area of 0.003 km2. According to an analysis by GeoCAT software, the extent of occurrence was 412.5 km2. Based on this research, Pterocephalus wendelboi is assigned as a critically endangered (CR) species. In order to conserve this species, collecting the seeds and keeping in natural resources gene bank and doing research on species regeneration methods are urgently needed.

Zhumeria majdae is the only species of the genus Zhumeria of Lamiaceae family. This bush species is endemic of Iran (Hormozgan province) and has been distributed on very steep slopes of mountains at 525-1430 meters a.s.l. Based on IUCN guidelines, different criteria were used to evaluate the status of this species as follows: extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), size of population, regeneration, and quality of habitat. According to field studies, Zhumeria majdae occupies an area of 0.11 km2. According to an analysis by GeoCAT software, the extent of occurrence was 7977 km2. Based on our results, Zhumeria majdae is defined as a Critically Endangered (CR) species. The monotypic genera contain the species that, if threatened, may disappear forever and their associated genomes will not be found elsewhere in the world.  It is highly recommended that appropriate approaches should be taken to prevent the extinction of this species.

This study was conducted to demonstrate the growth behavior of Aeluropus lagopoides, Desmostachya bipinnata, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Alhagi graecorum and Atriplex leucoclada in the Zaminsang rangelands of Hormozgan provinceduring 2007 to 2010. Determination of the production and consumption were done by the individuals in medium size. In each year, five medium individual of plant were selected for all months of growing and grazing season in exclosure area for measuring the production and the same number in the grazing range considered for measuring the production residue and from difference between them, the consumption was identified. Results indicated that different years and months had significant effect on production and consumption of the study species (p<0.05). According to the obtained data from the experiment indicated that, the average production of five perennials species was 125.8 kg dry forage per hectare. The highest production rate was obtained from Halocnemum strobilaceum and Desmostachya bipinnata in amount of 52.9% and 22.9% of total forage production, respectively. The average consumption of the species was 32.4 kg dry forage per hectare. The highest consumption rate was dedicated to Halocnemum strobilaceum and Alhagi graecorum, with amount of 41.8% and 30.1% of total forage consumption, respectively. The highest production rate was obtained from 2008 with 162.7 kg dry forage per hectare which was 1.8 times higher than low-production in 2009. The highest consumption rate for all species was 35.7 kg dry forage per hectare in 2009. The highest forage production and consumption were obtained in May in all species during the years.

To determine the phenological stages and plant height of three important range species Aeluropus lagopoides, Desmostachya bipinnata and Halocnemum strobilaceum, this investigation was carried out for four years starting in 2007 in Zaminsang Rangelands of Hormozgan province. In this study, the information about the phenology and plant height for 10 individuals of each species in 10-day intervals was measured and recorded. The results showed that phenological stages of three species were different in the study years, so that plant growth started 2-3 weeks earlier in wet years and later in dry years, while the duration of vegetative and reproductive activity of plants was different. The results showed that vegetative growth started with cooling of air and the onset of rainfall. The growth period of A. lagopoides, D. bipinnata and H. strobilaceum was 6, 6.5, and 10 months, respectively. The vegetative growth of A. lagopoides started from 22 December, whereas the vegetative growth of D. bipinnata and H. strobilaceum started from 20 February. The flowering stage started from April, June, and September, and the seeding stage from 22 April, 22 July, and 15 October, respectively. The dormancy period of plants started in 22 May, 1 September, and 22 December, respectively. Since Aeluropus lagopoides is a palatable and dominant species in the Zaminsang region, the time of arrival and departure of livestock is recommended to be late November to late May.