محمدتقی بیگلر

Among various approaches and perspectives on humanity, the understanding of intellectuals and poets of this complex and multidimensional concept, including their viewpoints, can lead us to understand the concept of humans better. Poets can represent a concept in their poetry in the most sublime and delicate expressions. A precise understanding of a concept during the poet's time can be achieved through the reinterpretation of a poem. How political intellectuals represent man is an important issue that opens up a new angle and dimension of anthropological knowledge. In this research, based on a descriptive-analytical method, an attempt is made to answer how two renowned Iranian poets, namely Ahmad Shamloo from the contemporary period and Hafez from the classical era, portray human and political man. The results indicate that both poets have a unique view of the mythological human and strive to define and determine the position of humans in the cosmos. Hafez is searching for a complete human who is patient, enduring, and hopeful, while Shampoo is searching for a terrestrial human, a warrior who can build the world around himself, two different approaches that display different benefits in politics. The socio-political transformation in Hafez's era is minimal, while the effort for social change and transformation in Shamloo's era is maximal. The concept of identity is a prominent and significant element in the poetry of both poets, especially in Hafez's, which is highly important in social matters and its transformation. For Hafez, the duality of reason and love (heart) has always been a conflict, and he strives to create a clear image of the despondent human in an indifferent atmosphere. Shamloo elevates the view of the Iranian human and, with an overarching Iranian approach to the concept of human, presents a different level of interpretation of humanity for his contemporary society.

Religious pluralism is coined by John Hick (1912-2019). While  Hick analyzes religions from a non-religious outlook and prefers this discourse over religious approaches, at the same time he considers religion as the right path to reach truth and salvation. The religious pluralists have introduced some of the Muslim mystics and poets pluralists, however, they have neglected the 6th-century mystic poet, Ain al-Quzaat Hamedani (492-525 A.H.). This research, with a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate the relationship between the views of Ain al-Quzaat and religious pluralism according to today's standards. The findings of the research show that Ain al-Quzaat Hamedani does not fit into any of the new and modern perspectives but, his views, as a religious scholar are understandable in the approaches of pluralists in his historical context and he believed that all non-Abrahamic religions have the truth. Therefore, a broader model should be designed to understand the thoughts of Ain al-Quzaat in the field of theology.

The purpose of the present research is to review the themes of hope, resistance, and freedom in the poems of Hāfez and Shāmlou. Statement of the problem focused in this research is: what political-social concepts were considered by the two well-known Iranian poets (Hāfez from the classic period and Shāmlou from the contemporary era having two different poetry styles) as fundamental and what perception did they present of those concepts? The research relies on the hypothesis that from the view of Hāfez and Shāmlou, fundamental concepts constructing a society involve "hope", "resistance", and freedom" and that the poet's duty in presenting hopeful elements is to encourage the community to resist, fight, and attempt for bringing about freedom in society. In this regard, using Victoria Alexandre's reflection theory, the outlook of the two above-mentioned poets on their society back then was analyzed, relying on fundamental political concepts of "hope", "resistance", ' and freedom". The findings of the present research show that both poets are idealist, reformist, and concerned about society and that their poetry is not merely abstract and imaginary, but rather social change and transformation matter to them.

Gnosticism is a blended school and emphasizes on a series of general teachings such as authenticity of dualism and conflict of worldly objects, enlivenment and avoidance of matter, access to the Alevi world through knowledge (GNUS). Islamic mysticism, by combining some Gnostic propositions in the form of Eshraghi monotheism in contrast to numerical monotheism and extreme Sunniism and government, used it to stylize the Text and Islamic beliefs. Ayn al-Qudzat Hamedani, a reckless IranianIslamic mystic with knowledge of the Gnostic teachings and influenced by it, and by combining Manichean and Mandaean dialects and mediator thoughts, which in this article refers to neo-Platonic and Hermetic thoughts, sought to create a new reading of the holy text of Muslims with their Gnostics and mediator thoughts.

Our research methodology is based on library data and posteriology analysis based on the works of the old ones.

The main finding of this study emphasizes on the effect of Gnostic religions and Neo-Platonic and Hermetic philosophies on the Monocelal view and Islamic narratives of Ayn al-Qozzat by preserving its Islamic authenticity.

The answer to what new forms have been created in combination with the old intellectual species and the nature of new thoughts, especially in the intellectual system of Ayn al-Qozzat and its Islamic format, is one of the important results of this study