فهرست مطالب محمدحسن ترابی

The strategy of conversational repair is one of the most important pragmatic skills, which includes requesting clarification and responding to the request for clarification. In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, the conversational repair skills of 15 children with cochlear implants were compared with 15 language age-matched hearing children TOLD-P:3. The aforementioned skills of subjects were evaluated in the dyadic interactions of the children with cochlear implants and unfamiliar hearing children. For this purpose, the children's conversations were transcribed and coded. The results showed a significant difference between the average number of requests for clarification in the group of children with cochlear implants, and hearing children matched in terms of language age (p < 0.05), but the average number of strategies of responding to the request for clarification in children with cochlear implants was not significantly different from that of the hearing children. Also, children with cochlear implants used the skill of requesting clarification more than the hearing children matched based on the language age, which can indicate that the skill of requesting clarification takes longer to develop, and hearing children, considering their chronological age, are probably not mature enough in their use of this skill. Another possibility could be that children with normal hearing, despite having the same language age as children with cochlear implants, still have more and better access to auditory information due to having normal hearing, and therefore, do not need as many requests of clarification as children with cochlear implants.

Vocal nodules are the main cause of voice disorders in children, which can be caused by several behaviors such as excessive speaking and yelling, and can significantly impact their overall communication development. Different nonmedical treatments exist for vocal nodules, but there is no consensus on the most effective methods. The aim of the present systematic review was to study the nonmedical interventions for vocal nodules in children.

The systematic search was performed in electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, ISI (Web of Science), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar. The search involved articles published between 2000 and 2022. The following terms were used as keywords: vocal nodule, vocal fold nodules, therapy, treatment, intervention, voice disorder, pediatric, and telepractice. Studies were selected if they 1) had examined 0-18-year-old subjects with vocal fold nodules; 2) had obviously stated the kind, process, and evaluation tools and also 3) the kind and the process of the interventions and the intervention groups; 4) had provided nonmedical interventions; 5) had been published in English and after 2000; and 6) presented the outcome data.  The methodological quality of the papers was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale.

We identified 729 articles, of which 11 met the inclusion criteria. These studies were different in the study design, participant characteristics, types of assessments, types of interventions, and follow-up periods. According to findings, nonmedical treatments of vocal nodules were successful in elimination of/decreasing the vocal nodules sizes (four studies), improving the quality of life (two studies), and improving acoustic parameters of voice (nine studies).

The present systematic review showed the effectiveness of nonmedical treatment of vocal nodules in children, despite being challenging. Further researches are required to have higher levels of evidence, more accurate methodological quality, and long-term follow-up evaluations to draw more accurate conclusions.

Internal Corporate Venturing has grown dramatically in recent years and has become a business growth strategy and has an important role in corporate profitability. However, research in this field, especially in context of Iran, is scattered. Since entrepreneurial behaviors are primarily centered on entrepreneurial opportunities, this research seeks a qualitative approach and focuses on the selected food industries, to present a Corporate Entrepreneurship Model in Corporate Ventures with the Corporate Governance. The results of this research in the field of Iran context, shows that professionalism (hiring expert and professional managers), diversity in board members (not restricting them to family members, etc.), passive control, or feedback from activity (Setting challenging goals and periodic oversight of actions) as well as implementing entrepreneurial compensation policies such as equity rewards and cash and non-cash rewards can play an effective role in adopting strategies and monitoring and controlling the implementation of programs at the parent company. Moreover the implementation of corporate governance mechanisms, factors such as the use of people in different areas of expertise, professional expertise and sufficient motivation to progress the organization goals can drive Internal Corporate Venturing activities using corporate governance mechanisms. These results can provide valuable insights into identifying the behaviors required for the development of corporate entrepreneurship in parent companies through Internal Corporate Venturing.

In this study, the impact of corporate venturing on the financial performance of companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange was investigated. In order to measure corporate venturing, two components of investing in new product lines as a proxy internal corporate venturing and partnering with business partners in venture creation as a proxy for external venturing and asset return ratio as a proxy for measuring financial performance were used in this study. The results of hypothesis testing using regression analysis show that both internal and external venturing positively impact financial performance, and hence financial performance can be enhanced through venturing activities.

Extensive clinical and experimental observations have shown that damage to the right hemisphere and areas outside the traditional areas of the language in the brain, along with dementia and Alzheimer's disease, can affect the communicational abilities of individuals. Researchers, in the past, had noticed such problems in patients, but due to the lack of appropriate tools, they were not able to accurately assess and describe these disorders. In 2004, Joanette et al. developed a comprehensive tool, the Protocole Montréal d’évaluation de la communication (Protocole MEC), in French to assess such skills. The present study has introduced and standardized the subtests of pragmatics (subtests of metaphor interpretation and speech act interpretation) of the Persian version of this protocol. A total of 150 participants in the age groups of 25-44 years and 45-64 years, and two educational groups of under 12 years and over 12 years of formal education participated in this study. These groupings were based on the relevant studies in other languages. The alert points for these two subtests were determined with the 10-percentile criterion in accordance with the original French version. The results indicated that, in line with research conducted in the Western languages such as English and French, the education variable had a greater effect on the performance of subjects than the age variable in Persian language.

The current work investigated the prototypes of the concrete category of ‘flower’ for Persian-speaking male and female students of primary school (10-13 years old), middle school (13-15 years old) and high school (16-18 years old) and also college students of agriculture, psychology and medical sciences. It also investigated the effect of age, gender and educational background on these prototypes based on Rosch (1975) and Liu et al.’s (2009) methodologies. To collect data, different groups of participants were provided with two types of questionnaires in two steps. In the first questionnaire, participants were asked to write whatever examples they recalled from the category of ‘flower’. In the second questionnaire, which was based on the first one, participants were asked to score each member of the category from 1 to 5. Rose, Damascus rose and lilac were found to be strong prototypes for the category of ‘flower’ in Persian language in all the twelve groups of Persian-speaking students. The results also showed that environmental factors have a great effect on prototype formation of the category ‘flower’ in Persian language.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the productivity promotion methods for postal services relying on general policies of Law 44 and execution of privatization. This research had hypotheses which were tested through applying different research tools in the Post Company. The main hypothesis stated that there was a significant relationship between Post Company privatization and postal services profiting promotion.  Other hypotheses stated that: there was a significant relationship between Post Company privatization and postal services quality promotion; there was a significant relationship between post Company Privatization and its personnel's morale increasing; there was a significant relationship between Post Company privatization and postal consignment increasing, and; there was a significant relationship between Post Company privatization and cost decreasing. The research method was descriptive. The study was carried out by studying the documents, interviewing and distributing the questionnaires among the participants. The sampling method of this research was classification. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between privatization of Post Company and postal services quality promotion, personnel’s morale increasing, postal consignments increasing and costs decreasing.

Mobile phone technology means that it has become a very efficient tool. The development of tools and reduce its price, makes it all the segments of the from the old to the young do not go out of the house without their cell phone and the most essential tool with which they have. This has caused most organizations and service agencies also offer mobile services based on their. List of the Quran, to pay electricity, water bills and handling money or buying stocks, mass advertising or information and news for all the necessary software can be downloaded and used free of charge from variety of sites. In a word, is something that need to be done and the runs on the mobile software for it are not? The main purpose of this paper reviews the use of mobile in development and education, or M-Learning.