محمدحسین فتحی

Iran is located in one of the most critical regions of the world called the Middle East. Due to its convenient location and abundant energy reserves, this region has always been of interest to foreign countries, led by the United States. This has led to numerous US interventions and the establishment of numerous military bases around Iran, especially after September 11th incident. Continuous monitoring of these bases and related facilities is one of the most important deterrents that can be done by remote sensing knowledge. One of the remote sensing techniques is the synthetic aperture radar, which has been considered in recent years, while the Sentinel-1 satellite launched in 2014 by the European Space Agency uses the same technique. One of the applications of this satellite, which is introduced in this article, is the detection of Patriot MIM-104 systems. This is done by combining the VV and VH polarizations with two images taken during the satellite's day and night transitions from a single point, which are represented by X-shaped lines where the Patriot systems are located. The images related to this satellite are also processed by Google Earth Engine system, which saves considerable time in analysis and increases the accuracy of the results due to the minimization of human error. The results showed that in the regions around Iran and especially in the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf, there are at least 16 active Patriot systems, which indicates its great development in recent years and shows the need for continuous monitoring of these systems.

In this research, a kind of environmentally-friendly inorganic-organic hybrid nanocomposite coating based on silica containing titania/silica core/shell nanoparticles was synthesized and characterized for conservation of facade tiles in historical buildings. The matrix of the composite was prepared by sol-gel process via two methods of ultrasonic and reflux stirring. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and poly-dimethyl siloxane hydroxy-terminated (PDMS-OH) were used for the formation of silica network and creation of flexibility and hydrophobicity, respectively. Titania nanoparticles were used in the form of titania/silica core/shell as ultraviolet absorber. The synthesized nanocomposite was applied on the microscope slides and tiles by dip coating technique. The properties of nanoparticles and coatings were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and water contact angle measurement. The results revealed that formation of titania/silica core/shell structure was successful. The investigation of PDMS content effect on transparency, cohesion and hydrophobicity of the coating confirmed that the optimum content of this siloxane was around 20 wt.%. In general, the results showed that the silica-based hybrid nanocomposite reinforced with TiO2/SiO2 core/shell nanoparticles could produce a transparent and hydrophobic coating for tile and glass protection.

Sport is a universal phenomenon and with its expansion, people and various strata of a society benefit from its benefits, so to maintain health and physical and mental growth, giving importance to sports has a key role in improving the quality of life and increasing the standard of living of citizens. Iranian architecture has a high status in the history of Iran and from the past to the present have had different characteristics that distinguish it from other styles and contexts of buildings. These components include scientific geometry and innovative arts derived from a person's spiritual thoughts. According to the types of basic, theoretical, applied and scientific research, the present research is applied in terms of purpose. There will be a library and a field that will eventually lead to design

Exercise and healthy recreation is one of the most important strategies of industrial man today to maintain health and physical and mental growth and creates a large segment of society for some time to exercise, watching sports competitions. A modern stadium is not just a place to watch sports events, but it has become an exciting and unforgettable part for the spectators. The design principles of this series are based on creating an indoor space and at the same time instilling a sense of open and free environment for players and spectators. On the other hand, modern technology has been used to achieve a light structure, and when stadiums are built strategically and in accordance with design principles and criteria, they attract more spectators than the events they host, and not only that. It is a source of income but also as a unique added value in sports affairs. According to the types of basic, theoretical, applied and scientific research, the present research is of applied type. The research method in the present study is a research-analytical method that ultimately leads to design

Defense and security organizations operate in a very complex and unstable environment. Long-term defense planning encourages thinking about possible situations and helps defense organizations prepare for the future to improve their strategy by providing insights into possible future dangers. The main purpose of this study is to study the geomorphological features of Minab and Sirik areas in the east of the Strait of Hormuz and their impact on the development of territorial defense strategies. The type of applied research and its nature is analytical-descriptive. Data were collected in the form of libraries - documentary and survey and its data were qualitative and quantitative. The statistical population includes 24 elites and experts in defense and security issues. The coefficient of criteria was determined based on the Likert spectrum. Using SWOT analytical tool, 34 indicators (strengths 8, weaknesses 9, opportunities 8 and threats 9) were evaluated and evaluated by relevant experts. The Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) was used to select the optimal strategy from the strategies obtained from SWOT analysis. The results of the SWOT model suggest the (WO) strategy as the optimal strategy in the Minab and Sirik regions. At the same time, in prioritizing the review strategy using the model (QSPM), the priority and superiority of the strategy is to use and deploy advanced defense, radar and eavesdropping systems, parallel to the shoreline and the points that create maximum frequency range over other review strategies.

The concentrated solar power (CSP) is one of the renewable energy sources in which solar irradiation heat energy will be used in a steam turbine to generate electrical grid. Solar radiation is absorbed by a solar receiver reactor on the surface of a porous solar absorber. In this survey, synthesis and mechanical/thermal characterization of micro-porous silicon carbide (SiC) absorber to be used in solar reactor is carried out. SiC foams were synthesized and categorized based on three different pore sizes i.e. 5, 12 and 75 ppi. Mechanical behavior and thermal shock resistance of porous foams in the working temperature range for absorber (25-1200 °C) were evaluated. Results revealed that the specific compressive strength (σc/ρ) of foams increase exponentially by a decrement in the porosity percentage and the average pore size. Moreover, for foams with smaller pore size, a considerable decrease in mechanical strength due to thermal shock was observed. This could be due to increase in the number of struts per unit volume i.e. more weak struts to withstand the mechanical loading. So, porous foams with coarser pore sizes were distinguished to be more capable of tolerating thermal shock while serving as solar absorbers.

Diagnosis and classification of landslides is a critical need in the risk analysis before and after the disaster. And primarily through land surveying or traditional interpretation of images was done. In this paper to identify and classify types of object-oriented approach landslide has been paid. The data used in this study consisted of false color images obtained from satellite data Resourcesat-1 with spatial resolution of 5.8 meters and digital elevation models with 2.5-meter resolution satellite image of 10 meters of Cartosat-1 was used. This method was used for the North West basin and then used without further reforms in the eastern part of the basin. A total of three sliding using this method accurately identified 71.11% and 91.4% classification accuracy has been detected. In this way, the landslide early detection of high accuracy and speed, hence has great potential to assist in risk analysis, disaster management and decision making process after the earthquake or heavy rainfall, can be used related entities, including crisis management headquarters, natural resources and watershed institutions.

Mass movements and landslides are considered the most destructive natural hazards. The study predicts landslide location using conditional probability theory (Bayesian theorem), on the southern edge of the Ahar drainage basin (From Nasirabad to Sattar Khan dam),, on the landslide occurred in the past by the object-oriented approach extracting and identifying been conducted. Using Bayesian probability theory correlation between parameters and landslide areas (two-thirds of landslide areas) to determine the weight of all categories of parameters were obtained. According to the map obtained by any of the parameters weight class, class of high silt old alluvial terraces are in layers, average pasture land in between classes, directions north and northwest, steep grade 5-25 the distance of 270-125 meters from the river greatest impact on weight and landslides in the area. The accuracy of landslide susceptibility maps using a third (12 points slip) landslide areas were evaluated. The result showed that the model with the predictability and kappa coefficient 0/93   and 0/945 percent of high and very high risk of landslides in class acceptable accuracy in evaluating and landslide susceptibility mapping.

Flooding of major natural disasters in the world. With increasing intensity and frequency of flood events, global concerns about increased mortality and economic losses resulting from increased. This study aimed to determine areas of potential flooding, river basin Ajurloo chay using a new approach to multi-criteria decision systems and fuzzy model is zoning. In the field of natural and man-eight parameters including rainfall, land use, the morphological characteristics such as steep slopes, altitude, vegetation index, and distance from major rivers, drainage density and lithology is used to run the model. After producing layers of the field visit and satellite images were used in order to obtain the required layers. Then, gathered through questionnaires and expert opinion using the AHP, the weight assigned to each criterion and sub is found, then the overlapping layers in GIS and flood risk maps were prepared using fuzzy operators. According to the map of the area of the silkhisi, regionalization is a very high risk in the basin have been located upstream, this high slope often 40 percent levels, low vegetation density, range of diverging with convex profiles they established. A flood risk map were in the regionalization of the area, with a very high risk in the basin are located downstream. These areas are often low-slope areas converge with concave profiles, levels, areas and rivers make up the margin.

In this work, poly (hydroxybutyrate co hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) composite nanofibrous scaffold containing hydroxyapatite/bredigite (HABR) nanoparticles was fabricated through electrospining method. The morphology of prepared nanofibers and the state of the nanoparticles dispersion in nanofiber matrix were investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Evaluation of the mechanical properties of the nanofibrous scaffolds revealed that there is a limit to the nanoparticle concentration at which nanoparticles can improve the mechanical properties of the nanofibrous scaffolds. According to the results, PHBV/HABR nanofibers showed higher wettability compared to PHBV nanofibers. In vitro cell culture assay was done using human fetal osteoblast cells on nanofibrous scaffold. MTS assay revealed that cell proliferation on the composite nanofibrous scaffold was significantly higher than those on the pure scaffold after 10 and 15 days. Scanning electron microscopy- Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and CMFDA colorimeter assay analysis showed that the cells on the PHBV/HABR scaffolds acquired higher mineral deposition than the cells on the pure PHBV and control sample scaffold. Based on the results we concluded that PHBV/HABR nanofibers scaffold with higher wettability, improved mechanical properties and cell behavior hold great potential in bone regeneration applications.

IntroductionIranian territory has the main prerequisites for the occurrence of a wide range of landslides due to its mountainous topography, tectonic activities, high seismicity, and different geological and climatic conditions. Therefore, reducing the effects of natural disasters, particularly landslides, is one of the key challenges for land-use planners and policymakers in this field. In this study, the southern side of the Ahar Chai basin from Nasirabad Village to Sattarkhan Dam is evaluated for the probability of the landslide occurrence. This region is highly susceptible to landslide occurrence because of the extensive manipulation and its natural conditions. Indeed, the occurrence of the large shallow landslides in this region is an indication of this susceptibility. In this study, Linear Regression Model has been used to prepare the landslide zonation.
MethodologyThe study area was the southern sides of the Ahar Chai River, from Nasirabad village in Varzaghan to the Sattarkhan Dam, with an area of 128 km2. In order to study the potential of the landslide occurrence in this region, nine main factors including slope, slope direction, lithology, land use, precipitation, distance from the fault, distance from the river, distance from the road, and vegetation were identified. The model which was used in this study was Logistic Regression. This model is one of the predictive statistical methods for dependent variables in which zero and one respectively indicate the occurrence and non-occurrence of landslides. In addition, instead of being linear, the regression of the variables is S-shaped or logistic curve and the estimations are in the range of zero-one. Indeed, values close to zero indicate the low probability of the occurrence and values close to one indicate the high probability of the occurrence.
DiscussionIn Logistic Regression model, after entering the data into the Logistic Regression model and using the effective parameters in Idrisi software, the coefficients of the model were extracted. A value of 965, which represents a very high correlation between the independent and dependent variables, was obtained for the ROC index. After determining the validity of the Logistic Regression model, using the above indicators, landslide sensitivity zonation map was prepared. In the present model, the land use factor with the highest coefficient was the best predictive variable in determining the probability of the landslide occurrence in this region. In addition, the SPI index and the distance from the fault had respectively the second and third highest coefficients. After zoning the landslide, the slip area was calculated for each class and its results showed that zones with highest risk had the lowest area percentage and these areas were located in the western slopes.
ConclusionThe results showed that while land use, lithology factors, and SPI index with positive coefficients had higher correlation, the other factors with negative coefficients had lower correlation. Based on the map, the western, southern, and the north-eastern parts of the region have the highest potential for landslide occurrence. Furthermore, the high value of the ROC index and its proximity to number one indicates that landslides in the study area have a strong correlation with the probability values derived from the Logistic Regression Model. In addition, the assessment of the SCAI scaling hazard zonation map shows that there is a high correlation between the hazard map with the existing slip points and the field observations of the area. It can be said that, in addition to the natural factors, some human factors including unstructured road construction may play an important role in the occurrence of the landslides. It is also necessary to avoid making changes in the ecosystems and land use. Finally, any policies to construct structures should be commensurate with the geomorphologic and geological conditions.

A kind of industrial tourism is profitable and appropriate from economical view that has a special position and role in the development of gepgraphical areas and by creatin of the cultural and social interactions and exchanges among different nations, due to lack of environmental pollutions is very important. Today, numerous theorical and functional experiences in the world for the study, review , planning and management of tourism areas which have an upward trend in line with the technology advances. Natural potentials of each country has a great role in tourism attraction. In this study, the geomorphologic landforms of tourism sample of Zanjan province have been identified and their geomorphotouristic capabilities have been evaluated. Regional geology maps, topographic maps and field data were used for evaluating the landforms of the area and the amount of Landform's geomororphotouristic capabilities have been evaluated based on prolong method. According to landforms, Katalekhor cave landform with 0.73 point of average tourism grade and obtainment of 0.63 of the average productivity value and due to having limestone ornamentations such as stalactites and stalagmite and special shapes as a result of sedimentation or water erosion inside it, has dedicated the most amount of tourist attraction potential and Kharmanhe Sar cave is placed at the second place. Also the erosion phenomenon of Jen Doodkesh in Mahneshan area, by obtaining 0.30 of the average tourist grade and 0.48 of mean of productivity value has dedicated itself the third rank.With respect to the findings of the study for tourism development and sustainable development of this large industry in the considered study area, through informing people for protection of geo tourism attractions which causes the pollution, erosion and damages of the area to be minimized and also through using the investment of private and the state parties in the establishment of infrastructures, it is possible to take steps for development of geotourism in the area, and also in the light of proper and correct management and planning, such geomorphologic phenomenon can be indicated as one of the main important centers of tourism of Zanjan province and even in Iran and in the world.

Today, natural and rural areas on the periphery of cities are used as a space for urban development. Unthought of land where the quality of ground and loss of ecosystems is critical. Natural features of the surrounding residential areas, especially in the urban and physical planning is very important Because of a phenomenon resulting decision is the best choice. This research led to the development of physical development and Sarein using two models of fuzzy logic and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was evaluated. The fuzzy logic model for three different values of the gamma function (0.7, 0.8, 0.9) was used for the preparation of zoning maps and compare them with the existing design and development of existing residential areas, favorable and unfavorable, it was found that gamma 0.8 has the highest compliance & About 34 percent of the city In the land and 33 percent of those with a high proportion of In the land was the average suitability & Only 7% of the physical development of land which includes a small proportion of the North, North East, and North West region is The construction beside the river and the fault takes in steep areas. The results obtained from AHP model, particularly in the northern parts of North West and North East fuzzy model is very different And these lands as lands with moderate to high fitness has been introduced. The study was conducted in two models, the results of which were the model of fuzzy AHP model gives more accurate results toward.

Tectonics are dynamic factors that have longitudinal profiles of rivers, especially watersheds are affected.. These factors led to a change in the longitudinal profile of rivers and the erosion and deposition process, thereby changing the pattern of investment flows into rivers. The purpose of this study is to investigate active tectonic basin Gechi Darasi data by geological, geomorphological and observation field, hypsometric curve by using indicators, hypsometric integral, drainage basin asymmetry, the longitudinal gradient of the river, the sine of the mountain front, the width Reverse topographic drainage basin above the valley floor and valley symmetry in this field. According to the results of this study indicate Hypsvmtry integral curves Hypsvmtry young field of erosion cycle and 15 sections and transects to assess VF index specified. Index changes VF (which is equal to 1.2) reflect tectonic activity is active. In addition, SL index is calculated for the basin. Establish fault tolerance on the rock of considerable height difference Gechi Darasi River longitudinal profiles and SL index is a significant change. The basin has a lot of sinus (Smf) in the region of 1.3 is equal to the ratio of the width to the height of the bed of the valley floor is a very large difference. Drainage basin asymmetry index (AF) is equal to 57.45. The topographic indexes with the reversed polarity index (value 0.21) indicate tectonic activities in the region are high.

Flood is one of the most common natural worldwide hazards that causes enormous losses of life and property throughout the world. Therefore, the development of flood mapping forecast models is curial in decision making before the flood and for the after flood management. The aim of this study is to determine the flood hazard zones in the khiav Chai basin using the network analysis process. To implement this model in the area under study, various data such as rainfall, land use, slope-morphological characteristics such as convexity (profile curvature) convergence divergence slopes (plan curvature), steep slopes, vegetation index (NDVI), distance from major rivers and drainage network density were considered. The results obtained from the network Analyzer model shows the fact that more than 15 percent of the area affected by the floods with very high potential risk of occurrence are mainly located at the bottom of the basin. These levels are often less than 35% in slope, with low vegetation density profiles, converged areas with concave surfaces, and areas near rivers. Analysis of the final weights derived from the AHP in relation to flood risk shows that the slope of the geological formations operating by 0/99, and 0/822 value, have the highest impact and influence, regarding the high degree of control and influence they have on the amount of runoff and discharge of the surface area. The importance and influence of the SPI with 0/226 and 0/065 STI are of less important compared to other factors.

1- Playa saline zones as ecological environment has been regarded by researchers and many researchers have been seeking new methods for studying this phenomenon, because access to these areas due to special circumstances, it has always been difficult and limited (Metternicht et al, 2010: 324). Monitoring of saline arid zones in sustainable development and environmental protection is an important parameter. Monitoring of this phenomenon requires extraction and thematic maps at different times. Remote sensing technology is an effective method for obtaining the required data. This procedure avoids the usual constraints of time and place (Rezaie Moghadam, 2005: 221). Limitations on the use of satellite data to produce maps of salt affected areas of the spectral behavior of salt types, spatial distribution of salts on the surface, the changes in salinity, vegetation as barrier and spectral mixing with other levels of the ground depends (Alavipanah, 2002: 451). The main objective of this study was to assess methods saline mining zones and provide a new method for monitoring the spatial extent of this phenomenon with the satellite images of Playa. With regard to the above and the saline playa zones, monitoring area of saline cover in this study using IRS-P6 satellite images LISSIII sensor can be studied in 2010. The study area for this research is the watershed cover at 35 degrees 53 minutes north latitude and 36 degrees 17 minutes and 54 degrees 35 minutes east longitude and 55 degrees 18 minutes East province is located in the southeastern city of Damghan which has a stretch east - west with an area of 2474700 hectares. Cover an area of ​​239,100 hectares where the desert playa Haji Aliguli (Chjam) with an area of ​​46,600 hectares is located. 2- The data used in this study, IRS-P6 satellite image sensor LISSIII 2010. This sensor is equivalent bands TM2, TM3, TM4 and TM5 and ground resolution 5/23 meter bands visible light and near- infrared and mid- latitude and their shooting is 140 kilometers (Alavipanah, 2006: 53). According to a study that evaluates conventional separation zones cover and thematic mapping of the salt processing satellite imagery, the methods of research proposed in this color eye pseudo seizure interpretation, use of the combine the gangs respect on the threshold Histogram images. After applying this correction, the entire image area of ​​study was attempting to cut a small part of the full frame range used in satellite images. Thus, the next operation was performed on the cropped area. Next, in order to separate the saline from the area of ​​the image with the proposed method, the images were ILWIS3.3 software. Due to the complex interaction of a range saline and other phenomena in the area of ​​Playa cover and requires high precision in the final output efficiency of each of the proposed methods mentioned were analyzed. 3– Powerful tool in the field of remote sensing to study different ecosystems, such as Playa environments in order to produce valuable data and useful. Threshold on the histogram of the common methods that can be used to blank the saline extracted from satellite images. Due to the fact that the spectral reflectance of salt compared to other phenomena in the mid-infrared bands is very small allotment and close to zero, so the blank extract saline from satellite imagery, the action threshold are one of the mid-infrared bands. It should be noted that the choice of the threshold value is difficult in practice because the same underlying removing salt from saline zones is not possible or careless. Although this method has high accuracy, but it can be easily extracted automatically and quickly raised. Ratio between the bands used to extract saline zones is also difficult because of the different coatings than in places where the ground does not have the results. 4– Due to the variable nature of the salt zone boundary lines are part of its natural features, its continuous monitoring does not appear very good based on visual interpretation. Due to the complex nature of these problems and Damghan playa new method presented in this study and were analyzed. This method is based on combining the method of threshold and ratio between bands. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of monitoring area Saline Damghan playa LISSIII sensor image processing was done in 2010 found that between two methods of spectral bands and threshold rationing on the image histogram for monitoring and mapping arid zones saline is a good way. The results also showed that measures of Damghan playa salt RSCI and NDSCI the resolution satellite imagery mapping and monitoring their performance.

Introduction Increased utilization of water and the use of chemicals in agriculture with agricultural development projects reduces the quantity and quality of water entering the lake and its satellite wetlands are. Industrial development has led to an increased release of hazardous waste into the lake. To develop urban land use change is an increase in municipal waste. Indiscriminate use of land for the cultivation of steep slopes, increasing soil erosion and dry land visible impact on the quality and quantity of inflow to the lake and its satellite wetlands will. In this study of water level fluctuation of lakes in order to safeguard them in terms of importance, nature and location of water collection and continue life as a factor for a natural heritage and, at the national level and between countries region has assumed the position of special. Climate change as a result of reduced rainfall, increased temperature, uncontrolled use of surface and subsurface water resources and watershed areas clearly visible. These changes led to changes in water quality that is the basis of sustainable development, it is. Today discounted quantity and quality of water resources is one of the major challenges facing sustainable development. In this context, monitoring and assessment of coastal areas can, as a matter to be considered in national development and natural resource management. 2- methods and Materials The data used in this study consisted of ETM and TM images from 1989, 2011, digital topographic map of 1/50000 is the GPS mapping and interpretations. Use of the image sensor, having six bands ranging from the visible and infrared reflectance and pixel size, pointed, R., et al, 1389. It has an average resolution of the sensors. 3– Discussion According to the study aimed to evaluate the changes in time intervals ranging from satellite images was 23 years old, the first attempt to apply the corrections needed in the preprocessing stage, geometric correction, and atmospheric respectively. Therefore, satellite images of geometric and radiometric examined and corrections were made. ERDAS 9.2 software was used to perform this task. Then, to determine changes in surface lake water were analyzed. Accordingly, the first series of satellite images of different spatial resolution of the spectral composition of lake water characteristics was analyzed. Then, try to: First detection of changes in land use and lake water levels is studied in the past two decades. Second, long-term shoreline change map, altitude and area of Lake Urmia in a long-term and annual periods should be introduced. To achieve the main objectives of the study, different types of multi-temporal satellite images of Landsat TM and ETM + Urmia Lake region that were available were selected. As regards the lake is one of the most overcrowded areas in the North West is therefore the need to revitalize it to twice. One of the undeniable effects on the risk area around the lake is the wind that moved the salt particles into the cities of the country and has had a significant impact on areas outside the border. For reviews of this subject, Due to figures 8 and 9, which represents the amount of salt lakes in different areas, the wind direction is from the area of salt-affected areas, the risk will be added. So cities where the wind direction is south-west of them are located in East Lake (Tabriz, Azar, Sofian, Miandoab, etc.). The area of highest risk are located. And the wind direction in the cities as their Western, such Bonab is at the peak of the danger. At Overall it can be describes that the majority of area of towns around the lake are located in the eastern part. The wind direction is southwest or Western in them at the risk of the impact of relocation of the salt particles. This is widespread of a wide level of the surrounding land and salt storms will threaten neighboring countries. 4– Conclusion The evaluation results indicate that the coastline is a significant change in annual and seasonal scales. The maps also show that the change in annual shoreline recession, especially in East and South East study area has been very clear; this recession has been measured in some areas up to 8 kilometers. According to studies, various reasons have contributed to the reduction of lake water. The rate of 65% due to climate change, 25 percent of the dams in the basin of the lake, and 10% reduction in rainfall in the area is. In recent years, the rapid recession increased the concentration of lake water and salt mineral deposits in most surplus coastline have caused. This process in turn has created numerous ecological issues. East and south east region has been studied in a large expanse of saline lands and cultivated lands without added that the ratio of the area of the lake less. The disaster caused by the drying of the Lake heavily impact on economics and ecological and environmental issues. In particular, will be impact on the extent of direct health & the residents of the Lake margin. & And tens of thousands of square kilometers were affected & With regard to the values of gardening - crop area and population, on the one hand, inhabitants of the region due to its adjacency to other empty threat of irreparable environmental issues to be evaluated.

Introduction Landslide susceptibility (LS) is the likelihood of a landslide occurring in an area on the basis of local terrain conditions (Brabb, 1984). In recent decades number of different types of hazards is greatly increased due to human activities and its encroachment on the natural environment. Compared with other natural hazards such as volcanic eruptions and floods, landslides cause considerable damage to human beings and massive economic losses (Guzzetti, 2005). According to preliminary estimates, about 500 billion riyals annual are caused economic damage in Iran by landslide occurrence (Hosseinzadeh et al., 1388:27). Today Because of the rapid development of computing power and Geographical Information System (GIS) technology, a vast number of quantitative or statistical Methods have been applied to assess landslide susceptibility (Wang, 2013:81). Among these models can be pointed to such as logistic regression model, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Analytic Network process (ANP), artificial neural network (ANN), the bivariate statistical models, fuzzy logic model. LNRF model and etc. Selecting the most appropriate approach and model is done based on the data type, scale and scale of of the analysis. The work done at the country and abroad can be pointed following cases: Gharahi et al (1390) landslide susceptibility Alborz Dam zonation by using bivariate statistical and AHP model, Results showed that the compared to the weighting factor method statistical indicators zonation provides more realistic distribution of landslide susceptibility. Bidar (1391) has attempted to zonation mass movements in road Meshkinshahr - Movil the advantage of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). He combined with 9 parameters catchment to zonation into four sections with a high risk, high, medium and low risk. Foreign researchers such as Yaklyn (2008) using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on GIS to landslide hazard zonation is investigated according to the characteristics geological formation in the Turkey, And has concluded that in the study area (Ardesen) 98% of the landslides occurred in units with geologic formations susceptible to weathering, steep and bare land. Sabuya et al (2006) the fuzzy logic model used for the assessment of slope instability in Rio de Janeiro of Brazil And found that, in this model the expert can be weighting from zero to one Classes of factors, so the results are better than other models. In this study balekhloo catchment (Ardabil) has Zonation for landslide susceptibility By using fuzzy logic and bivariate statistical Methods And landslide predisposing factors such as (Lithology, distance from fault, distance from river, drainage density, land slope, aspect and land use, distance from roads, vegetation density (NDVI) and elevation). 2- Methodology Fuzzy logic model fuzzy logic model is Generalization of the classical set theory in mathematical science and is a new approach to the expression of uncertainty and confusion routine. Fuzzy sets are defined by membership functions. For each fuzzy set is a number between zero and one Where zero indicates the lack full membership and one indicates full membership (Hosseini et al, 1390). Fuzzy model is done using several functions. The most important operators of the fuzzy logic can be pointed to Fuzzy Product, Fuzzy Sum gamma operator and etc. Gamma operator is defined based on Fuzzy Product and Fuzzy Sum (Equation 1). Equation (1 μ_(combination=((Fuzzy Algebraic Sum)(Fuzzy Algebraic Product))^(1-γ)) Where μ_combination layers obtained from the fuzzy gamma and the γ parameter is defined in the zero and one. Considering studies conducted and their results and compare different values of gamma, in this study, the Gamma 8/0 was used and landslide susceptibility map was produced. Bivariate statistical models Bivariate statistical models have based on overlapping parameters and density of landslides occurred. In these models the relative importance of Classes of each parameter calculated using the Landslide density in its and using the formula. In this method Landslide and parameters are handled as a dependent variable and independent variables respectively. There are several statistical methods to calculate the weighted values that here used the information value and Area density models. 1- Information value method Overall, the combination of quantitative variables (such as slope) and qualitative variables (such as land use) does cause problems in statistical analysis. This problem can be resolved in considering that each class variable individually can to have one of two modes present (1) or absent (0). This method can determine whether the class variable is present or absent (niyazei et al 1389: 12). Mentioned methods runs using the equation 2 (Naderi and Karimi, 1390: 98). Equation (2) I_i=LN((S_i/N_i)/(S/N)) 〖 S〗_i Landslide area occurred in class variable, 〖 N〗_i class variables area, 〖 S〗_. The total area of landslide, 〖 N〗_. The total area of the study area and LN is Logarithm. 2- Area density method In the methods of Area density weight of each class variables is calculated by using the equation (3) (Afjeh Nasrabadi and et al, 1387). Equation (3) Wa=1000(A/B)-1000(C/D) In above equation A is the area landslide happened in each class variables, B area of each class, C the total area of the landslide And D is the total area of the study area. With obtained weight of each class variables, weights of classes applied in software and landslide susceptibility maps were produced for both statistical methods. 3– Discussion According to the method mentioned above layers intended after preparation Were used for zonation And landslide susceptibility zonation map was obtained using mentioned three methods. Maps obtained using the method of natural breaks was classified In 5 risk class (very low susceptibility, low susceptibility, moderate susceptibility, high susceptibility and high susceptibility). For the compare models, were used from Landslide Index (Equation 4) and using it were evaluated entire risk Category. Equation (2) Li=((Si/Ai))/((∑n(Si/Ai)))*100 In above equation Si is area landslide occurred In each zone risk, Ai area of each risk zone, N number of risk Category and Li index landslide occurrence in each risk zone is to Percentage. 4– Conclusion Models used in the study Acceptable results are provided considering was to evaluate using landslide index. Information value models with values of 10 and 87percent in the high and very high risk Classes Have a better Evaluation than two other models. Area density model with values of 9% and 87% and fuzzy logic models with values of 24% and 60% in the high and very high risk Classes Are placed respectively the next ranks. Evaluation results indicate that in Information value models about 98 percent of landslide occurred in high and very high risk classes. This value has been estimated 97 percent for Area density model and 84 percent for fuzzy logic model. The results from each of the three models indicate a high potential for landslides occurred in western and southwestern parts of the basin. This areas are formed more of sedimentary rocks, old terraces and various combinations of clay, marl, limestone and Lahar. This is indicative of great influence of lithology and Type of formation to create landslide.

In this study, it was attempted to design a composite coating based on Alumina - Titania, and evaluate the effect of spraying current on coating properties in order to obtain the best conditions to improve the in-flight behavior of Particles, mechanical properties and morphology of plasma sprayed coatings. Alumina - Titania composite coatings were prepared via plasma spray technique using different input powers (600, 700 and 800 A). Characterization of prepared coatings was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Also microhardness and strength adhesion of the composite coatings was studied. Three dimensional (3D) numerical models were developed to study the temperature of fed particles. The investigation showed that the composite coating sprayed at a current of 700 A it possessed the best quality in terms of amount of porosity and the surface morphology and the most value of mechanical properties. In this current, Particles with Appropriate and optimal velocity of 139 m/s has collided on the surface of coating. Also microhardness and adhesion strength of the coating is increased to the value of 1409 HV1.9 and 28 MPa Respectively.

Wear and erosion are the main reasons for destruction of many industrial components. In many cases، ceramic coatings produced by plasma spraying technique improve wear and erosion performance of industrial components. In this study، it was attempted to design and prepare an optimized composite coating of Alumina-Titania via plasma spraying technique using various parameters of plasma input power، and to study the influence of morphology، microhardness and elastic properties of prepared coatings on their erosion behaviour. Characterization of prepared coatings was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The elastic properties of coatings and the porosity and gamma alumina phase in their structure were also investigated. Vickers hardness test was performed in order to measure the microhardness of coatings. The results showed that the elastic properties have the greatest influence on the erosion performance of coatings. It was also shown that the input power of 28 kW causes an increase in both the microhardness and elastic properties of coatings simultaneously.

Lake Urmia in the northwestern corner of Iran is one of the largest permanent hyper saline lakes in the world and the largest lake in the Middle East. It extends as much as 140 km from north to south and is as wide as 85 km east to west during high water periods. Qualitative and quantitative degradation of water resources is one of the major challenges in the way of sustainable development، Baghvand et al.، 2010; Nasrabadi et al.، 2010a; Nasrabadi et al.، 2010b; Rowshan et al.، 2007; Serbaji et al.، 2012; Guinder et al.، 2012; Li et al.، 2012; Siddiqui، 2011; Pei et al.، 2011; Ying et al.، 2011،. Features and phenomena in the earth’s surface have been changed over time; the lakes as one of these features and due to having a closed environment are not considered as an exception. Due to climatic changes such as reduced rainfall، increased temperature and also uncontrolled use of surface water resources in watershed areas، distinguished changes are exposed، Sadatipour et al.، 2012; Sandeep et al.، 2012; Madani et al.، 2012; Mirbegheri et al.، 2012; Arias et al.، 2012،. Monitoring such changes should be considered as an important issue in the national and regional development and natural resource management. Currently، monitoring the coastal areas and extraction of water at different intervals is regarded as an infrastructural research interest due to the significance of coastal zone management and dynamic nature e of such sensitive ecological environments، Reveshty and Maruyama، 2010; Nasrabadi et al.، 2009; Pamer et al.، 2011; Kavian et al.، 2011; Karbassi et al.، 2011; Mortazavi and Sharifian، 2011; Lei et al.، 2011; Hudak، 2011،. Urmia lake is the twentieth largest lake of the world and at the same time one of the most unique and invaluable global water ecosystems، Karbassi، et al.، 2010; Ahmadi et al.، 2011; Ahmadzadeh Kokya et al.، 2011; Farzin et al.، 2012، . The lake’s surface area has been estimated to have been as large as 5620 km2 but since 1989 it has generally been declining and was estimated from satellite data to be only 2032 km2 in August of 2011، Land sat data،. The decline is generally blamed on a combination of drought، increased water diversion for irrigated agriculture within the lake’s watershed and mismanagement. The main sight of this study are to Assessment and analyze of Urmia water levels fluctuation and increasing salt area، to model the lake surface fluctuation regime by linking the observed data to satellite data in the north west of Iran. Lake Urmia is an endorheic or terminal lake meaning that water leaves the lake only by evaporation. As is generally the case، this leads to a saltwater body and in the case of Lake Urmia، salinity is quite high. The lake is bounded between 37°5´ -38°16´ latitudes and 45°01´ - 46°longitudes at 1275 m above sea level. Its surface area ranges from4750 to 6100 km2 and the average and greatest depths account for 6 and 16 m، respectively. In order to study the fluctuations of Urmia Lake surface area، multi temporal Land sat Images، ETM، TM sensors، over a 23-year period، 1989 to 2011، were used. In the present study، the coastlines extraction for each year was done in two major steps using the ERADS software & ARC GIS. Firstly، geometric and radiometric corrections as well as different filters on the selected images were applied to make the spectral difference of objects more clear. Secondly، supervised classification method has been used to extract coastlines. To use the supervised classification، the preparation of the training area from the lake surface has been carried out. The reflection values in these areas have been generalized to the entire lake surface using the software and thus، the border between the lake and surrounding areas has been set precisely. Finally، through the algorithm for conversion of two vectors، the coastline limits have been drawn for different years. To carry out the analysis of images the ARC GIS software has been used. Satellite altimeter data measured the lake’s level in 1989 to be at its highest level of any time in the past 30 years. This is in agreement with Hassanzadeh and others، 2011، who state a measured water level of roughly 1 278 m above sea level for the same time. Both measures show a steady decline from that year forward with the most recent satellite altimeter data indicating a drop of approximately 7/40 meters between 1989 and 2011. Because Lake Urmia is a terminal lake with no significant water outflow the only way water leaves the lake is by evaporation. Therefore، if the lake declines it is either by increased evaporation or a decrease in water coming into the system. The Zarrineh Rood River is the largest of the thirteen main rivers discharging into Lake Urmia which are the source of the majority of the Lake’s water budget. Additional input comes from rainfall directly over the lake، floodwater from the immediate watershed and a very small fraction from groundwater flow. The main objective of this study was to assess lake water levels fluctuation using satellite images and geographic information system. To achieve this goal along with field observations and the satellite images of Land sat Multi-spectral images of the years، 2011-1989، sensors، TM، ETM +،. were used and processed. Based on the results achieved during the 23-year-old when the final models، an indication average height Lake water level to the level of 7/40 meter and the decrease in 3588 square kilometers of surface area of Lake water and land turned into the arid soil and sediment salts salt in the last few decades. Most changes due to water loss height، especially in the South East and the east coast of the lake is visible. The rise of water level fluctuations during the study period was significantly accelerated change and backward along the coastal lines 1 to 8/5 km coastline is.