محمدحسین کریم

One of the important topics in the field of organization and management is the introduction of the concept of green human resource management. Green human resource management was proposed from the integration of environmental management with human resource management. This concept was introduced in the 1990s by Vermeer in the book Green Management, but in 2001, the first topics related to green human resource management were organized by Schuler and his colleagues. Green human resource management aims to involve human resources in environmental decision-making, create environmental awareness and promote environmentally friendly behaviors. Several definitions have been proposed regarding the green human resource management, and most of these definitions emphasize the three elements of developing the green ability of organizations, motivating green human resources, and creating green opportunities. One of the best definitions is related to a researcher named Shah (2019). He proposed that green human resource management is "the combination of green management elements in job design, training and development, motivation and maintenance of human resource management to improve the environmental protection behavior of employees, meet employee expectations and achieve organizational goals." In this regard, it is necessary to mention the green human resources management factors that include; Green job design and analysis, green recruitment and selection, green training and improvement, green performance management, green pay and rewards, green job involvement and green organizational culture management. Studies show that the theoretical foundations of green human resource management are gradually evolving in different countries of the world, including Iran, and public and private organizations are seeking to establish and implement this concept. One of these organizations is the Tax Affairs Organization of the country. The most important solution that managers of this organization can take advantage of is the design of a green human resources management model in the country's tax affairs organization. Because Article 90 of the Fifth Plan Law, Article 48 of the Sixth Plan Law, and 11 Articles of the Seventh Plan Law emphasize the necessity of implementing green management in government institutions. 

In terms of purpose, this research is developmental-applicative and in terms of data collection, according to the nature of the research, it is of qualitative type. In this research, the grounded theory with the "systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin" was used; According to these causal conditions, the main phenomenon of green human resources management, the contextual condition, condition of the intervener, strategies (actions and reactions) and finally the consequences of green human resources management were investigated. Three types of open, axial and selective coding were used to check and analyze the data. In order to collect data, semi-structured in-depth interviews were used with 15 human resources experts in the headquarters and provincial units of the country's tax affairs organization, who were identified by purposeful sampling and snowball methods. The statistical population of the research included all senior managers, consultants, managers and experts of the Human Resources Unit of the Tax Affairs Organization of the country, as well as university professors, and the sampling continued until theoretical adequacy was achieved. In this research, three criteria of believability, transferability and reliability were used to evaluate the validity of the interviews. 

The findings show that the research data were reviewed and analyzed using three types of open, axial and selective coding. Based on the conducted interviews, 112 open codes were obtained. After open coding, axial coding was done, in which distinct categories were placed next to each other in a meaningful framework, and 25 axial codes were obtained, in which the diagram, the necessary foundation for the 10 selected categories, and the creation of theory were prepared. Selective coding means integrating and refining the theory, which is possible through the discovery of the axial category, which was obtained in the form of diagrams and propositions in this article. A diagram in which green human resource management was proposed as an axial category. The causal conditions related to the axial category proposed the appropriate and desirable scheme of green human resources management as an axial category that requires the identification of its characteristics and dimensions, which was done based on the modeling of green human resources management. The aforementioned modeling prepared the basis for the formation of the green human resources management reservoir. This reservoir requires design and optimization, selection of green human resources management style and skills of applying green human resource management styles. On the other hand, the intervening and contextual conditions affected the axial category of green human resource management and shaped individual, organizational and social consequences. At the same time, the findings obtained from the green human resource management chart created 9 research propositions. 

The results confirm that in causal conditions; targeting green human resources, in the main phenomenon; Green human resources management, in condition of the intervener; green internal and external green organizational factors, in the contextual condition; Green organizational climate and green organizational culture, in relation to strategy (actions and reactions); actions related to the design and institutionalization of the green human resources information system, and in relation to the consequences; Individual, organizational and social consequences are effective. The findings and results of the current research are in agreement with the researches of foreign experts such as Erkantan and Ayupoglu (2022), Priyashanta and Priyanka (2022), Kumar et al. (2022), Faisal and Naushad (2020), Mukerchi et al. , Shah (2019), Wallens (2019), Schumacher (2018), Metcalf (2018), Renwick et al. (2018), and Vermeer et al. (2018), Opata and Arul Raja (2018), Longoni et al. (2018). , Gupta (2018), Manu (2018), Zibras (2017), Donohue (2017), Bangwal et al. (2017), Tank et al. (2017), Norton et al. (2017), Kumar and Parharch (2017), Masri and Jaron (2017), Renwick et al. (2017), Apata (2017), Stocklapp and Dell (2016), Gholami et al. (2016), Gurchi et al. (2016), Opata and Arul Raja (2014), Masri and Jabour. (2013), Jabour (2013), Jabour (2011) and Jabour et al. (2010) and domestic authors such as Lizran Esfahani et al. Row et al.(2011), Janalizadeh Qazvini et al.(2020), Shahnoushi and Abdulahi (2018), Mohammadnejad Shoorkai (2016), Fayazi et al.(2015) are consistent. However, the results of this research are not consistent with the studies of Yu et al.

Social entrepreneurship represents a vital approach for tackling the country's social and economic challenges. However, despite its potential, social entrepreneurship in Iran has not yet made the desired impact due to a range of persistent challenges. This study examines the challenges facing social entrepreneurship, with a special focus on governmental programs and macro-level policies, and offers recommendations and strategies for the government to strengthen this field. Applied in purpose and qualitative in method, this research used structured interviews as the primary data collection tool. The study sample comprised social business owners, public and private sector managers, and academic experts, with fifteen participants selected through purposeful sampling until theoretical saturation was reached. Qualitative data analysis was conducted using open, axial, and selective coding, facilitated by MaxQDA (2020) software. Results from the coding process identified 56 concepts in open coding, 33 core categories and sub-challenges in axial coding, and 3 main themes in selective coding. Findings indicate that the challenges of social entrepreneurship in Iran can be categorized into three primary areas: 1. policy, legal, and governmental challenges; 2. challenges related to social, economic, educational, and cultural awareness; and 3. institutional and operational support challenges. In response to these findings, nine strategic recommendations were proposed for the government and regulatory institutions. This study’s originality lies in identifying critical policy, legal, and operational challenges within Iran, offering practical recommendations to the government and regulatory institutions for addressing these barriers.

Water plays an important role in human life and is one of the first human needs for survival. Therefore, due to population growth and industrialization and therefore the lack of water resources in the world especially in Iran, its supply needs special attention. Currently, 97.5% of the water resources on the planet cannot be used. The main purpose of this study is the economic study of the use of fixed and floating freshwater in Makran beaches. One of the most important methods in this field is the desalination and desalination processes of seawater. Given that for government projects, only the final price or in other words the cost price is considered, the method of levelized cost of production over the useful life has been chosen. According to the information of the Electricity and Energy Master Planning Office of the Ministry of Energy, the results show that the desalination of seawater in the form of building a factory (fixed desalination plant) is more economical compared to the floating desalination plant, in such a way that the levelized cost of production in fixed desalination technology is 2000 and in floating desalination technology is 9700 rials per cubic meter. Also, sensitivity analysis tests based on the discount rate, production capacity coefficient, and escalation rate of fuel cost show that on one hand, floating desalination technology is more sensitive to the above variables than fixed desalination, and on the other hand, the change of this variable has no effect on changing the economic priority. The results show that seawater desalination in the form of a factory (fixed desalination) is economical compared to floating desalination.

Achieving economic justice is a key objectives in the economic resistive policies, Further the goals, strategies & implementing policies are indicated in articles 1,4,5 and 19 of the mentioned policies explicitly. The present paper aimed to achieving the economic justice based on the macro-objectives, critical success factors & key performance indicators, conceptual modeling of economic justice upon an approach of policies of the resistive economy and efforts have been concentrated for strategic evaluation. The research findings reveals economic justice objectives in the mentioned policies have not been achieved. Furthermore, assessing of KPI shows the implementing strategies for achieving to the goals have not had the effective consequences. The paper results .he third place and factors related to the implementation context ranked fourth with a weighted factor of 0.121. According to the results of the research, in order to institutionalize the policy of work conscience in the country's administrative system, managers should focus on the factors identified in this research.

Agricultural insurance is one of the effective agricultural risk management programs. Barberry is the major agricultural product in South Khorasan province which shapes 95% of the entire agricultural production in the province. Accordingly, this research investigates the major factors that affect insurance acceptance amongst barberry producers in rural areas of South Khorasan province in 2020. The demographic statistics suggest that there are approximately 12,500 barberry producers in Ghaen and Zirkoh villages, which is about half of the whole barberry producers in the province. Based on Cochran's formula, the number of statistical samples is 372 barberries. Both the reliability of using Cronbach's alpha and the validity of the research questionnaire became confirmed by the agricultural-jahad department experts and the university professors. The results show that a range of factors including horticultural experience level, awareness of aphid dangers, sudden rains, insects and rodents have a positive and significant effect on the intended farmers’ willingness to accept agricultural insurance. Insects and rodents have a dramatic impact on insurance acceptance. Further, a higher awareness of natural hazards and pests and diseases would increase the likelihood of agricultural insurance acceptance amongst the intended farmers. Therefore, this study suggests that related awareness classes are needed to boost the knowledge level of farmers about the potential risks and hazards and encourage them to accept agricultural insurance programs.

As every other business, there are a variety of risks in the banking industry, including operational risks. The Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, as the Basel Committee, has required computing and managing the operational risk for banks and financial institutions. Accordingly, the goal of this study is to evaluate the operational risk management in banks based on the Basel II accord methodology. This study is of case study type. That is to achieve the research purpose, the Bank Hekmat Iranian (merged with Bank Sepah) was chosen as a young bank in Iran. Due to access to the bank's financial statements, no sampling was used and all audited statements of this bank over 2011 to 2016 were selected as the statistical population of the study. Then, the operational risk of this bank was calculated using two "Basic Indicator" and "Standardized" approaches based on the Basel II accord methodology. Also, the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran directive were used to identify different groups of bank activity in Standardized method. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The results represent an ascending slope in operational risk in this bank over the research period. Due to the impact of the volume and the extent of banks' operations on the operating risk, this result could be due to an increase in the scope and volume of the operations in the bank during these years, which has directly affected the operational risk. This paper, while providing a relatively comprehensive and coherent literature about the operational risk, also provides details for calculating of this risk in banks. These details are based on the bank’s audited financial statements and can be used as a pattern to calculate operational risk in other banks.

The capital market, as the pulse of the country's economy, has faced a sharp decline in the index since August 2020 and has created many challenges. The present study uses the theory of good governance to answer the basic question of what is the governance of the capital market in Iran and what are the problems and harms?Using purposeful and theoretical sampling method, 23 capital market actors were interviewed. After conducting the interviews, data analysis was performed based on the three steps of open, axial and selective coding.The results showed that the bank-oriented economy and the lack of centrality of the capital market, the normalization of index decline, incoherence between the institutions in charge of the capital market and legal gaps and inadequacies are among the causes of stock market collapse. Lack of institutional support and lack of equity culture are the contexts of this decline. Media propaganda, political developments and comments, and price bubbles are among the intervening conditions in this matter. The main strategies used, disruptive and mass behavior and organizational decisions were identified. Endangering national security, social distrust and feelings of financial insecurity are the consequences of this rule.The decline of the stock market index and the outflow of liquidity from it indicate that the capital market needs to monitor transactions, transparency and efficiency, and with the expansion of good governance can make a significant contribution to raising the capital market and rebuilding trust and continuing liquidity to the stock market.

The purpose of this study is modeling and the effect of economic shocks on stock returns of food industry during the period 2009 to 2020. In this research, the optimal macroeconomic variables on the stock returns of food companies are modeled using the genetic algorithm approximation function method and then the impulses and shocks of macroeconomic variables affecting the stock returns of food industries are analyzed by Auto regression method has been analyzed. Initially, using the genetic function approximation algorithm, four variables of OPEC oil price, liquidity volume, land price and stock price index were identified among the eight macroeconomic variables as influential variables in the optimal regression model. OPEC oil prices and land prices have a negative and significant effect on the stock returns of food companies, while the volume of liquidity and stock price index have a positive and significant effect on the stock returns of food companies. Given the response impulse functions, the stock return reaction to OPEC oil prices and liquidity was initially positive. In the analysis of variance method, the largest share is due to the shock of the food industry stock returns to itself, followed by the volume of liquidity. Given the positive impact of liquidity on the stock returns of food industry companies, it is suggested that policy makers and planners to implement policies to increase the volume of liquidity to food industry companies in order to develop food industry investment.

In a world where communications, complexities and pace of change are on the rise, economic and social systems are faced with external and external threats that have low predictive capabilities and human knowledge about their effects and consequences is a little. The best way to deal with these risks is to promote national resilience and reduce vulnerability. In this approach, it is a resilient society that can absorb temporary or permanent risks and adapt itself to rapidly changing circumstances without losing its stability and function. In addition to facing economic and natural crises, the Iranian economy is subject to the sanctions and economic pressures of the opposing powers of Iran, while competing with the countries of the region and large economies against the Iranian economy. Therefore, redefinition of resistance economy is necessary considering the economic structure of Iran and due to the concepts of resilience and vulnerability.
 

Despite the high potential of geothermal reservoirs in Meshkinshahr, we only see the government entering the electricity extraction of geothermal energy because the cost of the Meshkinshahr geothermal electricity is higher than the balanced price of the electricity market and the private sector is disadvantaged for entering it. So, the government has adopted a feed in tariff policy for geothermal electricity to encourage private sector investors. This research is aimed at financial appraisal of Maskinshahr geothermal power plant with the assumption of feed in tariff by the government with Equivalent Uniform Annual Worth, Equivalent Uniform Annual Worth, and Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost methods. Equivalent Uniform Annual Benefit is obtained from feed in tariff of government and Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost is determined based on technical and economic components of the geothermal power plant and macroeconomic parameters. The results of the data analysis show that the construction of the geothermal power plant is fully justified with the 14% reduction rate, but if the investor's minimum expected rate exceeds 54%, the construction of the power plant has no economic justification. Also, if the construction of Meshkinshahr geothermal plant takes more than 13 years and 5 months like the government project, the generation of geothermal power is not cost-effective.

The main purpose of this study was to measure markup and market power in Iran's Manufacturing sector based on Structural approach and   Stochastic Frontier method.  To meet these ends, while using the data of 130 four-digit industries for the period 1996-2015 and MLE method, the translog cost function were estimated. The resuls indicated that there were non-competitive conditions and oligopoly structure in Iran’s industrial market. Moreover, the results of mark-up estimation showed that P> MC in manufacturing industries and the mark up values in 14% and  86%   of industries were low and high, respectively . Overall, the research findings indicated that the dominant aspect in the Iranian industrial market was a monopoly structure and a high percentage of the markets were dominated by a limited number of market participants.

The present study seeks to design a talent management model with the grounded theory approach in Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation (IKRF). The purpose of this study is a developmental and applied research the nature of the research is qualitative in terms of data collection. In this study, the grounded theory was used with Strauss and Corbin’s systematic approach. The statistical population of the study consisted of all top, middle and operational managers of the IKRF as well as university professors that 20 of them were selected through theoretical and purposeful sampling. The data collection tool was semi- structured depth interviews that were coded and analyzed using Maxqda 18.2.0 software after collection. The results confirmed in the axial category: talent creation; in the causative conditions: talent makers, and talent refiners; in the interning conditions: talent growers; in the strategies: designing the managerial talent banking system, and institutionalizing the management talent banking system; in the context: talent entrepreneurs; and in the consequences: organizational agility, organizational development, and competitive advantage were identified. The results indicate the validity of the proposed model.

The agricultural sector plays an essential role in the national economy of each country. Today, methods used to determine the pattern of crop rotation with crop risk are often used to increase farmers' well-being and maximize their profits. In the present study, the aim of developing an optimal model of cultivating agricultural crops in risk conditions in Sistan province, Sistan and Baluchestan province, is based on the cross sectional data of 2016-2017 years. For this purpose, the integrated model of goal programmin and the Focus-Loos model was developed. The results showed that in the lands of more than 3 hectares, the gross income in Zabol, Zahak and Hirmand regions was 1954567, 1324568 and 1245751 tomans, and Loss in Zabol and Hirmand region, respectively, were 351254 and 253698.45 USD per hectare, respectively And these results indicate that by increasing the area of aquaculture, farms will select production patterns with a few limited products, and the smaller the farm, the greater the variety of cultivated products will be to reduce the income risk. In all sample farms, the gross income earned is higher than the household's needs for basic needs and can make more investment with it. It is suggested that by implementing the policy of integrating small farms in the Sistan region, it will increase the gross income of farmers and also make optimal use of inputs.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency of pomegranate growers in Khash County using two methods of data envelopment analysis and super-efficiency analysis. The required information was collected by completing a questionnaire from pomegranate growers in Khash County. The results of this study showed that the average level of technical efficiency in the Khash County in the model assuming constant return to the scale is 0.46 and in the model variable returns to the scale is 0.68 and there is a clear difference in the level of technical efficiency between the studied gardens. The most important reason is the inefficiency in how to manage the use of inputs. The range of efficiency levels in the Super-Efficiency Model was between 0.08 to 6.86%, which shows a great difference between pomegranate gardens in terms of input consumption. The results of ranking pomegranate gardens using the Super-Efficiency approach with input-oriented assumption showed that the ranking of inefficient gardens is similar to data envelopment analysis. Therefore, it is recommended to increase and improve the efficiency of pomegranate producers by proper management and optimal allocation of inputs used in the pomegranate production process and the support of relevant agencies.

From the perspective of national and regional economic development, free zones increase trade exchange and attract some of the required technical and capital expertise and ultimately economic dynamics. On the other hand, the resistive economy, which is the basis for the resilience of the economy to domestic and foreign shocks, and one of the aims of which is to increase the export potential based on paragraphs 10 and 12 of the country's resistive economy policies, is closely linked to the free and interregional zones. It is internationalizing, so this study seeks to relate the two categories to each other. Based on the resilience indices of Jack Borman et al., The free zones of Kish, Qeshm, Chabahar, Anzali, Arvand, and Aras were compared and compared with the space camera model in 2011-2011. The results showed that the effect of export share surplus and employment had a negative and significant effect on the Resistance Economics Index, which was reduced by one unit increase in these variables, respectively, 929.411 and 0.014, respectively, and the greatest effect of spillover due to the export share of free zones, respectively. The business has a resistance economy index. The negative and significant values of the spatial autoregressive coefficient indicate that part of the decreasing changes in the resistance economics index of the free trade zones was due to the distance or proximity effect.

Nowadays, climate change is one of the global issues. Given the occurrence of climate change in different parts of the world in recent years, a major concern of environmental and forestry activists and policy makers has been to explore the direct and indirect deteriorative impacts of this phenomenon on different facets of forest ecosystem and local communities. The present study run an opinion poll among 315 activists, students, teachers, and experts of environment in Iran during 2019 to find out the extent to which they believed that severe climate change was happening in different forests and how they assessed the performance of environmental resources and forest management practices. The analysis of data exhibited that over 90% of the participants acknowledged the occurrence of severe climatic changes in recent years and almost none of them assessed the present forest management style to be appropriate. On the other hand, the participants suggested that the Zagros and northern forests of Iran have most severely been affected due to climate change by about 53% and 31.7%, respectively. Thus, to reduce destructive impacts of climate and global warming on human and local community, it is recommended to prioritize climate change adaptive management strategies in these regions.

Introduction and

Agriculture is a risky occupation. The different natural, social, and economic hazards have created handicaps and problems for agricultural producers, which result in the instability of income for producers. In general, the nature and environment of agricultural activities are at high risk. The risks of agricultural activities are often associated with low performance, increased cost, and time lag. In order to from the perspective of risk management, studies can be categorized into three types including product hazards, price risks, and natural hazards. Major economies in the rural areas of south Khorasan province is based on the planting and selling three products of barberry, saffron and jujube, which are resistant to water deficit and drought, and at the same time all have the high economic value. This province in Iran accounts for about 96 to 98% of the barberry and jujube production. Therefore, this study aims to examine the factors affecting the barberry and jujube production in the South Khorasan province, Iran. .

Genetic function approximation (GFA) algorithm describes the basic problem of approximating the function. Many factors affect the response variable and primary input correlated with best response. The GFA algorithm works with a range of strings called population, developed for the purpose of searching.  The selection, crossover, and mutation operators also run appropriately. New members were given scores according to the estimator’s criteria. In the GFA, the criteria scoring is obtained for fitted regression models. The selection probabilities should add each new member to the population again. This method continued for a specified number of generations until the point of convergence. GFA algorithm can be used to produce a generation with respect to the evolution charts according to the achieved time. This graph shows the number of events for each variable about the population, which has evolved for each generation. GFA algorithm converges as no progress in population occurred. At this time, the model is significant which means the best choice for all models of population. Using GFA and MS modeling software, modeling is used to identify the factors affecting the knowledge of barberry and jujube producers in order to determine which one of 15 independent variables were effective on the risk management information of barberry and juvenile producers in South Khorasan province.

The results showed that frostbite risk had the lowest risk, affecting the risk index of barberry producers. Awareness of hail hazards exerted the greatest effect on the risk index of jujube producers in south Khorasan region. The least effective factor was the awareness of fire hazards in the jujube gardens.

The results suggest that most jujube and barberry producers use traditional knowledge and experience and do not acquire the necessary training that are needed for dealing with natural hazards due to poor knowledge and non-compliance with the principles of agricultural education in dealing with hazards. Therefore, it is recommended  that the system of agricultural extension and education and agricultural meteorology must have been improved the knowledge of the farmers' risk management and skills in the southern Khorasan region by presenting appropriate training programs to address these risks (drought, , storm, sudden precipitation, etc.). Accordingly, the information and promotion system, accompanied with appropriate training in relation to new innovations, will increase the awareness among the male and female producers and government support should be taken in this area.  So producers can use modern methods for better managing natural hazards in the Jujube and Barberry gardens of South Khorasan province.

The labor market is one of four major markets in the economy which is important because of its special feature. In the present study long-term effects of various macroeconomic shocks on the unemployment rate during the years 1974-2016 has been investigated using the Structural Vector Error Correction Model (SVECM). On the basis of the estimated equation, real wages have a direct relationship with productivity and employment and an indirect relationship with the unemployment rate. Impulse response analysis showed that among the shocks, productivity and supply shocks have a larger impact on unemployment, so that productivity shocks in the long run reduces the unemployment rate and the positive supply shock leads to a higher unemployment. According to the results of analyzing unemployment prediction error variance, labor supply shock, productivity and labor demand are important factors in long-term unemployment. But the most important factor in unemployment is the supply shocks that this share increases over time.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of open innovation on new product development performance with emphasis on the moderating role of knowledge acquisition capacity in knowledge-based companies in Tehran province. After reviewing the literature on open innovation and new product development performance, the conceptual modeling capacity and research hypotheses were formulated. The present study is of applied purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to measure the dimensions of open innovation and the success of new product development and knowledge acquisition capacity. The community comprised 121 members of the science and technology parks of Tehran University of Science and Technology, who were represented in the sample by 92 individuals. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural model were used for data analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS software. The results of the data analysis show that open innovation has a significant impact on new product development performance and moderates the capacity for knowledge acquisition, the relationship between open innovation and new product development performance

In recent years, the innovation space has evolved, and the process of innovation collaboration has intensified beyond the organizational boundaries. Companies have no choice but to pursue a more open approach to innovation and blend in with open and transparent business models to increase their chances of success in the innovation campaign (Bagheri & Shavardi, 2011). In open innovation, organizations explore the environment for technology and knowledge and are not solely dependent on their own internal research and development (Hashemi, 2014). Open innovation confirms that organizations need to expand their partnerships with external partners in order to ensure their success in new product development, in addition to internal research and development. In fact, collaboration, coordination, and deep relationships between organizations and their partner partners have a positive impact on performance outcomes (Schreiner et al, 2009). Companies with the open innovation process have the opportunity to access specialized knowledge they did not previously possess. Provide newer, higher quality products and services and reduce costs and risks associated with product development by acquiring complementary technology and skills (Kostopoulos et al, 2011).

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection. Questionnaires were used to collect the required information and to evaluate the research variables, research hypotheses and research questions. The statistical population of this study was managers of knowledge companies in the Science and Technology Park of Tehran University with 121 participants. The sample size was 92 people who were selected through Morgan table and were selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected by a questionnaire. Questionnaire questions were designed based on a five-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). A 21-item questionnaire was used to measure open innovation.
Research

The results of using Structural Equation Modeling technique showed that in the first hypothesis, the path coefficient between open innovation and new product development performance and the second hypothesis were moderated and confirmed by the capacity moderator role.
Discussion and

The results of the analysis show that open innovation has a significant impact on new product development performance and it can be confirmed that knowledge acquisition capacity moderates the relationship between open innovation and new product development performance. The results of this study are consistent with those of Mazzola et al (2012) study, which confirmed the relationship between open innovation functions (including intra-border, cross-border and hybrid functions) and new product development performance.

Considering the importance of the hospital industry, this study evaluated the efficiency and productivity of hospitals in 12 provinces nationwide using the universal data analysis model based on the method of manufacturing factor minimization (VRS) and Malmquist index during the period of 2006-2016. The results of this study indicated that the efficiency of all hospitals during the studied period has been upward, as well as the Northern provinces are more effective than southern provinces. Also, in the years under study, the least technical efficiency was related to Sistan and BaluchestanHospital unit. On the other hand, the results of the Malmquist index show that in the period under review, the total productivity change index for the 12 provinces is 1.034, and for the whole of the studied provinces, changes in scale efficiency, managerial efficiency changes, and productivity efficiency changes technically dropped. But further increases in technological efficiency changes have led to an increase in the total productivity changes of the production factors. According to the results of the study, it is suggested that, in order to increase the efficiency and productivity in hospitals, measures such as improving the quality of services, increasing the attractiveness of financial resources, continuous evaluation of performance, the assignment of services to the non-governmental sector, the optimal use of human force, increasing managerial authority in hospitals, and optimal allocation of beds on the agenda.