مجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران
سال نوزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 124، خرداد 1401)

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of Maillard reaction browning intensity (BI) on the interfacial properties of emulsion systems stabilized by soy protein isolate. The covalent bonding between soy protein isolate and gellan gum was confirmed by the BI and then the resulting protein-polysaccharide conjugates were classified into three low, medium, and high BI clusters using Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (HAC) method. Next, the emulsification properties (emulsifying capacity, emulsion stability, and the percentage of adsorbed protein), thermal stability, and rheological behavior of emulsion systems stabilized by the above clusters were evaluated. The emulsifying capacity and emulsion stability were increased more efficiently by the high BI soy protein isolate-gellan conjugate, showing its faster migration and absorption rate, and consequently higher percentage of absorbed protein to the interface, and also form a thicker, cohesive, and viscoelastic interfacial layer along with more steric repulsion at its oil/water interface. In addition, the apparent viscosity of emulsions in the presence of high BI conjugate was significantly higher than the systems stabilized by other conjugates (p<0.05). However, due to the more unmasked hydrophobic patches of the high BI conjugated protein, the thermal stability of its emulsion was lower compared to other counterparts. Therefore, the Maillard reaction under mild and controlled conditions along with minimal final compounds formation can improve the interfacial properties of soy protein to improve its application in the food industry.

Because food contamination with mycotoxins is a serious problem, in this study, the ability of aflatoxin B1 to bind to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall was investigated to reduce Sangak bread dough toxicity. For this purpose, aflatoxin B1 at a concentration of 10 μg/kg inoculated to the dough containing 0.27 g of viable saccharomyces cerevisiae, acid treated saccharomyces cerevisiae, and ultrasonicated saccharomyces cerevisiae. Toxin adsorption kinetics were investigated at 24, 28 and 32 °C and 8, 16 and 24 h incubation. The trend for toxin adsorption was as follows: ultrasonicated yeast ˃ acidic yeast ˃ viable yeast. With increasing the incubation temperature and time, toxin adsorption increased in acid treated and ultrasonicated Saccharomyces cerevisiae, while active yeast samples showed the highest toxin removal at 28 °C. The results showed that the adsorption kinetics by active yeast and acid treated yeast could be explained by means of pseudo first order model, while for the ultrasonicated yeast, the data are more consistent with the pseudo second order model. Also, both surface adsorption and intra-particle diffusion contributed to the adsorption rate steps. Therefore, live or non-living yeast cells are suitable biological agents for aflatoxin removal in a contaminated culture medium, however, ultrasonic treatment is more effective.

The genetic algorithm (GA) optimization method can be used to overcome the inherent limitations of artificial neural network (ANN). Genetic algorithm–artificial neural network (GA-ANN) method has a high capability to find the optimum value of a complex objective function. In this study, first, to balangu seeds gum drying, an infrared dryer was used. In this infrared dryer, the effect of distance of samples from lamp at three levels of 5, 7.5 and 10 cm and the effect of height of the gum inside the container at three levels of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 cm on drying time and weight loss percentage of balangu seeds gum during drying time, were investigated. The results of balangu seeds gum drying using infrared method showed that with decreases in sample distance from the heat source and also with decreases in thickness of the gum in the sample container, drying time were decreased. With increasing in the lamp distance from 5 to 10 cm, the average drying time of balangu seeds gum increased from 62.6 minutes to 87.6 minutes. With sample thickness increasing from 0.5 to 1.5 cm, the average drying time of balangu seeds gum increased from 45.9 to 109.2 minutes. In the next step, this process was modeled by GA-ANN method with 3 inputs (radiation time, lamp distance from samples surface and thickness of samples) and 1 output (weight loss percentage). The results of modeling with GA-ANN method showed that the network with structure of 3-9-1 in a hidden layer and using the hyperbolic tangent activation function could predict the weight loss percentage of balangu seeds gum during drying in an infrared dryer with high correlation coefficient (0.999) and low mean squared error (0.788).

The aim of this study was to evaluation of probiotic lactic butter production and effect of strain and storage time on probiotic viability, physicochemical (fat content, pH, dry matter, peroxide value and acidity (lactic acid %)), organoleptic (color and appearance, taste, texture, odor and general acceptability), and microbiological properties (the counts of mold and yeast, coliform and total count). In this study, at first, cream was heat treated at 85 ° C for 10 minutes and then allowed to cool to 30-35 ° C. In one sample of cream only starter culture was added. In the other sample, starter culture and Bifidobacterium lactis were added and in the last one, starter culture and Lactobacillus acidophilus were added. The inoculation level of Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus acidophilus was 2% (v/v). The results showed that the storage time had a significant effect (p <0.05) on the most of the mentioned characteristics.Viability was reduced for both bacteria. Also, the highest probiotic viability was related to Lactobacillus acidophilus. The lowest total count was in the sample containing starter and there were no significantly different results among butter samples containing probiotic during storage period (P > 0.05). In sensory analysis, the sample containing of Lactobacillus acidophilus had the highest score at the end of the storage period. Also, the sample containing Lactobacillus had the highest acidity and the lowest pH value and the control sample had the highest peroxide value. There was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) between the dry matter values and the fat content of butter samples during storage. Therefore, the results showed that lactic butter with high probiotic properties and viability and optimal sensory properties can be prepared using two bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis. The best treatment in this study was lactic butter containing Lactobacillus acidophilus.

Cinnamon has proven health and healing effects due to its numerous phenolic compounds. On the other hand, the use of nanoliposome to overcome incompatibility between bioactive compounds and food matrices targeting fortification has been widely acknowledged. Therefore, in order to produce a functional product and increase the desire to consume milk, in the present study, high-fat milk enriched with cinnamon was prepared by a nanoliposomal system with zein hydrolysate. Encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, particle size, and particle size distribution of the prepared liposomes were evaluated and then the amount of total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, color index, viscosity, and sensory properties of enriched milk were evaluated on the first and seventh days. The results were compared with milk containing cinnamon extract and control milk. The particle size and distribution of the liposomal system were in the range of 376-403 nm and 0.63-0.54, respectively, and the encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity were higher than 85% and 53%, respectively. The results showed that the addition of cinnamon using the liposomal system had no significant effect on the properties of fortified milk and was evaluated similarly to the control sample. The amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of cinnamon-enriched milk by the liposomal system on the seventh day was higher than the control sample and also the sample enriched with cinnamon extract. In terms of color, the addition of cinnamon as extract decreased the L*, increased a* and b* of milk, while it was evaluated similarly to the control sample as the liposomal system was used as a carrier. Sensually, enriched samples using the liposomal system due to lack of negative effect on sensory properties had a high similarity to the control sample and no significant difference was observed between the two samples

Lukom is a sort of food that is mainly composed of sugar and starch and, it creates variety in the consumer basket as a snack. Sugar is used as a sweetener in the production of lukom. Grape juice contains high amounts of natural sugars, minerals, vitamins, organic acids and antioxidants, so grape juice can be used as a sweetener as a sugar alternative. In this study, different levels for starch, sugar and grape juice were determined using Design Expert software. For this purpose, 16 treatments were selected using the software for independent variables, including 10-15% starch, 7-35% sugar and 1.5 - 35% was grape juice. The tests included pH, water activity, stiffness, hardness and adhesion force of the tissue and sensory evaluation. Also, after selecting the optimal sample, the survival rate of probiotic bacteria in a fourteen-day period was assessed. The results showed that a linear model was proposed for the trend of all the studied factors so that only the amount of grape juice and sugar was significant for pH. Grape juice and starch also had a greater effect on water activity. With changes in the percentage of starch, sugar and grape juice, the light intensity decreased and the changes in grape juice were more noticeable. The adhesion force and texture stiffness for the independent variables showed the fit between the selected model and the increase in grape juice, stiffness and adhesion of the texture of Lukom samples had a significant increase in the study area. The number of probiotics consumed during the 14-day period was significantly reduced. In the sensory evaluation of the samples, a significant difference was observed between the produced samples and the overall score was calculated to be about 4.1.

Due to the importance of bread in the diet of the worldchr('39')s people, it is vital to pay attention to increasing the nutritional properties of this product. In order to reduce the content of phytic acid and increase the shelf life, in this study, an attempt was made to investigate the effect of microencapsulation of amylase and phytase enzymes in bread. Chemical, physical, microbial, and sensory properties of whole-grain toast containing microencapsulated enzymes and free enzymes toasts were compared with the control sample (whole-grain toast and no enzyme). The results showed that samples containing free and encapsulated enzymes had less Phytic acid than the control sample (p≤0.05). The specific volume and porosity of the samples containing free and microencapsulated enzymes were higher, and their viscosity was lower than the control sample (p≤0.05). Samples containing enzymes had the lowest brightness, redness, and yellowness parameters than the control (p≤0.05). Control samples had lower numbers of mesophilic bacteria, mold, and yeast, and the samples containing the microencapsulated enzyme showed the highest sensory score by the fifth day of the test (p≤0.05). The results showed that encapsulated enzyme had a higher amount of phytic acid than the sample containing free enzyme. However, in other results, there was no difference between the microencapsulated and free samples, and the use of microencapsulated enzymes during storage led to Increasing the score of sensory properties, and it can be used to increase the quality of toast containing bran.

Celiac disease is the most common disease caused by gluten consumption. Gluten protein, is the most important compound in creating tissue and contains components of the formulation of baking products. This protein causes allergies in people with celiac disease, and the only way to treat the disease is to eat a gluten-free diet for a lifetime.Therefore, the use of appropriate alternatives to gluten in the preparation of this category of products is essential. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rice bran protein concentrate in the amount of  0.75. , 1.5, 2.25, 3 % as a gluten substitute for sponge cake. Based on the results, it was found that the viscosity of the product dough has increased compared to the control sample and the addition of rice bran protein has a significant effect on the density of sponge cake dough. Also, increasing the protein concentrate in mentioned amounts caused a significant increase in the moisture and specific volume of the cake. The results of tissue stiffness analysis of the samples showed that there is a significant difference compared to the control sample. According to the results, the highest score was given to the sample containing 2.25 rice bran protein and the selected treatment was T3 treatment.

Rice bran can be a suitable compound for bread enrichment due to its considerable amounts of fiber and protein. However, the addition of rice bran due to impaired textural and sensory properties as well as the presence of phytic acid in it should be further investigated. On the other hand, when bread bakes at temperatures above 120 °C through millard reaction, a carcinogenic compound called acrylamide is produced which can be minimized by removing the effective factors in its production. In this study, ordinary rice bran and hydrothermaled rice bran were used in different percentages of 3, 6 and 9% to enrich wheat flour and molded bread. Then, color changes, acrylamide levels and textural properties were measured. The results showed that with increasing the use of bran in bread, the amount of discoloration and acrylamide concentration increased and the samples containing hydrothermal bran had higher acrylamide levels. Hardness, adhesiveness, gumminess and chewiness had an increasing trend with increasing bran percentage, while cohesiveness and springiness showed a decreasing trend with increasing bran percentage. According to the results obtained based on the ADI of acrylamide and due to the reduction of phytic acid in bread samples, treatment containing 3% hydrothermal bran not only had the lowest acrylamide content and at the same time had the lowest amount of phytic acid, but also had acceptable tissue and appearance characteristics.

In the first step of this study, Anethum graveolens and Nasturtium officinale essential oils prepared with Clevenger apparatus and then, essential oils ingredients evaluated by GC-Mass. Minimum Inhibitory (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and antioxidant activity of essential oils were evaluated at concentrations of 350, 400, 500, 600 and 650 mg/L during 60 days. Then, encapsulated essential oils of A. graveolens and N. officinale in the mentioned concentrations by maltodextrin and coacervation methods to evaluate morphology and particle size distribution. Finally, to achieve the optimal concentration of essential oils in order to further preserve the probiotic population of Bifidobacterium lactis, the viability of this bacterium in doogh was evaluated for 21 days. In the second step of the study, the effect of adding essential oils on optimal concentration to the product investigated according to dry matter content, pH, acidity, serum separation rate, rheology and sensory evaluation. The results showed the essential oils have high terpene and phenolic content, which caused proper antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The viscosity, consistency and acidity of the final product increased on the other hand, pH and serum separation rate decreased significantly. Considering the results of sensory evaluation and lack of any negative effects at optilam concentrations of 400 mg/L and 500 mg/L for A. graveolens and N. officinale essential oils, respectively, the possibility of its industrial application can be examined.

In the present study, the hydroalcoholic extract of Seidlitzia rosmarinus was obtained using maceration method and its antifungal effect against fungi species causing orange fruit rot (Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum) according to disk diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum fungicidal concentration were evaluated. In addition, the content of total phenols and flavonoids and the antioxidant activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of S. rosmarinus were determined. According to the results of disk diffusion and well diffusion agar tests, the antifungal activity of the extract was dependent on its concentration and P. digitatum was the most sensitive fungal strain to the extract. Moreover, both fungal strains were unable to grow in the presence of 32 mg/ml extract and the minimum fungicidal concentration for P. digitatum was 512 mg/ml. The contents of total phenols and total flavonoids of the extract were 26.19 mg GAE/g and 11.10 mg QE/g, respectively. The results of antioxidant activity showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of S. rosmarinus is able to scavenge DPPH (112.14 μg/ml) and ABTS (103.46 μg/ml) free radicals. In general, the results of this study show that the hydroalcoholic extract of S. rosmarinus plant contains phenolic compounds with antifungal and antioxidant potential.

This study was performed to evaluate the different levels of celery puree on the physicochemical properties and viability of probiotic bacteria in yogurt. The results showed that at the end of the storage period, the highest pH was observed in the sample containing 10% celery. With increasing the storage period, the acidity increased and the highest and lowest acidity at the end of the storage period was observed in control and treatments with 10% celery, respectively. Yogurt samples containing 10% celery showed the lowest serum separation rate and control samples showed the highest. In the case of sensory properties, treatments with 10% celery obtained the highest scores of taste, odor, texture and general acceptance. The highest and lowest color scores were related to the treatment containing 5% of celery and control, respectively. Evaluation of rheological properties showed that in all samples, the viscosity decreased with increasing shear rate and samples containing 10% celery have a higher viscosity than other samples. At the end of the storage period, the highest vaiability of probiotic bacteria was observed in yogurt samples containing 10% celery. According to the results of this study, probiotic yogurt containing celery can be introduced as a useful product due to its desirable sensory and probiotic properties.

Conventional thermal pasteurization may cause pigment degradation as well as loss of nutritional value of fruit juices. It is therefore essential to develop non-thermal pasteurization methods to maximize retention of bioactive compounds while minimizing color changes in sour cherry juices. Ultrasound is an emerging non-thermal technology that could ensure microbial safety and extended shelf-life of fruit juices without having negative effect on their phytonutrient content. The aim of present study was to investigate the non-thermal method of ultrasound and the effect of three variables of ultrasound power (10, 105 and 200 W), ultrasound temperature (0, 30 and 60 ° C) and ultrasound time (2, 6 and 10 minutes) on Microbial load and Color properties of whole sour cherry juice and its comparison with heat treatment (90 ° C, 30 s). Examination of color parameters showed that with increasing ultrasonic power from 10 to 200 watts, ultrasonic temperature from zero to 60 ° C and ultrasonic time from 2 to 10 minutes, the amount of a *, b *, L * and microbial contamination in pasteurized sour cherry juice significantly (p≤0.05) decreased. Also, in sour cherry juice samples pasteurized by ultrasonic method in optimal conditions (ultrasonic power 109 watts, temperature 60 ° C and time 9.5 minutes) no microorganisms grow and no significant difference was observed between the microbial load of the samples with the pasteurized sample. and also the color parameters (L *, b * and a *) of the sample pasteurized by ultrasound method was higher in optimal conditions. According to these results, it can be said that the use of ultrasound in optimal conditions in pasteurization of sour cherry juice, in addition to reducing microbial contamination of this food product, effectively preserves color compounds such as anthocyanins in sour cherry juice.

Rice bran protein is a valuable plant protein that has received much attention in recent years due to its unique functional, nutritional, and hypoallergenic properties. The purpose of this paper is to study the utilization of the rice bran protein (RBP) in low-fat dairy dessert for children who have been shown milk protein allergy. Protein concentrates were prepared from defatted rice bran and analyzed for their functional properties. Rice (Champa Variety) bran proteins were prepared by alkaline extracted. The functional properties of rice bran protein (solubility, foaming capacity and stability, water and oil absorption capacity and Emulsifying properties) were determined. Also physicochemical, sensory properties and texture of low-fat dairy dessert were determined. It was found that pH was significantly effective in the RBP functional properties (P<0.05). Water absorption capacity and oil absorption capacity of RBP were obtained 4.21 g/g and 3.87 g/g, respectively. The results indicated that RBP concentrate can be effectively used for various functional food formulations like dairy dessert. The effect of protein on the color properties of dairy dessert was significant. Whiteness Index was, however, decreased by increasing rice bran protein but yellowness index was increased by increasing rice bran protein in the dessert. There was no significant difference between protein-containing dessert samples (P<0.05). Textural characteristics of dairy dessert containing rice bran protein were significantly different from dairy dessert containing milk protein. Dairy dessert containing rice bran protein showed more desirable sensory properties than the protein-free sample but dairy dessert containing skim milk was better.

Characterization of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from rarely studied fermentation substrates can lead to isolate unique microorganisms. In the present study, predominant LAB was isolated from fermented acorn using repeat of back-slopping process, and then the isolate was identified by PCR. Subsequently, probiotic properties of the isolate (including resistance to acid and bile, antibacterial, auto and co-aggregations, antibiotic susceptibility and blood hemolysis), as well as its antifungal effect were studied. Sequencing results of the PCR products led to the identification of Pediococcus acidilactis as predominant LAB isolate. The survival percentage of the isolate in continuous acid and bile treatment was equal to 72%. The inhibitory effect of the isolate on Bacillus cereus was also significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other foodborne indicator bacteria. Furthermore, crude cell free supernatant (CFS) obtained from LAB culture completely inhibit the growth of B. cereus; meanwhile, its naturalized CFS had no inhibitory effect on Salmonella enterica. LAB isolate had also proper auto and co-aggregation (with E. coli) potentials and had no hemolytic activity. Antifungal activity of the isolate against Aspergillus niger was also verified. By considering the proper probiotic and antifungal potentials of the P. acidilactis isolated from fermented acorn it is possible to use the isolate as microbial starter, adjunct, probiotic and or protective culture in fermentation industries.

Occurrence and growth of fungi may cause spoilage and reduce dramatically quality and safety of white cheeses. A considerable interest both in the industry and scientific research has developed on the preservation of foods by the use of essential oils (EO) to effectively retard fungi growth and mycotoxin production. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the chemical compositions and antifungal properties of several Iranian EOs against fungi contaminating Iranian white cheese. In this study, the EOs including Trachyspermum ammi, Satureja hortensis and Mentha piperita were used. The chemical compositions of EOs were characterized using GC-MS. Antifungal properties of EOs against isolated fungi was determined by disk diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). According to the results from disk diffusion tests, the most sensitive fungi against all EOs was Trichoderma harizanum. In this regard, Paecilomyces variotii, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus oryza were highly resistance against all EOs. Also, The results of MIC and MFC indicate that the most sensitive fungi to all three EOs of T. ammi, S. hortensis and M. piperita was T. harizanum with MIC values of 0.281, 0.250 and 0.562 µL/mL, respectively, and its MFC values was 0.562, 0.562 and 1.125 µL/mL, respectively. Also, among the studied EOs, T. ammi and S. hortensis showed the highest antifungal activity, while M. piperita showed lower antifungal properties in compared to the other two EOs. Based on the results, it can be said that S. hortensis and T. ammi EOs have good antifungal activities and can be used in food industries, medical pharmacology, health affairs, and antifungal elements.

Ultrasound is composed of sound waves with frequency beyond the limit of human hearing. Ultrasound (sonication) can be used directly for drying or as a pretreatment before the drying process. In this study, the effect of sonication power (at three levels of 0, 75 and 150 watts), ultrasound treatment time (at three times of 10, 15 and 20 minutes) and sucrose solution concentration (at three levels of 30, 45 and 60 °Brix) on the weight reduction percentage, solid gain percentage, amount of moisture removed and rehydration percentage of banana slices treated by osmotic-ultrasound treatment were investigated. With increasing ultrasonic power, increasing in treatment time and also increasing osmotic solution concentration, the weight reduction percentage and consequently the amount of moisture removed from banana slices were increased. The weight reduction percentage of banana slices increased from 8.53% to 14.28% by increasing the ultrasonic device power from zero to 150 watts (P<0.05). With increasing sonication power, the solids gain of the samples decreased, which indicates a decrease in sucrose absorption by dehydrated samples. The solids gain percentage of banana slices decreased from 2.8% to 1.4% by increasing the ultrasonic device power from zero to 150 watts (P<0.05). With increasing osmotic treatment time, more moisture was removed from banana slices and as a result, the moisture loss percentage for these samples increased. With increasing sonication power, rehydration percentage of the samples increased, but no significant difference was observed between the samples (P<0.05).

Plants have always been the main source of food and medicine for humans. Plant extracts have been considered in the food industry as antimicrobials, flavor enhancers, preservatives, and nutrients. Plant extracts are an excellent candidate for the replacement of synthetic compounds that have toxic and carcinogenic effects. In this study, ethanolic extract of Capparis spinosa was extracted by maceration method and the content of total phenols (by Folin Ciocalteu method), total flavonoids (by aluminum chloride colorimetry), antioxidant activity (by DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging methods), and its antimicrobial effect (by disk diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration) against Enterobacter aerogenesis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes, were evaluated. The total phenols and total flavonoids of the extract were 40.28 mg GAE/g and 5.20 mg QE/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract based on inhibition of free radicals DPPH and ABTS was 52.73 and 58.62%, respectively. The antimicrobial effect of the extract was dependent on its concentration and bacterial type; increasing the concentration of the extract caused a significant increase in the diameter of the growth inhibition halo in disk diffusion agar and well diffusion agar tests. In addition, Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and L. monocytogenes) were more sensitive to the extract than Gram-negative strains (E. aerogenesis and E. coli). Also, S. aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 4 mg/ml and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 512 mg/ml was the most sensitive species to the ethanolic extract of C. spinosa. The results of the present research show that the ethanolic extract of Capparis spinosa can be used as a natural additive in various food products.

In this study, some physicochemical properties of apple powder produced by different drying methods were evaluated. In order to investigate the storage effect on the nutritional properties of apple powders, the samples were packed in a modified atmosphere and examined at intervals of 135 and 270 days. Apple slices were dried by freeze drying, microwave and oven drying methods as well as apple juice by spraying and foam mat drying methods. The results showed that the highest levels of vitamin C (ASA), flavonoid compounds (TF) and phenolic compounds (TP) were related to powders produced by freezing and spray drying, respectively. Minimal color changes compared to fresh samples were observed in powders produced with freeze and then microwave dryers. Packaging in the modified atmosphere resulted in a significant reduction in the degradation of ASA, TF and TP compared to the normal atmosphere during 270 days of storage. The results showed that the drying method had a significant effect on the properties of apple powder and among the studied methods, freeze-dried and sprayed drying were suitable for drying apples sliced and its juice, respectively.

Degumming process is the first stage of oil refining.  Degumming process of oil by water based on insoluble phosphatide which absorbed water and separating of two oil and water phases by centrifugal force. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different time and temperature of two degumming process by bath and probe ultrasound on quality factors and reducing the amount of phosphate on soybean oil. Soybean oil degumming were done by using ultrasonic waves adjacent to 5% w/w distilled water in ultrasound bath (20KHZ) and probe ultrasound (100 W and 20KHZ) at 15, 30, 45 and 60 min at 30 and 60 ° C. Also soybean oil degumming was done with water at 60 ° C for 30 min by conventional method. The amount of phosphorus, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid value and alpha tocopherol of treated samples by both methods were measured. The initial phosphorus was 568 ppm, which reached to 43.2 ppm and 2.85 ppm after conventional method and sonication degumming process respectively. The peroxide value and alpha tocopherol was reduced slightly after degumming by ultrasonic waves depending on the process temperature, and the thiobarbituric acid value did not change significantly. Ultrasonic waves at lower temperatures than the conventional method are capable to separating phosphorus of crude oil and as an alternative to the conventional method of adjacent to water, it hasn’t got harmful effect on the oil.

Today, the demand for the production of useful products in order to prevent various diseases and improve the physical and mental health of consumers is increasing. Foods containing plant-based ingredients can play an important role in achieving this goal. Therefore, the aim of this study was to produce cheese using wind cheese extract as vegetable cheese and chuchak and marjoram with the aim of investigating the antioxidant properties of analog cheese and comparing it with cheese prepared with cow's milk and animal cheese (as a control sample) during The ripening period is 60 days. In this study, 1.5% of wind cheese plant extract, 1% of Chouchaq plant and 0.5% of marjoram plant were added to the analog cheese sample. The results showed that the moisture content of the analog cheese sample was higher than the cheese prepared with cow's milk and increased over time. The pH, fat and hydration in analog cheese were lower than in cow's milk cheese sample. With increasing time, the pH decreased and the water content increased. Also, phenolic compounds in analog cheese sample were more than cow's milk sample, which decreased with increasing time. On the other hand, IC50 in analog cheese sample was less than cow's milk. The results also showed that the textural properties such as firmness, cohesion and elasticity in the analog sample are less than cow's milk cheese. However, the overall acceptance rate of the samples was higher than the mean score. Also, in the analog sample, the amount of initiator bacteria was less than the control sample during the whole storage period. Contamination was seen.

With regard to the importance of breakfast cereal in today's eating habit, these products can serve as vehicles for the main nutrients. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of extrusion variables containing replacement level of whole oat flour with whole oleaster flour (10, 25 and 40%), feed moisture (14, 18 and 22%) and screw speed (120, 150 and 180 rpm) on some physical and functional properties of breakfast cereal. These properties included moisture content, bulk density (BD), hardness (HD), water solubility index (WSI) and color parameters assessed by central composite rotatable design. Based on the obtained results, an increase of the whole oleaster flour and feed moisture increased the moisture content and hardness and decreased the yellowness of the samples. While the water solubility index was increased by increasing the whole oleaster flour and was decreased by increasing the feed moisture. The evaluation results of the screw speed indicated that increasing the speed resulted in less bulk density, hardness and water solubility index. Additionally, the lightness of samples decreased due to a higher amount of all the variables studied. On the one hand, the difference between ingredients content and structure of the whole oleaster flour and the whole oat flour was one of the most effective factors on the obtained results. On the other hand, the influence of the feed moisture and screw speed, as very important factors of the extrusion process, on the physical and functional properties of the product was completely recognized. Optimum condition was found to the blends of whole oleaster flour/whole oat flour (10:90), screw rate of 180 rpm, and feed moisture content of 22% with desirable properties including humidity(10.26%), bulk density (0.11 g/cm3), hardness (11.01 N), water solubility index (12.66 %), lightness (56.09).

In this study, proteolytic extract from Withania coagulans (at levels of 1, 2 and 3%) as a microbial rent substitute, with inulin (at levels of 0.5, 1 and 1.5%) as a prebiotic in Cheese making was used. All cheese samples prepared with plant extracts were compared in terms of physicochemical properties, color parameters, texture and sensory properties. The results of analysis of variance showed that with the addition of plant enzyme and inulin and increasing both variables, the pH decreased and the acidity increased. In cheese samples prepared with plant enzyme and containing inulin, the amount of moisture increased with increasing plant enzyme and the amount of moisture decreased with increasing inulin. With increasing both variables, the amount of synersis and L * decreased. None of the process variables had a significant effect on the amount of a* and the addition of enzyme increased and inulin decreased the yellowness (b *), also had a significant effect on tissue properties except elasticity. With the addition of plant enzyme, the amount of stiffness and cohesiveness decreased and with the addition of inulin to the samples, the amount of stiffness and cohesiveness of the samples increased and the amount of chewiness and gumminess in different concentrations of inulin increased. The results of this study showed that proteolytic extract of Witania coagulans is a suitable alternative for microbial rent and also the use of inulin with it can lead to the production of probiotic cheese with suitable textural and sensory properties.

In this study, cantaloupe seed protein (Cucumis melo var cantalupensis) were used to obtain bioactive peptides with maximum antioxidant power (DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power for alkalase treatment,. For this purpose, in this study, the surface response methodology and central composite design with different levels of independent variables of enzyme to substrate ratio (E / S) 0.25%-3.25% , hydrolysis time 30-210 min, temperature 30C°-55 °C  for alkalase enzyme. Optimal condition treatment obtained as enzyme to substrate ratio (E / S) 0.86, hydrolysis time 173.51 min and temperature 49.93 °C  and adjasted- R2 for DPPH radical scavenging activity were 0.80 and 0.58, respectively, and for Fe2+ reducing power were 0.96 and 0.91 (alkalase treatment), respectively. respectively, indicating that the fitted model had a relatively good description of the data distribution.  Antioxidant tests were performed using different concentrations of 50-200 ppm of the optimal treatment, and the results showed a positive effect of concentration on antioxidant properties. In all samples, hydrolyzed protein with alkalase showed higher antioxidant properties compared to, but was lower than  the antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid as a positive control. The antioxidant properties of bioactive peptides make it possible to use them as a natural alternative to common antioxidant compounds in the food industry.

Tomatoes are widely produced and consumed worldwide due to their high nutritional value as well as unique sensory properties. The high perishability and low shelf life of tomatoes necessitate the use of modern processing methods. In this research, the possibility of using vacuum frying technology in the processing of tomato slices, the effect of process variables (processing time, oil temperature and pressure inside the chamber) on some quality characteristics of the final product (moisture and fat content, Shrinkage, ascorbic acid, color and texture brittleness) as well as determining the optimal processing conditions in a vacuum lab-scale frying system with precise control of process conditions were investigated. Initially, by performing pre-tests, the range of variables of the study included frying temperature, pressure inside the chamber and process time was determined. The results of study showed that the process temperature has significant effects on the moisture content, shrinkage, fat content, ascorbic acid content and texture brittleness, so that with increasing temperature, the content Moisture and ascorbic acid content decrease and shrinkage, fat content and tissue brittleness increase. Processing time showed significant effects on the moisture content, shrinkage, fat content and texture brittleness, so that with increasing process time, the moisture content decreased and shrinkage, the fat content and texture brittleness, increased. Pressure of the study area had significant effects only on shrinkage and total color change characteristics. Increasing the pressure inside the chamber led to a reduction in shrinkage and an increase in total color changes. Optimum vacuum frying conditions of tomato slices were a temperature of 135°C, time of 21.92 minutes and pressure of 260 mbar, under these conditions were the moisture content, shrinkage, fat content, amount of ascorbic acid, total color changes and the breaking force were 45.93%, 70.54%, 34.64%, 2.92 mg/100 mL, 64.86 and 2.58N, respectively.

The purpose of this study is modeling and the effect of economic shocks on stock returns of food industry during the period 2009 to 2020. In this research, the optimal macroeconomic variables on the stock returns of food companies are modeled using the genetic algorithm approximation function method and then the impulses and shocks of macroeconomic variables affecting the stock returns of food industries are analyzed by Auto regression method has been analyzed. Initially, using the genetic function approximation algorithm, four variables of OPEC oil price, liquidity volume, land price and stock price index were identified among the eight macroeconomic variables as influential variables in the optimal regression model. OPEC oil prices and land prices have a negative and significant effect on the stock returns of food companies, while the volume of liquidity and stock price index have a positive and significant effect on the stock returns of food companies. Given the response impulse functions, the stock return reaction to OPEC oil prices and liquidity was initially positive. In the analysis of variance method, the largest share is due to the shock of the food industry stock returns to itself, followed by the volume of liquidity. Given the positive impact of liquidity on the stock returns of food industry companies, it is suggested that policy makers and planners to implement policies to increase the volume of liquidity to food industry companies in order to develop food industry investment.

In order to reduce the sugar consumption in the pastille formulation and improve its nutritional value using Spirulina platensis microalgae, the effect of sugar replacement with stevioside-isomalt, gelatin replacement with Persian gum and effect of using spirulina as a bioactive compound on the physicochemical and textural properties of pastilles were investigated. In order to optimization the production conditions of enriched diet pastille, the response surface method (RSM) in the form of a central composite design were used in 5 levels of sugar replacement with stevia-isomalt (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%), gelatin replacement with persian gum (0, 25, 50, 75,100%) and Spirulina (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1%). The results of physicochemical, textural and sensory properties of the selected product were evaluated during 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days and compared with the control sample. The results showed that an increase in the percentage of sucrose replacement with stevioside-isomalt and gelatin replacement with persian gum, resulted in an increase and decrease the hardness, respectively. Density and adhesiveness decreased and increased significantly with increasing percentage of sucrose replacement with stevioside-isomalt, respectively. Among the investigated formuls, samples containing 13% sucrose replacement with stevioside-isomalt, 100% gelatin replacement with persian gum and 0.28% Spirulina; and 60% sucrose replacement with stevioside-isomalt, 100% gelatin replacement with persian gum and 0.02% Spirulina were determined as the best formulation. Comparison between treatments revealed a moisture reduction and density increment of the optimal samples (p<0.05), while the hardness of the optimal samples did not significantly change during storage time (p>0.05). Results of sensory analysis indicate that control sample had better sensory characteristics (taste, after taste, texture and overall acceptability) than the other samples. The addition of Spirulina platensis microalgae as a functional supplement can improve nutritional properties, especially protein and minerals such as iron in the product.

In this study, montmorillonite (MMT) was modified by hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTMA) to enhance its adsorption capacity and improve its functional properties that it was done through conventional ion exchange. The intercalation of cationic surfactant into layers of MMT and properties of MMT before and after modification was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, Thermal gravimetric analysis, contact angle, and zeta potential. The XRD results showed the interlayer spacing was increased from 1.17 to 2.02 nm due to intercalation of HDTMA. The contact angle and zeta potential analyses revealed that the surface wettability of MMT was changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic and the surface charge was changed from -21.6 to -2.54 due to adsorption of HDTAM on surface of MMT. FTIR spectra show the successful of inserting alkyl groups from cationic surfactant in the interlayer space of MMT. The results are supported by the measurements of TGA/DTA. The findings of this study are useful for the application of modified MMT as a nanoadsorbent for food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries.

Foxtail millet contains amounts of nutrients such as starch, protein, vitamins and minerals. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of refined wheat flour (RWF) replaced by different ratios of foxtail millet flour (FMF) from 10% to 30%. The composite flour samples were analyzed for proximate composition, color, falling number, wet and dry gluten content, damaged starch content and alveo-consistograph characteristics. Correlation coefficients between flour analytical parameters and alveo-consistograph characteristics were obtained. Crude fiber, fat, protein and ash content increased not significantly (p>0.05) with increasing the amount of FMF. No significant difference (p>0.05) of b* value was observed between the flour samples. Adding the FMF, not significantly reduced (p>0.05) falling number, damaged starch content, wet and dry gluten content. Consistograph test indicated that addition of the FMF decreased water absorption capacity, maximum pressure and tolerance, however, drops in pressure at 250s and 450s became greater. Alveograph test revealed that with adding FMF, dough resistance to extension and dough strength decreased but an increase in dough extensibility obtained at FMF30%. The results of rheological properties by alveograph indicated the rate of the FMF influenced the rheological behavior.

The mixture of cellulose acetate (CA), and poly (ethylene oxide) was electrospun into Nanofibrous webs using an acetic acid solution. The impact of cellulose acetate (CA)/ polyethylene oxide (PEO) ratio (1, 1.5, 2 wt %), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (0, 1.5, 3%, w/w) and ammonium oxalate (3%, w/w) on the diameter, tensile strength, elongation and porosity (PO) of the Electrospun Nano-fibers (ENFs) were enhanced applying response surface methodology-central composite rotatable design (RSM-CCRD). The ENFs were formed of non-woven fibers with a maximum diameter of 163 nm. Second-order polynomial models with high R2 values (0.86–0.97) were developed using Cubic analysis. The outcome revealed that the ENFs morphology and diameter were noticeably affected by CA, PEO, and SDS. The overall optimum condition was identified to be at the compounded level of CA to PEO ratio of 2 wt % and SDS content of 3% (w/v). At the best point, diameter, surface tension, elongation, and porosity of the fabricated electrospun nanofibers (ENFs) were 99 nm, 0.017 N/mm2, 5 mm and 17.54 respectively. The most fabricated ENFs were uniform and bead-free with high active sites and mechanical strength, which could be used in different fields.