محمدرضا رحمانی

The population of Red Deer has decreased significantly, and the species distribution is restricted to only some core zones of protected areas of the country. The most important threatening factors in decline the population of the species are destruction and fragmentation of habitats and poaching of the species, which are strongly affected by human presence and human activities. Therefore, using habitat suitability modeling of the species as an effective tool in identifying, managing, and protecting the remaining habitats, can help managers in conserving the species more effectively.

Hyrcanian forests or Caspian forests consist of 15% of the total forests of Iran and are the last surviving temperate broadleaf forests in the world. Mazandaran province includes a significant part of the Hyrcanian forests. The core zone of the Central Alborz Protected Area is the most important area and the safest breeding habitat of Maral in Mazandaran province and has the largest populations of this species in the country. In this study, by use of the Maximum Entropy method and Ecological Niche Factor Analyses, using the species presence points in the Central Alborz Protected Area, we investigated the suitable breeding habitats of the Maral population in Mazandaran province. These models are launched by predictive environmental layers and species presence points, and express the suitability of each cell in the habitat as a function of biological variables.

The results of the ENFA method showed that the Central Alborz Protected Area Core Zone is the most important area and the safest breeding habitat of the Maral in Mazandaran Province. The results with values of 1.3 marginalities and specialty 5.5 indicate habitat areas with higher slopes and elevation models than the average which has low tolerability, are selected by the species. The results of the MaxEnt revealed that among the human-related variables, the most effective parameter is the distance to the village. According to the Jackknife test, this variable is the most important in the habitat selection of Maral. As the distance from the village increases, the habitat suitability increases exponentially, and then it decreases due to the proximity to other villages and the density of human presence in the region. By increasing the vegetation density, the suitability of the habitat increases, but in the high density of vegetation, suitability decreases. The output response curve of the results shows that the habitat suitability of the species increases with the increase in elevation because, during the breeding season, the Maral species is dependent on high-elevation safe habitats. Among the ecological variables, the slope variable was identified as the least effective factor.

During the breeding season, the Maral is present only in the Alborz Protected Area Core Zone, and in the non-breeding season, it is dispersed in a wider area of protected areas. Mazandaran province is potentially one of the hotspots of biodiversity in the country, but since the central Alborz core area is currently highly conserved by the Department of the Environment, it is the most important and most populated breeding habitat of Marals in Mazandaran and one of the two main breeding habitats of the country. The lack of protection of suitable habitats is the most important factor in reducing the population of Maral in the province. One of the other important challenges for the protection of this species in the province is the fragmented habitats and their dispersion. Many of the habitats in the species corridors probably have high habitat suitability, but these habitats may have low survival rates for the species due to weak protection, they are sinks of local populations or ecological traps.

During the coronavirus pandemic, e-learning is considered an essential element in educational systems. Keeping the student's effective interaction with the pharmacology course is always a serious challenge in the virtual education of this lesson. Therefore, the current study aimed to design, implement, and evaluate the virtual teaching methods of pharmacology course among medical students.

In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, 133 medical students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, who were studying pharmacology during the coronavirus pandemic in the academic year 2019-2020, were included. Then, the simplified educational content of the pharmacology course was prepared in the form of pictures along with explanatory clouds and summary tables and uploaded to the learning management system (NAVID). Supplementary written content, which complemented the educational clips of each class session, was provided to the students in order to summarize the topic and learn better. After finishing the class, an online questionnaire was completed by the students, and the data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and independent t-test.

There were 66 (49.6%) students of 2017 entrance and 67 students (50.4%) of 2018 entrance. The satisfaction level of the students after the evaluation through the questionnaire regarding the supplementary educational method was significantly higher than the simplified method (p<0.001). There was observed no significant difference in the level of satisfaction from both methods based on grade point average and age (p<0.05).

The design and implementation of simplified educational methods in the course of pharmacology was accompanied with satisfaction of students in online education in the time of coronavirus pandemic.

Water scarcity is the most important factor limiting the production of agricultural products, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Application of some materials such as superabsorbent polymers in soil increases water retention in soil and thus reduces water consumption and fertilizer leaching. These materials can reduce the effects of dehydration on the plant and lead to increased yield in arid and semi-arid regions. In order to investigate the effect of superabsorbent under water stress conditions on yield, yield components and some physiological characteristics of corn, experimental plots were conducted in the form of split plots in a randomized complete block design in Gotvand region in Khuzestan province. Three treatments of Aquasorb 3005 (600,300,0 kg / ha) A1, A2 and A3 and four irrigation strategies (50,75,100,125) percent of water requirement I1, I2, I3 and I4 in three replications for two growing seasons, respectively Summer 2019 and spring planting 2020) were considered. Irrigation planning, biological yield, harvest index and canopy cover were measured at different stages of growth seasons, based on which a growth simulation model was presented using AquaCrop software. The results of this test showed that the use of Aquasorb 3005 increased product performance by one percent. In addition, the results show the effect of superabsorbent application and irrigation planning on improving water efficiency. The highest grain yield in spring and summer cultivation was related to I2A3 treatment equal to 9055 and 9255 kg / ha, respectively, and the lowest yield in both crops was related to I4A0 treatment equal to 5977 kg / ha in spring cultivation and 6344 kg / ha in summer cultivation.

Toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum are among the deadliest compounds known that cause botulism. Currently, the detection of BoNTs in food using bioassays on laboratory mice is a very sensitive method with a detection range of 7 to 20 pg.mL-1. However, bioassay for mice is time consuming. This method is fast, highly specific, and sensitive to experiments on mice. The aim of this study was to use the modified Sandwich ELISA method to detect BoNT/B toxin.

Recombinant 370 amino acid protein was expressed from the carboxyl terminus of the binding moiety of BoNT / B toxin with a molecular weight of 45 kDa as antigen and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. IgG antibodies were isolated from mouse and rabbit sera byG protein affinity chromatography. The sensitivity and specificity of the method designed to detect recombinant BoNT/B-HcC antigen and botulinum toxin type B were evaluated.

Purified rat and rabbit antibody concentrations were 3 and 4.5 mg / ml serum, respectively. The minimum concentrations of detectable protein were determined by indirect ELISA with purified mouse and rabbit antibodies at 475 and 118 pg. By optimizing the sandwich ELISA method, at least 30 ng of recombinant BoNT/B-HcC antigen and146 pg of highly specific BoNT/B were detected.

sandwich ELISA method can be used for accurate and sensitive identification of Clostridium botulinum toxin type B. It is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of this method in the future to detect botulinum toxin in environmental and food samples.

Macroinvertebrates of running water are affected by their environment and their distribution in the habitat is affected by changes in environmental factors of the habitat. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of some environmental factors on the large diversity of benthic invertebrates in Shahrestanak River, Karaj. Sampling of benthic invertebrates was conducted using a sorber sampler at six stations (with four replications per station) in 1397 and in two seasons of spring and autumn by measuring 10 environmental variables. A total of 12 families of large benthic invertebrates were identified in spring and 13 in autumn, in which the larvae of aquatic insects had the highest frequency. According to the results, station three (middle of the river) had the highest frequency and also the families Heptageniidae and Baetidae had a high frequency. In spring, the highest diversity, dominance and species richness was in station four (downstream) and the highest uniformity was in station six (downstream). The highest amount of diversity, dominance and uniformity in autumn was related to station one (upstream of the river) and the highest amount of species richness was related to station two (middle). Changes in environmental variables of resistance, electrical conductivity and total soluble solids (spring), flow rate and height (two seasons) were significantly different. In addition to the mentioned variables, the factors of width, depth, height and speed of water flow were among the factors affecting the frequency and composition of large species of benthic invertebrates. It seems that effective environmental factors in the study area have affected habitat conditions, diversity, abundance and species composition. Conducting these studies, while understanding the needs of aquatic organisms, contributes to effective conservation planning, determination of appropriate ecological water rights and sustainable abstraction of river resources.

Many marine invertebrates, such as sponges, produce secondary metabolites that have some pharmaceutical uses. This study was carried out to determine the antibacterial properties and the effect of seasonal variations on methanolic extracted from sponge Niphates furcata against Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosus using broth dilution method. The experiment results showed that methanolic extracts of sponge extracted in summer did not show any antibacterial effect on E. coli and P. aeruginosus and did not have the ability to inhibit the growth of the mentioned bacteria, and naturally the concentrations determined could not have any bactericidal effect on the gram-negative bacteria of E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosus. In winter, this extract had an inhibitory effect on all four gram positive and gram negative bacteria used in this study, In contrast to methanolic extract from summer, methanolic extract of winter season on Escherichia coli had a bactericidal effect, although it did not show any bactericidal effect, similar to that of summer on Pseudomonas aeruginosus. Comparison of the data shows that the methanolic extract of Niphates furcata sponge has a more severe inhibitory effect on the bacteria than in the winter, although the comparison of the bacterial pathogenic effects in both summer and winter shows similar results, and the concentrations have not shown any bactericidal effect on Pseudomonas aerosinosis.

Understanding the optimal habitat of species, especially closely related species, can help in their better management and protection. For this purpose, in the present study, the response of two sympatric species, Garra rufa and Garra gymnothorax, to some environmental variables and the differences between them were analyzed. In this regard, the effect of six habitat variables including the width (m) and depth (cm) of the river, water current velocity (ms-1), altitude (m), temperature (°C) and substrate index evaluated on the Habitat Suitability Criteria (HSC) pattern in 27 study reach, almost in the entire distribution range of these two species. The results showed that G. rufa lives in rivers with width <40 m, depth <45 cm, temperature >22 °C, substrate index 3.5 - 6.5, and depending on the conditions, water current velocity less than 0.45 or more than 1.2 ms-1, which are located at an altitude between 600 and 1000 m, while G. gymnothorax prefere habitats with width <10 m, depth <150 cm, temperature >24 °C, substrate index >4.5, water current velocity <1.05 ms-1 located at an altitude >400 m. The analysis shows that the G. gymnothorax has a smaller range of favorability than G. rufa for all six habitat variables studied, which it somehow indicates its narrower ecological niche and the greater vulnerability of this species to changing environmental conditions. The wider distribution of G. rufa may contribute to the ability to maintain larger populations of this species. This wider presence of the species not only helps to facilitate autecology processes but also increases the probability of survival in case of local environmental disturbances. The results of this study can help in determining the protection priorities for both species.

Environmental factors strongly contribute to shaping the morphology of organisms. The present study mainly aims to examine how some physical factors in a habitat influence morphological variations in Baetis vernus along the Karaj River. Sampling was conducted in autumn (2018) and spring (2019) using a kick net sampling device with a mesh size of 500 μm at 10 sampling sites (three replicates) by recording 11 environmental variables. The species was identified through gender classification (male and female). Graticule was used to measure 42 morphological properties of 30 (male and female) samples identified at each site. Following the statistical analysis of the data, The results showed changes in environmental factors such as temperature (autumn), depth (spring), and elevation (autumn and spring) had significant differences (p<0/05). In addition changes in environmental factors such as temperature, width and discharge in autumn and temperature, water flow velocity, discharge, salinity and EC in spring have influenced the morphological variations. The changes in these factors seem to contribute to morphological variations in Baetis vernus (Changes in moving and non-moving traits with habitat changes) along the Karaj River by affecting the habitat conditions. the analyses of gender-related morphological variations in Baetis vernus showed no difference between the male and female species in terms of these traits.

Although substantial studies are available as regards the abundance, richness and composition of freshwater fish along altitudinal slops, the impact of human factors such as dam construction are rarely considered. In this study, the effects of the environmental and human factors on longitudinal patterns of fish faunal changes, species richness and fish abundance from upstream to downstream in the southern profile of the central Alborz Protected Area were examined using Redundancy Analysis (RDA) and Generalized Linear Models (GLM). The Karaj River was divided into three zones based on habitat structure, physicochemical variables and species composition. The results indicate that chemical variables can be more effective in some conditions including small changes in habitat structure and physical variables along the altitudinal slope and can be a justification for the abundance, richness and composition of species. Typically, in highly polluted rivers, chemical agents can be a good explanation for the presence or absence of species. Human disturbances, such as dams, change the expected distribution patterns of fish along the altitudinal slope by decreasing outlet water temperature and also creating homogeneous and simple habitats. Therefore, the implementation of conservation programs should be a priority for the Karaj River fishes, especially in the middle areas which are affected by these threats.

Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) is one of the causes of kidney injury. Oleuropein is known as one of the strongest natural antioxidants. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of complete left unilateral ureteral obstruction on the antioxidant system changes in the contralateral kidney in male rats with an emphasis on the protective role of oleuropein.

In this experimental study, 18 male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 g were used. The animals were divided into 3 groups of 6 which included control, UUO, and UUO + oleuropein. The left ureter was ligated for 3 days. In the treatment group, the animals received oleuropein (200 mg/kg) daily for 3-days from one hour after ureteral obstruction. At the end of the experiment, the right kidney was removed and weighed. Then, the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes activity levels were measured in the right kidney.

UUO significantly increased right kidney weight and MDA concentration, and decreased the SOD and GPx enzymes activity level in the right kidney of UUO animals compared to the control (p<0.05). Oleuropein was able to reduce right kidney weight and MDA concentration in the UUO+oleuropein group compared to the UUO group (p<0.05), and significantly increased the SOD and GPx enzymes activity level (p<0.05).

UUO induces oxidative stress in the contralateral kidney, and oleuropein administration can have a protective effect on the contralateral kidney by restoring the antioxidant system.

Macrobenthos community like other animals are affected by their peripheral environment and their diversity is dependent on their sensitivity to the environmental factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of some environmental factors on abundance and biodiversity of macrobenthos community in Karaj River. Samples were taken from 10 stations in two seasons and 11 environmental factors were measured. A total number of 8032 macrobenthos belonging to 10 orders and 38 families were identified. Baetidae and Chironimidae were the most abundant in autumn and spring, respectively and changes in altitude (2 seasons) and temperature (autumn) and depth (spring) were the most driving factors in determining pattern of abundance and combination of species. Biodiversity pattern and seasonal changes in the variety of benthic invertebrates in the Karaj River were also determined by the abovementioned environmental factors. Altitude, temperature and depth had effects on the habitat which was further responsible for changes in biodiversity, abundance, species’ structure and combination.

Taking morphine can cause damage to the hippocampus. Oleuropein has a protective effect on brain neurons. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of oleuropein on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein expression level in hippocampal tissue and memory defect induced by morphine in rats.

In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats were used. The animals were divided into five groups (n=8) including control/saline group (receiving saline intraperitoneally for four weeks), morphine group (receiving 40 mg/kg morphine daily subcutaneously for four weeks) and morphine + Oleuropein groups (receiving doses of 5, 15, and 30 mg/kg oleuropein + morphine by intraperitoneal injection for 4 weeks). At the end, the animals’ working memory was evaluated using the Y-maze behavior measurement test. The hippocampal BDNF protein expression level was measured using the ELISA method. One-way ANOVA test with Tukey’s post-test was used to analyze the data.

Intraperitoneal injection of oleuropein at a dose of 30 mg/kg in the rats receiving morphine significantly improved the memory function (p<0.01) and increased the BDNF protein expression level (p<0.05) compared to the morphine treated groups.

Oleuropein may increase the BDNF protein expression level in the hippocampal tissue and improves the memory defect induced by morphine in rats.

Habitat selection is an important factor in predicting the distribution and abundance of species in ecology research or fields. In fish, determination of the habitat selection, especially for endangered, rare, native species or species with discontinuous distribution and sensitive to developmental effects, is an important step in biodiversity conservation of fish and planning for land use. Habitat characteristics of Salmo trutta in Karaj River were determined by analyzing the effects of depth, current velocity, Froude number, substrate index, substrate shelter, visual coverage, combined coverage, and pool in 16 sites with data collection during the years 1395 and 1396 using software HABSEL, and the range and habitat used and selected was defined for this species by the amount of access to each variable. Based on the results, the selected habitats of brown trout in the Karaj River were at depth of 46-52, current velocity of 0.40-0.45 m/s, Froude number of 0.26-0.30, substrate index of 3.4-3.8, substrate shelter of 10-20, visual coverage of 56-64, combined coverage of 17.5-21, and pool of 21-28. Among the variables studied in the Karaj River, Froude number, current velocity, and substrate factors were the most favorable for Salmo trutta. Despite the availability of favorable conditions in some parts of the Karaj River for existing of brown trout, the absence of this species must be due to human disturbances on freshwater ecosystems or extreme climatic changes, such as floods

Heavy metals from different sources are continuously introduced into aquatic ecosystems and with a view to reinforcing each other's impacts are a serious threat to aquatic life and ultimately to human society. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of nickel, lead and zinc in Caspian kutum tissues in Guilan and Mazandaran provinces and also to compare it with world standards. Sampling was done in spring 2017 from Sefidroud and Shirood rivers. Samples were prepared by acid digestion method. The concentration of nickel, lead and zinc in some tissues was measured by ICP-OES and compared with some standards. The nickel value recorded in most tissues was significantly higher than the standards presented. The high concentration of nickel in Caspian kutum in Guilan is probably due to drainage of more effluents containing this metal in Guilan province and transfer of pollutants from oil and shipping activities of Azerbaijan by dominant marine currents to the coast. Due to the high concentration of nickel and the high catch of Caspian kutum from the north of the country, as well as the direct effect of heavy metals on each other, more care should be taken when feeding this fish.

Aging is a complex process and is considered as a risk factor for many diseases such as hypertension, Alzheimer, cancer, depression and anxiety. Recently, it has been shown that metformin, an anti-diabetic drug, has important neurological effects such as preventing memory loss, stroke, anxiety, inflammation and seizures. Therefore, the aim of this study was investigating the effects of metformin on some cognitive factors in elderly male rats.

24 rats (22 months) were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=8). The first group was the control group that received water orally, the second group received metformin 1 mg/kg orally and the third group received metformin 10 mg/kg orally. After treatment for 40 days (once daily), behavioral tests, including Y-maze, elevated plus maze and depression test were performed on animals. Results were analyzed using GraphPad Prism version 6 and One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-post hoc test.

The results of this study showed that metformin at a dose of 10 mg/kg significantly reduced anxiety (P<0.001) and depression (P<0.001) in older animals. Metformin at a dose of 1 mg/kg failed to improve aging-related disorders in this model.

Metformin at a dose of 10 mg/kg can reduce the quality of life by reducing anxiety and depression.

Stroke is a neurological disease and one of the leading causes of death all over the world. It is also an important cause of disability in people over age over 65. It may be possible to reduce the incidence of cerebral ischemia using antioxidants, followed by inhibition of oxidative and inflammatory mechanisms. Troxerutin is a natural bioflavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its neuroprotective effects have not yet been studied. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of troxerutin on ischemic brain damage in male mice.

In this experimental study, 39 male mice (30-25 grams) were used. The animals were divided into three groups: 1. Sham group 2. Ischemic brain group 3. The ischemic brain group, receiving troxerutin drug. Cerebral ischemia was induced in the second and third groups of mice. Five hours later, group 3 received 300 mg/kg troxerutin intraperitoneal injection. After 24 and 48 hours, the effect of troxerutin on sensory and motor neurological disorders, cerebral edema, and infarct volume was investigated. Analysis of variance test was performed by SPSS software (21) using one-way and two-way.

The results indicated that troxerutin reduced stroke volume (p=0.05) and cerebral edema (p=0.05) compared with the control group. Troxerutin also improved sensory-motor function (p<0.0001) and balance function and muscle strength (p<0.05)

Treatment with troxerutin can have beneficial effects on complications and disorders caused by cerebral ischemia.

Chronic morphine use leads to structural changes in the brain. Some studies have shown the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) as a main polyphenol of green tea. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of EGCG on working memory in morphine-treated rats.

In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 experimental groups (8 rats in each group): 1- control; 2- Morphine group (the animals received 40 mg/kg morphine for 4 weeks, once a day, s.c.); 3 and 4- Morphine + EGCG, the animals received morphine (40 mg/kg, 4 weeks, once a day, s.c.) and EGCG (5 and 50 mg/kg, once a day, i.p.). To evaluate the working memory, Y-maze spontaneous alternation was used. To measure the level of TNF-α protein expression in brain hippocampus tissue, the western blot test was used. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for data analysis.

Intraperitoneal morphine injection resulted in working memory deficits and increased TNF-α protein expression levels compared to the control group (p<0.001). Moreover, intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg EGCG in morphine treated rats significantly improved working memory (p<0.01) and decreased TNF-α protein expression level (p<0.05) compared to solely morphine treated group.

EGCG improved morphine induced working memory deficits in rats.

Currently, there is no effective and comprehensive treatment for ischemic stroke. There is strong clinical evidence for the benefits of hypothermia in neuroprotection. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of mild non-invasive hypothermia by JZL-184 on behavioral improvement in stroke rats.

This study was performed on 5 groups of male mice weighing 25-30 g. The groups were as follows: 1- Healthy group 2- Control group (Stroke) 3- Stroke + DMSO solvent 4- Stroke + Aspirin (40mg /kg) 5- Stroke + JZL-184 (16mg / kg) (n = 8 per group). The drugs were injected intraperitoneally immediately after the stroke. At the times before (time zero) and at 5, 24 and 48 h after stroke induction, body temperature, behavioral testing, including muscle strength and sensory-motor dysfunction were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 18 software and Two-way ANOVA test (P ≤ 0.05).

JZL-184 decreased body temperature at 5, 24 and 48 hours compared to intact and control groups (p <0.001). Injection JZL-184 and Aspirin improved muscle strength and sensory-motor function (p <0.001) compared to the control group. Aspirin also improved behavioral tests compared to the control group (p <0.01), but did not show any effect on the body temperature compared to the intact group at time 48. Only in JZL-184 group, the behavioral tests score was similar to the intact group at the 48 h after stroke.

JZL-184 may have been able to improve neuronal function by hypothermia induced by the agonist effects of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), thereby improving muscle strength and sensory-motor function after cerebral ischemia.

Thyme plant is a member of the mint family that is considered as an aromatic perennial evergreen medical herb. Carvacrol and thymol are known as two important phenolic compounds of thyme plant. Carvacrol and thymol have been identified as antioxidant, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory substances. Also, the neuroprotective, hepatoprotective and renoprotective effects of these polyphenolic compounds have been identified in various diseases. In addition, carvacrol inhibits platelet aggregation and is capable to modulate the signaling pathways involved in inflammation and cellular proliferation. The protective effects of carvacrol and thymol have also been reported in some body systems including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems. In the present review study, the protective role of carvacrol and thymol as the main compounds of thymus plant has been studied on different biologic systems in disease models.

Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative and microaerophilic bacterium. About half of the human population in the world is infected with this bacterium. Helicobacter pylori is known to be one of the main causes of stomach ulcers and gastric cancer. The increased antibiotic resistance, the high cost of combined treatments and adverse side effects have led to an increase in the tendency to alternative methods such as the use of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, probiotics and herbal medicines.

In this study the published articles on the effects of 29 plant families, including 69 Iranian plant species against H. pylori in vitro and in vivo conditions were reviewed and categorized.

According to the obtained results, plants such as Mentha Piperita, Zataria multiflora, Salvia mirzayanii, Geum Iranicum, Rhus coriaria , Commiphora myrrha, Heracleum persicum, Trachyspermum amm, Artemisia absinthium, Glycyrrhiza glabra L, Olea europaea and Punica granatum are the most affected plants against Helicobacter pylori in vitro condition. Discussion and

The observed antibacterial effects of the tested herbs in this study suggest that these herbs have the potential to be used as a viable alternative treatement for of the H. pylori infections but antibacterial activity evaluation of herbal extracts against H. pylori should be evaluated both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Also, determining the effective ingredient can help further research in this regard. The effectiveness of the same plant species should be evaluated in the different regions and ultimately concluded in the field of their effect. It is clear that the obtain outcome of the antibacterial effect of the same herbal extract on different strains of a bacterial species might be different so the standard strain of H. pylori must be use.

Study of the diversity and genetic structure of various fish species are one of the most basic indexes for preservation and restoration of their reserves. the aim of this study is to review taxonomy of a genus of hillstream loaches paraschistura, by molecular methods using gene sequences obtained by cytochrome oxidase gen in the south of Iran. For this purpose, an adult sample of any species which include: 7 specimens P.bamporensis, 3specimens P. sargadensis, 4specimens P.hormozensis, and 5specimens Parascshistura sp. was collected from south of Iran. DNA of these samples was extracted by genomic kit and FCOI20' primer, and was multiplied during PCR process and sequencing after electrophoresis. in order to study phylogenetic relations of COI gene of above mentioned fishes MEGA6 software was used .the results of the study showed that samples of paraschistura genus are placed in 4 clades. Samples of p.bampurensis from different locations with evolutionary distance (0.005-0.128) and P. sargadensis are located in one clade close to each other. samples of p.hormozensis with evolutionary distances (0.042) are located on separate clades. accordingly P. abdolii, P. naumani AND P. delvarii with evolutionary distances (0.042-0.206) and Parascshistura sp With an evolutionary distance(0.030-0.185) are located on separate clades.Considering the distance of location from each other and also study of morphological traits, molecular results were consistent with morphological traits. Phylogenetic tree analysis in this study shows that morphologic characters together with molecular identification are needed to support recognition of species.

Summary: The exploration of geothermal resources in the Bushli area of Ardebil Province utilizing magnetotelluric (MT) data is presented in this paper. This study is performed on 60 MT stations in an area surface of 90 square kilometers of Bushli area, located in southeast of Nir district. The data has been processed using algorithms based on robust methods, which are resistant to noise. After that, dimensionality analysis has been applied to the MT data having appropriate limits of frequencies related to all stations. Considering dimensionality analysis results, the regional structures are mostly identified as two-dimensional structures with north - south strike direction. Regional structures have been interpreted following one dimensional (1D) and two dimensional (2D) inverse modeling applied on the data. The results of 1D and 2D inverse modeling integrated with geological data indicate that the upper part of the geothermal reservoir is composed of a low resistivity area at the depth of 500 to 2000 meters. Final results have shown that the location of the geothermal reservoir extends to the southern parts of the study area. MT method is an electromagnetic (EM) method that uses natural EM fields, generated from Earth's magnetosphere for mapping deep subsurface structures. This method plots the electrical conductivity distribution beneath the earth surface by recording vertical and horizontal components of magnetic and electric fields from ground surface. High penetration depth of EM fields in MT method has made it applicable to deep target explorations such as geothermal and hydrocarbon resources. Hence, due to these options, this method has special status among other geophysical methods. Preliminary studies on the geology of Bushli area, which is located in southwest of Nir and Sareyn hot springs, have shown a relatively good potential for geothermal resources in this area that could be a preferred alternative for fossil fuels and future energy supply. Methodology and Approaches : MT method is widely utilized for surveying geothermal areas. In thermal areas, the electrical resistivity is extremely lower than that of areas with colder subsurface temperature. The selected MT survey lines are located in the area crossing over the hydrothermally altered zones and different geological structures. The data was acquired along 12 survey lines crossing the Bushli hot springs with a total of 60 MT stations in a frequency range of 1000 Hz to 0.001 Hz. Spacing between MT stations was almost considered 500 m constantly, for a better resolution. At first, 60 MT sounding time series data were reviewed. Then, the acquired raw data were analyzed using methods resistant to noise (i.e. robust methods), and also, outlier elimination method in order to achieve high quality apparent resistivity and phase data at each desired frequency. Specialized software was utilized for this purpose such as Mapros for processing and WinGLink for 1-D and 2-D smooth inverse modeling. Mapros has plenty of different robust methods for processing, and the preferred processing procedure, used in this paper, was to use least squares weighted functions. The Rodi and Mackie computer code and Occam smoothing algorithm were also used for 2D inversion and forward modeling, respectively. This algorithm seeks the minimum possible structure model subjected to an appropriate fit for the data, and it uses a code for 2D inversion from Rodi and Mackie (2001) in a way that this algorithm searches simultaneously for the model with the lowest overall RMS misfit and the smallest lateral and vertical conductivity gradients respectively. Apparent resistivity and phase data of TE+TM (joint) mode along each survey line were modeled in this study. Results and Conclusions: Considering the results obtained from 2D inversion and the geological information, the following conclusions were acquired: the thick surface layer with resistivity of 100-500 ohm-m along the north-south survey lines was also observable along the west-east survey lines. In some stations, a very conductive layer was seen on top of the surface that could be interpreted as the top soil saturated by penetrated water. Below this layer, there was a decline of resistivity with depth observable along the whole survey lines. This conductive layer (<10 ohm-m), showing variable thicknesses along the profile, was most naturally interpreted as the limestone, related to late Permian, of Ruteh formation acting as system reservoir. Below this conductor, a very resistive zone (>250-300 ohm-m) was observed. This resistive and intrusive mass was interpreted as the bed rock zone and a heat source that was mostly formed from granite and granodiorite related to first age of geology with high enthalpy. According to the models and electrical vertical sections and also horizontal resistivity maps at different depths, the geothermal reservoir was designated at a depth of 2500 to 3000 meters. Furthermore, resistivity map showed that the location of the geothermal reservoir continued to the south of the area. This was probably due to the significant properties of eastern parts of the area like the existence of many faults as well as low height of this part of the area compared to neighboring parts that caused the appearance of numerous hot springs in the area.

Dandy-Walker anomaly is a rare congenital disorder. This syndrome is diagnosed by cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle and, enlargement of the posterior fossa with or without hydrocephalus. This study presents a report of a male fetus with Dandy-Walker syndrome and determination of clinical protests, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of this syndrome. The patient was a 38-year-old woman on second pregnancy (parity one), who was referred for fetal ultrasonography. In fetus neurogram scan and examining the skull, the lower segment of cerebellar vermis hypoplasia and suspicious relationship with 4 ventride and posterior fossa were detected which were indicative of DandyWalker variant. The mother was hospitalized for therapeutic abortion at 19 weeks and 2 days gestational age. To terminate the pregnancy 80 mg of misoprostol was administered along with IV infusion of oxytocin. This syndrome is a rare disorder which most of its aspects remains unknown and need more investigations. This syndrome is diagnosed by advanced imaging techniques. So, in order to prevent infant birth with this anomaly, prenatal care, particularly for imaging procedures should be done with greater sensitivity.

South - western drainage basin is the most important surface water resources in Iran. Due to its important, it has always been subject of study for socio-economic development planners. The implementation of plans to harness and transfer water in modern context that are incompatible with natural ecosystem, along with the lack of strategic land use planning have been led to environmental crisis in this area. This article intends to present a pathology of water resources in this drainage basin and to provide a sustainable solution in the context of critical geopolitics to strike a balance between economic development and natural ecosystem as an example for water and natural resources management throughout the country.

Prestigious journals are the most important tool for the transfer of scientific information, Physiology is the science of living organisms and medical physiology is the most important branche of physiology. The first step for publishing a paper is identifying specialized journals. Considering the importance of the point, the present study aimed to introduce the most prestigious journals in medical physiology for the first time.
Present descriptive study was conducted in 2016 at the Medical faculty of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. Medical physiology Journals were surveyed in the Scientific Journal Rankings. For this purpose, medicine word in the "Subject Area" and physiology (Medical) word in the "Subject Category" were searched. The journals list extracted from SJR, contained 97 titles. After reviewing the journals titles, 26 journals contained physiology term in their titles. In addition, 17th related physiology journals were also studied. Study information included: name of the journal, country presented the journal, publisher, subject of coverage, important journal indexing, date of publication, Hirsch index, duration of publishing, and impact factor.
Physiology journals publish articles in both general and specific areas. Usually research articles are published in the all, while the review articles are published in the journals which mention “reviews” in their titles.