محمدرضا زمانیان

With the increase in the population of cities and the lack of spaces for construction, the creation of diverse uses, architecture and beauty of structures, ،he performance of a magnetic damper with a fuzzy controller to reduce the vibrations of an irregular hard structure under near and near earthquakes has been investigated. In the present study, the performance of a magnetic damper with a fuzzy controller reduce the vibrations of an irregular stiffness structure under near and far field earthquakes has been investigated. The capacity of the introduced magnetic damper is equal to 1000 kN, which is installed in the first floor between the floor level and the ceiling level of the first floor. Three different types of irregularities in height, including hardness irregularities with a coefficient of 60%, are used in a 10-story structure and are modeled in the OpenSees software. These irregularities have been investigated in three different elevation locations including the lower half of the structure height (floors 1 to 5), the lowest floor (1st floor) and the middle floor of the structure (5th floor). Based on the numerical analyzes performed for these structures under the excitation of near and far field earthquakes, the residual displacement is reduced by an average of 23.15% and 45.64%, respectively. In addition to improving criteria such as maximum displacement, shear, and base anchorage in both types of earthquakes, the most improvement occurred for the irregular structure on the first floor and the least for the irregular structure in the middle floor.

Infertility means that a couple does not become fertile after one year of sexual intercourse, which is faced by 10-15% of young couples, and in 50% of cases it is related to male defects. The spermatogenesis genes involved in male fertility are located in the proximal region of the long arm of the Y chromosome (Yq11) in the azoospermia factor region, which includes the AZFa, AZFb, and AZFc subunits. Microdeletion in AZF regions causes changes in testicular histology from Sertoli Cell Only Syndrome to hypospermatogenesis. Yq microdeletions are the most common molecular cause of male infertility and include three regions: AZFα, AZFb and AZFc. These regions contain different genes involved in spermatogenesis. Yq microdeletions have been reported in 5-10% of infertile men and 6-16% of azoospermic men. In some other studies, the prevalence of these microdeletions has been reported in 20 to 30% of patients with non-obstructive azoospermia and in 3 to 7% of patients with severe idiopathic oligospermia. So far, ethnic patterns in the distribution of these microdeletions in the Iranian infertile male population have not been extensively studied. Accordingly, considering that Iran is a geographically vast country and has a high population / ethnic diversity, the present study aims to investigate the overall prevalence of these microdeletions in the population of Iranian infertile men and compare its frequency distribution in it was designed and implemented between different ethnicities.

In this study 1887 infertile men with severe oligospermia or azoospermia were referred to the Royan Institute beween 1391 to 1392 were evaluated for the presence of Yq microdeletions. At first, DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood by salting out method and multiplex PCR was performed based on the determination of six different STS markers. To identify Yq microdeletions in three regions of AZFa, AZFb and AZFc, six STS markers were used inside two separate mixes. Two STS markers were considered for each AZF region and sY14 marker was used to examine the SRY gene and the ZFX / ZFY marker were used as internal controls. Information about semen analysis (Spermogram) and the results of patients' hormonal tests for the three hormones LH, FSH and testosterone were also extracted from their files. The ethnic segregation and classification of the Iranian male population was based on latest version of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (2010) book from the Statistics Center of Iran. Accordingly, the men studied in this study were classified into the ethnicities mentioned in the Table 1. For the appointment of ethnicity in each of the men under this study, the place of birth and dialect of three consecutive generations of clients were determined and then were placed in one of the seven ethnic groups including Fars, Azeri (Turkish), Kurdish, Lor, Gilak/ Mazeni (northern), Arabic And non-Iranians (Afghans and Iraqis).

Among the 1887 studied infertile men, 100 were diagnosed with microdeletions (5.29%), 69 patients (68.3%) had azoospermia and 31 patients (30.6%) had severe oligospermia. Among men with microdeletions, 70% had deletion in AZFc, 25.4% had deletion in AZFb and 4.6% had deletion in AZFa. Combined deletions of AZFbc were observed in 18 patients and AZFabc in three patients. All men with AZFa, AZFb, AZFc, AZFbc, and AZFabc regions had non-obstructive azoospermia, and only men with AZFc and AZFb microdeletions showed evidence of sperm production.  Among the patients with microdeletions, 47 patients (46.5%) had normal hormone levels, 22 patients (21.7%) had higher than normal levels of FSH, two patients had high levels of LH and 14 patients (13.8%) had high levels of both LH and FSH. The results of hormonal tests were not available in 16 of them. Ethnic distribution in 100 patients showed that 38% were Azeri, 30% Persian, 11% Kurdish, 8% Lor, 6% Gilak/ Mazani, 2% Arab and 5% Iraqi and Afghan nationals. The results of chi-square test showed that the distribution of different Y chromosome microdeletions is not uniform among Iranian ethnicities (p <0.001).

Ethnic and racial differences can also be influential factors in the prevalence of these microdeletions, which we examined in the present study. Such a complete study of Iranian ethnicities has not been done before, and in other parts of the world, studies have not usually been aimed at comparing ethnicities. The overall frequency and distribution pattern of Yq microdeletions in the population of Iranian infertile men is similar to other populations in the world. The pattern of distribution of different microdeletions among different Iranian ethnicities seems to be similar. This means that in all ethnicities that accounted for a significant number of deletion patients (Turks, Fars, and Kurds), Yq microdeletions were most common in the AZFc region. After that, AZFb and AZFa were more frequent, respectively. In fact, ethnicity did not have a significant effect on the distribution of these microdeletions and no significant results were observed in this regard. Regarding the frequency of different microdeletions (frequency of distribution) in various Iranian ethnicities, considering that the number of samples of some microdeletions in some ethnicities was less than the amount required for statistical analysis, the number of people studied in each ethnicity has been adjusted. Statistical analysis of these results using chi-square test showed that the frequency of microdeletions in ethnicities is not uniform (p <0.001), therefore, the ethnicity of the Iranian infertile man is influential in the frequency of distribution of these microdeletions. However, due to the insufficient number of people with microdeletions in some ethnicities, it is not possible to determine with sufficient statistical accuracy which microdeletions occurs more frequently in which ethnicity. In this regard, it seems that the referral of Royan Infertility Treatment Center and the existence of infertility treatment centers in the centers of some provinces have affected the ethnic composition of the client. Therefore, it is suggested that in future and supplementary studies, in order to create an appropriate ethnic distribution in the referring population, while increasing the sample size (especially for some ethnicities) if possible with the cooperation of infertility treatment centers in other provinces, comprehensive studies in this regard be used to achieve a more definite result in this regard.

The main question of the present study is whether the employees' perception of organizational justice has a significant and positive effect on the organizational trust of the employees of the Tax Affairs Department of Hamadan Province. The results of the present study show that employees' perception of organizational justice has a significant and positive effect on organizational trust of employees of Hamadan Tax Administration. According to the results, because the value of the significant level is equal to 0.383 and greater than the value of the error is 0.05 and the absolute value of the "t" statistic is equal to 0.784, the null hypothesis is confirmed with 95% confidence. Therefore, the researcher's claim is not confirmed, i.e. employees' perception of organizational justice does not have a positive and significant effect on the organizational trust of the employees of the Tax Administration of Hamadan Province.