محمدرضا فلسفی نژاد

The present study was conducted with the aim of building and validating a local educational-therapeutic intervention that promotes psychological health on the psychological well-being of women freed from addiction. The present research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a three-month follow-up. The statistical population of the research in developing the program included all the women freed from addiction in the 7th district of Tehran in 2022, of which 30 people (15 in the control group and 15 in the experimental group) were selected through the purposeful sampling method and They were randomly placed in two groups. To collect data, the Ryff Scales of Psychological Wellbeing-Short Form (RSPWB-SF, 1989) was used. Repeated measurement analysis of variance test was used to analyze the data. The research findings showed that there was a significant difference of 0.01 between the post-test mean of psychological well-being in the experimental and control groups. In addition, the results showed that this intervention was able to significantly maintain its effect over time (P<0.0001). As a result, skill enhancement program training can be used as an effective approach to improve psychological well-being.

Identification of the consequences of violations of the assumptions of measurement models is a major concern in the field of psychometrics. The purpose of the present study was to investigating the role of test dimensionality violation in equating errors of IRT and classical theory models. Research method was experimental and a 3 × 3 factorial design was used. The study population consisted of all the Mathematical and Technical Sciences Entrance Examiners in 2017 and 2018. The sample group consisted of 5000 examiners who were selected by random sampling. Mathematic test (55 items) was used for equating that three different types of data structure including one-dimensional, two- dimensional and three-dimensional data was generated from it. Data was equated with three equating methods including equipercentile method, true score and observed score equating method. Equating standard errors, bias and root mean square error were used to evaluate the effects of independent variables. To determine the error statistics, the equating results in all three datasets and the three equating methods were repeated 20 times in different samples. Data analysis showed that violation of dimensionality increases equating standard error, bias of equating results and the root mean square error. The bias of equating results in classical methods is more than the IRT methods. The effect of dimensionality violation on equating errors was not different between the classical theory and IRT models.

The purpose of this research was the effectiveness of family enrichment model for work on marital satisfaction, job satisfaction and work-family conflict of married female managers.

The present study was a semi-experimental study with an experimental and control group and a pre-test-post-test design with a six-month follow-up. The statistical population included all 150 married female managers working in the headquarters department of Persian Bank in Tehran in 2021, who along with their spouses were willing to participate in training sessions. The number of sample members was 30 couples who were replaced by random sampling in two experimental and control groups (15 couples in the experimental group and 15 couples in the control group). The experimental group was subjected to the intervention of the family enrichment model for the work of Makipour et al (2021) for 9 sessions of 90 minutes. Both groups were evaluated in the three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up by Enrich marital satisfaction questionnaires (1989), Minnesota job satisfaction scale (1943) and Rostgarkhald's work-family conflict scalhe (2002). Data were analyzed using repeated measures mixed analysis of variance.

The results indicate the effect of family enrichment intervention for work on the score of marital satisfaction (P < 0.05, F = 6.07) and job satisfaction (P < 0.05, F = 60.32) in female managers, as well as the score Work-family conflict (P < 0.05, F = 8.17), marital satisfaction (P < 0.05, F = 18.53) and job satisfaction (P < 0.05, F = 69.72) in Spouses and lack of effect of family enrichment intervention for work on work-family conflict score (P < 0.05, F = 0.95) in female managers and the stability of these results was in the follow-up phase.

Considering the results obtained from the research, organizational managers can benefit from the educational model of family enrichment for work as an effective intervention method to improve the marital and job satisfaction of married female managers and couples and reduce the work-family conflict of both working couples.

The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy and measurement error of dichotomous and Polytomous IRT models in scoring high-stakes, large-scale ability tests.

The statistical population of this study was included all the participants of the lawyer's license external tests in 2016 and 2018, from which 5000 persons and 5000 persons respectively were selected by random sampling. In addition, data collection was done using the responses of the participants of the above exam. Accordingly, the research method is experimental.

The analysis of the findings showed that among the dichotomous IRT logistic models, the 3-parameter model, and among the nominal Polytomous models studied, the 3-parameter model are a better fits and information compared with other models on the data under study.

Considering the more favorable fit and the level of information of the 3-parameter dichotomous model and the 3-parameter Polytomous model compared with other models, the use of these models in scoring can increase the accuracy of measurement and reduce the error. In addition, the use of these models also helps the fairness of the selection process of the applicants for the lawyer's license exam.

The main purpose of this study was to identify the optimum approach to analysis of epistemic data in measuring personality traits. For this purpose, MPLUS software and lavan software package simulate different formats of response scales, and two traditional scoring approaches and Thurston's IRT method were compared in some of the most important psychometric outcomes. Overall the findings of the study indicated that the Thurstonin IRT approach performs better than the traditional scoring approach in accurately estimating actual scores, criterion validity, locating a person on the attribute continuum. Also, the research findings showed that the average correlation between estimated scores and actual scores for all three correlation coefficients (0, 0.25 and 0.50) in Thurstonian Item Response Theory is higher than the scores obtained from the classical method; True for all three correlation coefficients, in Thurstonian Item Response Theory more than classical method scores and mean experimental reliability scores for correlation coefficients 0.25 and 0.5 with classical method are higher than scores obtained by Thurstonian IRT method, but for coefficient The mean correlation of the mean scores of the Turestonian IRT method is higher than the classical scores. The findings also showed that the difference between the two tests, both Classical and Trestonium IRT, was significant for both the 48 and 96 questions, and the correlation between estimated scores and actual scores in the Thursetonium IRT method was more than the classical method.

Studies show that parentless or neglectful parenting children are more exposed to psychological damage and problems, and this issue clarifies the need to address this area. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the play-based resilience training package on children's self-control under the guardianship of the welfare organization.

This study was a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest and a control group. The statistical population included children aged five to seven years under the guardianship of Tehran province welfare in 2019. As the first step, five centers were selected by purposeful method, then thirty children with research criteria were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups, fifteen children in each. The instruments used in this study included the self-control questionnaire by Kendall Wilcox1979, the child and youth resilience measure (CYRM) by Ungar & Liebenber2009 and the play-based resilience training package. After the pre-test for both groups, the resilience training package was performed in fourteen sessions for the experimental group. The post-test was performed again for both the experimental and control groups. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics(univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance) by SPSS26.

The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that in all components of self-control (self-control, impulsivity, and self-control-impulsivity) and Total self-control, changes in the scores of the experimental group were significant. (P<0.05) 

The results of this study indicate that the play-based resilience training package has been effective in increasing the self-control of children under welfare guardianship.

Being proficient in traffic test has a significant effect on reducing costs due to non-compliance with driving regulations. The traffic test biases put validity, fair evaluation, and correct decision in jeopardy. Therefore, the research objective is to study the psychometric features in order to validate the traffic test.

The present applied study is quantitative in terms of type and categorized as studies called "psychometrics". The research population included participants in the traffic test in 2020 that 297 people were selected by simple random. Data were analyzed by R software, and reliability (α=0.7) as well as validity were verified based on differential action analyses.

The research findings showed that the traffic test is an easy test and participants mostly use guessing the correct answer. The discriminant coefficients of all questions were positive and acceptable. Non-based IRT tests converged, and with the exception of nonlinear regression method, which identified questions 11 and 16 as biased, other methods detected only question 16 as biased. Tests based on IRT failed to converge.

The results of the research showed that the traffic test is valid and reliable. Based on differential functioning analyses, there is generally validity due to homogeneity of measurement in reference and focal groups. Nonlinear regression method is also a useful alternative to methods based on IRT and is has good capabilities in tests where there is a guess effect.

Offshore jobs in the oil industry are considered one of the most stressful jobs. The aim of this study was to determine the role of self-care and self-efficacy behaviors in predicting the mental health of employees in the offshore industry.

This is a quantitative and correlational study. The statistical population included all employees in the offshore industry working on projects and vessels, as well as oil and gas platforms in 2022. A total number of 152 people was selected by a simple random sampling method according to the table of Morgan. Data collection tools included Self-Care Behavior Questionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, Mental Health Questionnaire.

There is a positive and significant relationship between self-care behaviors and self-efficacy (r = 25.2; P <0.001). There is also a positive and significant relationship between self-efficacy and mental health (r = 0.17; P <0.05). Self-care and self-efficacy behaviors can predict the mental health of offshore employees (R2 = 0.371).

According to the current findings, it can be said that self-care and self-efficacy behaviors can predict the mental health of employees in the offshore industry. This shows the importance of paying attention to the mental health of employees working in the offshore industry.

The lack of desire in sexual relationship in the women causes various psychological and emotional damages in these people and decrease of marital satisfaction and increase of marital burnout. Therefore, the present study was conducted aiming to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the women’s hypoactive sexual desire. the research method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design and control group and two-month follow-up stage. The statistical population of the study included the women with hypoactive sexual desire in the city of Tehran in 2019. 24 women with hypoactive sexual desire were selected through voluntary sampling method and randomly replaced into experimental and control groups (each group of 12 women). The women present in the experimental group received eight ninety-minute sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Sexual desire questionnaire (Halbert, 1992) was used in the present study. The data from the study were analyzed through repeated measurement ANOVA via SPSS23 statistical software. the results showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy has significant effect on the women’s hypoactive sexual desire (p < 0.001) in a way that this therapy could lead to the decrease of women’s hypoactive sexual desire.

Thinking and its interaction with emotions and behavior are the most challenging areas of psychology. The scientific study of thinking has been done to discover its general mechanisms and explain the processes involved in its anomalies. One of the most important forms of abnormal thinking is repetitive negative thinking. The transdiagnostic view of repetitive negative thinking argues that types of repetitive negative thinking are identified by similar processes that can be applied to a variety of disorders-related content. The present study investigated the effectiveness of transdiagnostic protocol based on acceptance and commitment repetitive negative thinking, depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

To conduct the study, we used the single-subject method of multiple baseline design. The statistical population of the research comprised the patients of the Psychiatry Department of Imam Hossein Hospital from February 2021 to May 2021. A single case study method was used during the initial baseline period and multiple separate assessment courses. In this way, we can examine the changes in the desired behaviors and symptoms in the subject. Then, the effectiveness of this treatment program based on acceptance and commitment focused on repetitive negative thinking individually and in 4 sessions was evaluated on reducing the rate of repetitive negative thinking and disorders of depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Thirty-seven patients were evaluated, of whom, due to not completing the baseline steps, unwillingness to continue the process and request drug treatment, and explicit expression of suicidal ideation, during the evaluation and sample selection period, 6 people were finally stabilized and asynchronously entered the intervention program and completed the intervention steps. Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck et al., 1996), Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck et al., 1988), Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Goodman et al., 1989), and Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire-10 (McEvoy et al., 2010) were used to collect data. The data were analyzed based on analytic drawing, stable change index, and recovery rate methods.

Results show that with the training considered, the change in the magnitude of repetitive negative thinking in the depression group was decreasing and this decreasing trend was significant by taking into account the stable change index and the percentage of the recovery obtained. The greatest reduction in the size of negative thinking has occurred in depressed people. The percentage of improvement in the recurring thoughts of anxiety patients in this study in the treatment phase did not reach more than 50%. It should be noted that the final evaluation of the treatment phase is related to the implementation of the evaluation after the third session of treatment. But in the follow-up phase, which took place after the fourth session of treatment, two weeks apart, the recovery rate increased significantly. This percentage is ultimately above the recovery standard in the recovery percentage index. In addition, the stable change coefficient confirms the significance of this decreasing change. The effect of the intervention program in reducing repetitive negative thoughts of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder after the third treatment session and the last evaluation of the treatment phase was weak. Neither of the two clinical specimens reached the standard of recovery. One person from the obsessive-compulsive disorder group has grown to more than 50% in the rate of repetitive thoughts in the follow-up phase. The lowest mean decrease in the rate of repetitive thoughts among groups is related to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Although the stable change index for the obsessive-compulsive group indicates the significance of the changes, that is, these changes are not the result of measurement error or mere accident, the effect size of the intervention variable is not optimal. The average recovery rate in the group with obsessive-compulsive disorder is not significant and acceptable.

According to the results, repetitive negative thinking is a transdignostic construct that is correctable with acceptance and commitment components. However, the role of specific factors is needed to be investigated.

So far, several interventions in the field of non-suicidal self-injury(NSSI) have been carried out under the title of schools silent crisis, however, no research has been found to develops and validates the integrated interventions approach on NSSI and its important consequences.

The aim of the present study was to develop and validate an integrated interventional approach for NSSI, emotion regulation difficulties, mother-daughter relationship and negative automatic thoughts of adolescent girls.

A quasi-experimental and pre-test,post-test research design with a control group were applied. The statistical population of the study was all first and second year high school students with NSSI. Using chain sampling, 32 participants were selected and randomly assiged to control and experimental groups in Ardabil in 2019-2020. Both groups were pre-tested and post-tested by Sansone, Wiederman, & Sansone Self‐harm inventory (1998), Gratz & Roemer Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (2004), Hollon & Kendall Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (1980), and Fine, Moreland & Schwebel Parent-Child Relationship Survey-Mother (1985).

The results showed that the integrated interventional approach is effective in reducing the difficulties of emotion regulation, improving the mother-daughter relationship, reducing negative automatic thoughts, then reducing NSSI in adolescent girls )p<0.05(.

The approach of integrated interventions is effective on research variables and could be used as an appropriate intervention by school counselors and therapists for adolescent girls with NSSI.

The purpose of this study was to study the challenges of mentally retarded adolescents in acquiring self-empowerment skills. The present study was a qualitative and data type of foundation. The research data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The participants of this study were professionals and practitioners working in educational and retention centers of mentally retarded adolescents who were recruited through purposeful sampling through snowball method in 1989. The city of Tehran was selected. Data were saturated by interviewing 15 experts and the research data were analyzed by Strauss and Corbin method. The results showed that the challenges of acquiring self-directed skills in adolescents with mental retardation can be classified into four main selective codes including family, individual, community, and educational codes. Each of their original selective codes also had axial codes. Family selection code includes three core codes of parental ignorance, social stigma and restrictions, economic, social and family; individual code also includes three core codes of abuse / abuse, inadequacy, and inefficiency; community selection code includes three core codes of inadequate professional support And welfare, lack of enforcement of laws and the absence of related jobs, and selective education code also included two core codes of educational problems and a lack of expert educators. According to the results, lack of awareness and information has led to challenges in adolescents 'self-empowerment skills; awareness of these adolescents' problems and challenges can provide good information for their self-empowerment skills to professionals and practitioners. Country.

Nonresponse is an inevitable challenge to large-scale studies and can result in wasting money, time and human resource involved in data collection and can also prevent the studies from obtaining their objects especially scores distribution. Imputation methods have thus been invented to estimate item nonresponses in order to make inference from a completed data set. Using a simulation study on a real data set in the form of a multivariate experimental design, this paper evaluates the accuracy of three models including cumulative logit model, graded response model and explanatory item response model. The results show that the imputed values of all three models are acceptable under random nonresponse mechanism although the imputed values of the explanatory item response model are always more accurate than those of the other models. If nonrandom nonresponses are occurred, explanatory item response model has acceptable imputed values only at 5% nonresponse rate and the other models are not accurate at all. The results also show that it is more accurate to impute individual item nonresponses and then compute the total score instead of directly imputing the total score.

the emergence of aggression in children living in Welfare Centers is a prevalent problem that requires effective interventions for treatment and prevention. Researches have been conducted on interventions to reduce aggression in children, but the type of research that examines the effectiveness of Play-Based Resilience Training on aggression has been neglected.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Play-Based Resilience Training on aggression in children under the supervision of the Welfare Organization.

The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design, and a control group. The statistical population included children aged 5-7 years under the supervision of the Tehran Welfare Organization in 2019. The sample consisted of 30 children who were selected by the convenient sampling method and randomly assigned to the study and control groups (15 individuals in each group). The research tools included the Preschooler Aggression Questionnaires of Vahedi et al. (2008), and the Child and Youth Resilience Measure of Ungar and Liebenberg (2009), and the Play-Based Resilience Training Package (Mohammadi Shemirani, 2019). For the children in the study group, the resilience training package was implemented in 14 sessions, and each session lasted for one hour. The data analysis was conducted by using the Multivariate Analysis of Covariance.

The results showed that Play-Based Resilience Training significantly reduced aggression and its components (verbal, physical, active, and total aggression) except for the component of relational aggression in the study group participants (p< 0/01).

according to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the Play-Based Resilience Training Package can be used as an efficient intervention to reduce aggression in children

the lack of desire in sexual relationship in the women causes various psychological and emotional damages in these people and decrease of marital satisfaction and increase of marital burnout. Therefore, the present study was conducted aiming to investigate the effectiveness of the combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy and systemic therapy on the women’s hypoactive sexual desire.

the research method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design and control group and two-month follow-up stage. The statistical population of the study included the women with hypoactive sexual desire in the city of Tehran in 2019. 24 women with hypoactive sexual desire were selected through voluntary sampling method and randomly replaced into experimental and control groups (each group of 12 women). The women present in the experimental group received eight ninety-minute sessions of the combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy and systemic therapy. Halbert sexual desire questionnaire (1992) was used in the present study. The data from the study were analyzed through repeated measurement ANOVA via SPSS23 statistical software.

the results showed that the combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy and systemic therapy has significant effect on the women’s hypoactive sexual desire (p<0.001) in a way that this therapy could lead to the decrease of women’s hypoactive sexual desire. The effect size of the study was 81%.

taking the results of the present study into account, the combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy and systemic therapy can be considered an efficient therapy to decrease the women’s hypoactive sexual desire through employing correction techniques and replacing unreal expectations, training relaxation, sexual fantasy, prioritizing personal and communicative problems, cognitive restructuring and changing negative attitude toward sexual issues, knowing inefficient thoughts and cognitive distortions and training types of intercourse.

In the child welfare system, children and youth under care are always considered as a fragile and at-risk population ,Therefore preventive interventions are very important in reducing harms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of play-based resilience training package on social adjustment of children under the guardianship  of  the Welfare Organization.

Methods and Materials: 

The present study was a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included children aged 5-7 years under the guardianship of Tehran Province Welfare in 2019. First, 5 centers were purposefully selected and then 30 children with research criteria were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The instruments used in this study include the Rutter Childrenchr('39')s Behavioral Disorders Questionnaire (1967), the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (Ungar & Liebenberg ,2009) and the Play-based resilience training package (Mohammadi Shemirani, 2019). For the children in the experimental group, the resilience training package was implemented in 14 sessions, each session lasting one hour. Data analysis was performed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance.

Results showed that resilience training significantly affected social adjustment and its components(hyperactivity-aggression, attention deficit disorder, social maladaptation)(p <0.01) However, it was not significantly effective on the anxiety-depression and antisocial behavior. (p <0.05).

According to the findings of this study, it seems that play-based resilience training package can be used to increase social adjustment of children under the guardianship of welfare Organization.

Today, breach of contract in marital relations has become a worrying one of the hidden social harms of society. The aim of this study was to study the process and contextual conditions of contract breaking in marital relationships.

This study was performed qualitatively with the foundation data theory method. The statistical population included couples with experience of breach of contract in marital relations in 2018 that 32 people were selected by purposive sampling and theoretical saturation criteria. Semi-structured interview method was used to collect information. Data were systematically analyzed in three stages of open, central and selective coding.

Analysis of the content of the information obtained from the interviews led to the identification of 10 sub-categories and 3 main categories including risk factors in the premarital life of the contractor (socio-environmental causes before marriage), how to get to know the spouse (get to know the spouse) And risk factors after marriage and during married life (socio-environmental causes after marriage) in the process of contract formation in marital relationships and 18 sub-categories and 3 main categories including intrinsic risk factors (individual and personality factors), interpersonal risk factors (Family and economic factors) and general risk factors (cultural and social) in the context of contextual conditions in the marital relationship.

Although most people considered the unfulfilled expectations of marriage and dissatisfaction with emotional-sexual needs in the marital relationship as the main reason for breaking the contract, but the influence of attitudes and personal characteristics should not be left to chance. In fact, disability breeding is due to several reasons that the formation process begins before marriage and individual, family-marital and social factors affect its.

The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of mind games in improving psychological adjustment in older men.

The present quasi-experimental study had a pretest-posttest design with the control group. The statistical population consisted of 30 older retired men in District 5 of Tehran in 2019 with lower scores in the Bell Psychological Adjustment Inventory (1961) and they were randomly put into two 15-participant experimental and control groups. The experimental group received an intervention method of the mind games for eight 90-minute sessions and the results were analyzed using the univariate ANCOVA.

The results indicated that mind games improved psychological adjustment (P=0.001, F=34.80) and subscales, namely home adjustment (P=0.001, F=31.61), health adjustment (P=0.001, F=22.95), social adjustment (P=0.003, F=10.64), emotional adjustment (P=0.001, F=13.78), and job adjustment (P=0.005, F=9.47) in the older participants in the control group.

According to the results, it seems that playing mind games improved adjustment in older people; hence, we suggest using this simple, cost-effective, and easy-to-use method.

Equating is one of the most important issues in educational measurement, violation of the assumptions of which results in serious challenges in it. In multidimensional tests, the use of unidimensional equating methods causes bias in results. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the optimal equating methods in multidimensional tests. Six equating methods consisting of unidimensional and multidimensional methods was compared with each other. The equipercentile method was considered as the criterion for comparing the other methods in terms of being robust against the unidimensionality assumption. The statistical population consisted of all the candidates in Mathematics’ entrance exam in the years 2017 and 2018. Mathematics’ exam data of 5,000 people from both years were selected for equating. Test dimensions were determined using NOHARM and MPLUS software, the ltm package was used to estimate the unidimensional parameters and the mirt package in the R software was used to estimate the multidimensional parameters. IRT unidimensional observed score and true score equating conduct with PIE program and equipercentile equating was performed using R equate package. The mirt, mvnorm, and MASS packages in R software were also used for multidimensional equating.  The results showed that the most optimal method for multidimensional tests equating was FULL MIRT observed score equating,and then the unidimensionalized MIRT observed score equating is the appropriate method and that using unidimensional methods of the observed score and true score are not efficient in such conditions. Therefore, it is recommended that FULL MIRT observed score methods are used in equating tests with multidimensional structure.

The purpose of this study was to develop a life skills training based on native Iranian culture and to determine its effectiveness on the happiness and resilience of divorced women.

The research method used was qualitative-quantitative. The statistical population for this research included all divorced women between the ages of 30 and 40 who referred to counseling and psychological services centers of city of Kerman in the first half of 1395 (Persian calendar), among whom 30 were selected thrgouh available sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 subjects each). To collect data, Conner and Davidson Resilience (2003) and Oxford Happiness (1989) Questionnaires were used. The training program was performed in 11 ninety-minute sessions  in the experimental group, and the control group was placed in the waiting list. The results were analyzed using covariance analysis.

The findings showed that the content validity ratio (CVR) was calculated based on the Lavoshe method for 10 experts (0/83), and the content validity index (CVI) based on the Waltz and Bassel methods for this number was 0/80, and based on comparing these values with the acceptable value of both indicators, the content validity of the program is acceptable. Also, the results showed that life skills training had an impact on increasing the happiness and resiliency of the experimental group compared to the control group (p<0/01).

According to the results, life skills program (self-awareness, coping with stress, empathy) based on indigenous culture is an appropriate and effective program for divorced women and its implementation can affect the happiness and resiliency of these individuals.

Non-suicidal self-injury has become public health challenge in recent years. The prevalence of this phenomenon is higher among adolescents than other age groups. However, there are many ambiguities in conceptualizing non-suicidal self-injury. The objective of this study was to investigate the experiences of female high school students in Ardabil city who had committed non-suicidal self-injury.

This qualitative descriptive phenomenology study was conducted with participation of 17 female high school students in Ardabil city who were selected via targeted sampling method in 2018-2019. Data were collected via semi-structured interview sessions. Colaizzi’s seven-step analysis method was used for data analysis.

The findings of the study showed three main categories include predisposing factors of self-injury, function of self-injury, and consequences of self-injury. The main categories were subcategorized into cognitive emotional features, incompatible relations, teenage problems in the family, calming down, forgetting the problems, impressing others, proving greatness and strength, feelings of regret and scarring.

To better understand people involved with non-suicidal self-injury, it is essential to become more familiar with their experiences. From the participantspoint of view, this behavior has underlying causes, functions, purposes and also the implications that should be addressed for prevention programs as well as proper evaluation and treatment.

The present study aimed to examine the effect of mindfulness-based group counseling on sleep quality and rumination of older men in Isfahan.

The present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population consisted of 30 elderly retirees of the Social Security Organization in Isfahan in 2019 and they had obtained higher scores in rumination questionnaire by Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow (1990) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) (1989) and we put them randomly into two 15-individual experimental and control groups. The experimental group received the intervention of mindfulness techniques for eight 90-minute sessions, and the results were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).

It was found that teaching mindfulness techniques decreased rumination (P=0.007, F=13.99) and improved sleep quality (P=0.001, F=8.41) in the older people of the experimental group.

It seems that reducing sleep quality decreased the quality of life for older people; hence, teaching methods such as mindfulness in addition to the reduction of rumination could be effective in improving the quality of sleep in older people.

Marriage is one of the enormous psychological, social, and emotional changes in every person. The marriage in some parts of society, such as; low sight and blind people is along with challenges and concerns. Marriage with all of the changes that bring to disables lives, but it is a psychological, social, and emotional need. Therefore, the aim of this study was examining the phenomenological experiences about marriage and choosing a spouse in low sight and blind females.

The research method was based on the qualitative method and with a descriptive phenomenological type. The participants were selected by sampling by the target by 2018 in Tehran city. For gathering, information used the semi-structured interview. To achieve the research goals, gathering data was continued until Theoretical saturation by 20 low sight and blind females who were registered in the Tehran welfare organization. The interviews were analyzed by seven step Colaizzi’s method.

The findings of this study showed that the experience of low sight and blind females could be classified as four main Contents including; psychological need and the experience of love and freedom, choosing spouse criteria, fear and concerns from the future of marriage, and social stigma. The main content or concept was the marriage in the shadow of hope and despair.

This study results in attention to the phenomenological world’s and experiences and the concept of low sight and blind females about the marriage and choosing a spouse to bring the new image of concerns and challenges of them to mental health and rehabilitation professionals. The interests of the marriage among these girls can be divided into two sides. One side is personal experiences, and the second side was the understating of people as disabled in society. It seems to be the awareness of psychological, social, and emotional needs that can introduce helpful information for therapy and practice to rehabilitation and mental health professionals.