فهرست مطالب محمود عابدینی

Ethnic differences, like culture and language, responsible for shaping many of the cognitions of the environment, behaviors, and emotions in societies, so the aim of this study was to compare of gender beliefs and attitudes toward divorce between Kurdish and Fars students according Gender. The research method is comparative or post-event. The statistical population included all 20,000 Kurdish and Persian girls and boys in two Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj Branch and Sari Branch during the period from February to April 2017. And the research participant 370 (370 samples in Kurdish group and 370 samples in Persian group) were investigated using non-randomized purposeful method. In this research, three tools included; the Attitude to Divorce Scale of Kinnaird & Gerrard (1986), Family Assessment Device questionnaire of Epstein, Baldwin & Bishop (1983) and Gender Belief Scale of Bem (1974) were used for measurement of variables. One-Way Covariance Analysis (MANCOVA) was used for data analysis. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the subscales of gender beliefs and attitude toward divorce between Persian and Kurd students. And between the roles (F =5/702, P

Background and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system that is an auto-immune disease, where the immune system gets confused and attacks the nerve cells, damaging this protective layer of myelin sheath. The prevalence of MS is 52 per 100000 worldwide. The relation between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and MS is well understood but studies reported different results. This study aimed at determining any association between IgG and IgG and EBV in patients with MS and healthy controls.
A case-control study was performed in which serum samples were collected from 45 MS patients (attending Sari Boali-Sina Hospital, Iran, 2014-2015) and 45 control samples. The blood samples were centrifuged and plasma was separated. All samples were tested for anti EBV antibodies using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA).
In this study, 100% of samples from patients with MS were IgG positive and 85% of control samples were IgG positive. We found that 13.3% of MS positive samples were IgM positive but all control samples were IgM negative.
According to our results the rate of positive IgM against EBV-CA in patients with MS was higher than that in normal individuals.

Fasting in holy month of Ramadan is an important obligation of Muslims and increases their physical and mental health. Fasting has no negative effect on incidence and course of most of neurological diseases, but results are controversial regarding few disorders. This systematic review aimed to investigate neurologic diseases, their etiology and the way to prevent them in Ramadan. In this systematic review, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google scholar, Magiran, IranMedex and SID databases were searched by relevant keywords for time interval of 2000-2014. Based on results, fasting has no effect on hemorrhagic and arterial ischemic strokes. The incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis increases in Ramadan with the main etiology of taking oral contraceptive pills(OCPs). Fasting has no adverse effect and probably improve the quality of life in mildly disabled multiple sclerosis patients. But it is not recommended in patients with severe disability. The effect of fasting on seizure and headache has controversial results. Incorrect medication use by patients, taking OCPs and absence of appropriate medical advices are the most common underlying factors of increased incidence of neurologic diseases during fasting. Therefore, rise of public awareness and reasonable medical advices could be helpful in prevention of neurologic diseases during fasting.

accidents as one of the most important risk factors for health, social and economic and industrial development have been introduced. This study examined the statistics of occupational injuries recorded during the year has been different. In this cross-sectional study, all cases of occupational accidents injured people admitted to the Department of Labor, Cooperatives and Social Welfare during the years 2009 to 2015 were in the city of Yazd. Details of the event include the event, time of accident, the cause of the accident, a member of the Czech list of injured and were classified. The number of accidents in this study, 831 cases were reported. The highest number of accidents in men 29-25 years of age, married status and education as well as guidance. By the time of the incident, at 13-10 had the highest number of accidents. The highest number of incidents for the morning (476 cases) and night (32), respectively. The cause of the accident, unprotected machine or a technical violation and most of the event (335), getting caught in or between objects and the car was cited. Fractures and injuries as the result of an accident was reported. The accident injured most awkward and least well into the circulatory system and nervous. Overall the training and encourage workers to use safety equipment, emphasis on respect for national laws and regulations of occupational health and safety according to the device used by employers can be considerable percentage of the accidents studied cut.

Background and Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one the most prevalent diseases associated with neurological and non-traumatic disability in adults. This autoimmune disease affects the central nervous system (CNS) and manifests different signs and symptoms. The prevalence of disease and age of onset varies considerably across the world. This study aimed at investigating demographic, clinical characteristics, and different risk factors in patients with MS. The study was performed on 152 MS patients from May 2013-July 2014. McDonald diagnostic criteria were used for disease diagnosis. Data was recorded and analyzed in SPSS V.17. The mean age of patients was 31.6 ± 7.3 and females were three times more likely to be afflicted with MS. Most of the female patients were married. The majority of patients had benign disease (86.4%), and positive family history of MS was found in 21.2%. Plaque lesions in MRI were seen in 94% of the patients. Sensory loss, visual impairment and depression were observed in 45.7%, 43.8%, and 9.2%, respectively. Visual impairment was the first sign of the disease that was observed in most of the patients (41.3%). Fatigue and sexual dysfunction were significantly different between relapse-remitting, primary progressive, and secondary progressive form of MS (P= 0.05 and P= 0.02, respectively). Fatigue was associated with disease progression but other symptoms were not significantly different between three forms of the disease. Demographic and clinical characteristics of MS in Mazandaran province were similar to those reported from other countries. MS registry is recommended to record all MS cases in order to increase knowledge on demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment options, and patient’s response to medications. Furthermore, high familial prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Mazandaran province compared with other regions in Iran calls for further genetic analyses.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although the main cause of MS is still unknown, several risk factors may contribute in MS development. In the search for the etiology of MS, infectious agents, genetic factors, and/or their combination were believed to participate in MS occurrence. The association between MS and infectious diseases was proposed by Pierre Marie in 1884. It was later accepted following epidemiological studies, analysis on twins, immigrants and animal model. This study aimed at investigating the possible relationship between infectious agents and MS. Our findings showed that viral agents such as EBV, borna virus, measles, mumps, and fungi are possible agents in MS development, while parasites may induce immunomodulatory effects. Identifying the relationship between MS and infectious agents and determining a special pathogenic agent for MS could lead to novel treatment strategies. Furthermore, it may result in developing preventive programs. Therefore, further studies are needed to understand and identify the infectious agents that might affect the pathogenesis of MS and their mechanism of actions.

Interferons (IFNs) are pleotropic cytokines with strong anti-viral and immunomodulatory properties. Their function is dependent to signaling pathway upon binding to IFN receptor. Both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects are seen in interferons-related immune responses. While, interferons are in direct correlation with autoantibodies production during autoimmunity, they have protective effects. This paradoxical role of interferons may impose on immunopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and selecting appropriate medical strategies. Here, we will review the role of interferons in autoimmune diseases such as giant cell arteritis and describe a general overview on their dual role in autoimmune diseases including, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and scleroderma.

post stroke depressionis one of the common emotional disorders affecting stroke survivors.Strokeis one of neurologic diseases and is a public health problem. the purpose of this study was to deter mine the relationship of risk factorswithprevalenceofpost stroke depression.

this descriptive study was performed with relevant sampling metod on 116 inpatient ischemic strokethat admitted in the department of neurology BoaliSinahospital in Sari. recognitionbrainischemicstroke was on the basis clinical recognize neurologist and confirmed with use Brain. C.T.S & M.R.I. Frequency of depression, according to DSM IV criteria & HADS inquiry determined and demographic data were registered by the patient andrisk factors were registered on the basis resultparaclinic testes then confirmed by the physician. all of data analyzed by SPSS 16, Chi Square, Lojestic Regression.

findingshowed in this study % 47/4 of patient sufferedpost stroke depression. the frequency of depression in was significantly higher in women (29.3%) than men was (18.1%). there was no significant relation between depression and age andliteracy level. there was significantrelation between depression with sex (sig= 0.004) & diabet mellitus (sig= 0.000) & hypertension (sig= 0.003).

our result study show that post stroke depression is prevalent in our society, andthisismoreprominent among women. there is significant relation between depression with sex & diabet & hypertension. earlydiagnosisand treatment and psychologist or psychiatry intervention can help to decrease post stroke depression. specially in women and improve quality of life & expectancy of lifein these patients.

The combination of generalized broken livedoreticularis and cerebrovascular accident is referred to as Sneddon syndrome with the incidence of 4/million/year. It predominates among young women and the more prevalent mean age at the moment of diagnosis is the fifth decade. The disease has a slow and progressive clinical course that can lead to disability or death، due to neurological problems or associated complications. Livedo reticularis is characterized by persistent lesions with a cyanotic coloration، which are not influenced by temperature. Patients should be classified as primary Sneddon syndrome، if no etiologic factor can be detected، and secondary Sneddon syndrome، which occurs mainly as part of an autoimmune disorder or in a thrombophilic state. The severity of the disease seems to be correlated with magnetic resonance imaging aspects، but not to the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies. Histopathological study revealed that the disease affects small and medium arteries، located in the profound dermis and superior band of the subcutaneous cellular tissue. We have reported a patient with recurrent vascular accident who had significant skin lesion named livedoreticularis as long as treating for obsessive convulsive for a long time and infertility. We want to emphasis to see well as the first step of examination for diagnosis and treatment of disease.

Background and Ischemic brain stroke is one of the most common neurologic diseases and the second cause of death among adults. There is currently no information on the relationship between risk factors influencing anterior and posterior circulation. The most common ischemic strokes occur in the (anterior circulation) AC, while strokes occurring in the posterior circulation (PC) are more severe. We sought to explore the differences between risk factors of common ischemic brain strokes on AC and PC. In this prospective descriptive study, we evaluated 200 patients referring to Sari Bualisina and Behshahr Imam Hospitals. Strokes in AC and PC were diagnosed by clinical and neuroimaging findings including brain CT Scanning and MRI. Pre-stroke cerebrovascular risk factors were recorded for each patient including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and smoking. Among the patients 40.4% had hypertension, 45.2% were diabetic, 33.3% were hyperlipidemic, 14.7 % had ischemic heart disease and 7.7% were smokers. The effect of age and sex was not significant between circulations. The prevalence of hypertension as a major risk factor of stroke and diabetes mellitus was higher in patients with PC stroke compared to patients with AC stroke (P<0.05). The co effect of diabetes mellitus and hypertension did not have any significant effect on type of circulation. The prevalence of hyperlipidemia was five times higher in patients with AC stroke (P<0.05). No any significant difference was seen between smoking and ischemic heart diseases and the type of circulation. The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus as major risk factors of stroke resulted in more PC strokes. Therefore, controlling the risk factors is of great importance to reduce the rate of such strokes.

Background and Multiple sclerosis (M. S) is one of the diseases of nervous system that is accompanied with destruction of neuron ways corded sheath. Side effects of this diseases involves all aspects of the patient because of its weakening nature and as a result declines hope to life of the patient. Declining hope of life has a considerable role in accelerating acute diseases like multiple sclerosis (M. S). This study has been done with the aim of investigating effectuality of group treatment of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on the hope of life in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (M. S). For this purpose، thirty patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (M. S) referring to Bou Ali SIna Hospital in Sari were chosen in frame of a semi-experimental study accompanied with control & evaluation group of pre-test and post-test and one month follow-up and they were assigned to test and witness groups randomly (n2=n2=15). The experimental group were exposed in a treatment group of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) within three month and in a 12-session period and witness group were placed in waiting list. The tool of collecting data was Hallajian Hope to Life Test (2010). The results arising from covariance showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy group will cause to increase hope to life in target group. Due to the effectuality of cognitive behavioral therapy group in increasing hope of life in patients suffering from M. S، it seems that including cognitive behavioral therapy group in the process of treatment of M. S patients، can be led to the mental health of the patients specially increasing hope of life in such patients. In new educational package، group treatment of cognitive behavioral therapy consisting of 12-session group treatment program which its goal is challenging and changing negative cognitions of the individuals who are suffering from anxiety disorders like stress، depression، disappointment and severe wrath. Every course includes instructions for exercise in order to attain the aims of treatment and in order to have better performance، different resources about the manner of leading treatment process in group will be available in addition to have a lot of notes. In this program، different existing findings and insights in relation to mental therapy within the last 20 years، will be mixed.

Background and Based on the epidemiologic studies، stroke has become one of the fundamental problems in the Middle East. Considering to the role of serum paraoxonase (PON1) in stroke، the present study designed to evaluate the prognostic importance of paraoxonase to arylesterase activity ratio (Para/Aryl) and ratios of the activities to HDL in nondiabetic patients with ischemic stroke. In this case-control study، 85 patients with ischemic stroke (46 men and 39 women) and 71 control individuals (38 men and 33 women) were enrolled. Paraoxonase and arylesterase activities were determined spectrophotometrically using paraoxon and phenylacetate as the substrates، respectively. Lipid profile was assayed using laboratory kits. The statistical analysis was performed by t-test، Chi-square and Spearman Correlation tests. Compared with the control group، apo A1 levels were significantly decreased (P=0. 000). Among three ratios of Para/Aryl، Para/HDL and Aryl/HDL، the greatest statistical difference belonged to Para/Aryl (P=0. 016). Para/HDL and Aryl/HDL ratios were higher in patients than controls (P=0. 097 and P=0. 57، respectively). There was a significant positive correlation (r= 0. 268، P= 0. 015) between arylesterase activity and apo A1 levels in patients. It concluded that in the evaluation of PON1 status in nondiabetic patients with ischemic stroke، the assay of Para/Aryl and Para/HDL ratios are better indicators of measuring the activity alone. Increased amounts of Para/Aryl، Para/HDL and Aryl/HDL and reduced levels of Aryl may be considered as prognostic biomarkers in the study patients.

Hallervorden Spatz Disease is a rare familial neurodegenerative disorder, which primarily affects children but also, can occur in adults. Major clinical features are abnormal involuntary movements and cognitive impairment. Diagnosis is based on clinical and radiological features. The radiological features are hypointense signals in globus pallidus and substantia nigra on MRÏ of brain. Ôccasionally the pallidal hypointense signals surround hyperintense signals, this is known as “tiger-eye-sign” and is postulated to be specific for Hallervorden Spatz Disease. We report a brother and sister with such MRÏ findings.

Introduction & Migraine is the most common cause of headache. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of topiramate (TPM) in the prevention of drug-resistant migraine headache. This is a double-blind clinical trial conducted on 70 patients between ages 15 to 45 years referred to the Bu Ali Sina Hospital in Sari with a history of migraine attacks based on International Headache Society criteria for a period of more than one years with a minimum incidence of 1 to 6 attacks per month. The drug rate performance was assessed by response rate to treatment, mean changes in the number and severity of migraine attacks compared with the placebo group for 3 months. Collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Newman-Keuls and Spearman’s Coefficient Rank Correlation as the post hoc tests. GRAPHPAD software was used for analysis of the data. 66 of 70 patients completed the study. The mean age of the patients was 30.33±7.9 years. A significant reduction in the severity and frequency of migraine attacks was seen in all months (P < 0.0001) for topiramate treated group in compare to placebo group. Responder rate for patients treated with TPM was significantly higher than placebo group (63.6%, P<0.0001) in the 3rd month of the treatment Side effects of treatment were transient and well tolerated. Low dose of TPM showed significant efficacy in prevention of migraine attacks within the first, second, and third month of treatment. Low dose of TPM seems to be a good therapeutic option for the patients with refractory migraine.

Introduction and MS is one of the progressive and chronic demyelinative disorders involving active members of society. The study of quality of life in these patients could decrease relieve some disabilities and promotes residual abilities to maximal levels. Regarding relatively high prevalence of MS in Mazandaran province, this study was designed to measure the quality of life in Multiple sclerosis patients living in Mazandaran Province. In this discriptive study, the community of research included members of Mazandaran Multiple Sclerosis Association (MMSA). The census sampling method was used. The volunteers (101 patients) were assessed from october 2005 to March 2006. Assessment tool for data collection was standard questionnaire SF-36. This questionnaire consists of 36 questions and its validity has already been determined in many countries including Iran and it has high reliability (alpha chronbach 0.77-0.90). Clinical manifestations and the severity of the disease were evaluated with history and physical examination taken by Neurologist and using EDSS criteria. The results showed that 76% of the patients were females and 26% were males. The age range was 18-60 years (mean age 33.27 ± 8.31). The emergence of disease was at age 12-54 years (mean age 27.12 ± 8.03). About %7 of the patients had positive family history of multiple sclerosis. The mean score (based on 100) of general health, physical health, mental health, vivacity, social health, and physical pain were, respectively, 41.34 ± 10.22, 54.75 ± 30.25, 53.25 ± 22.03, 54.75 ± 24.44, 56.62 ± 20.96, and 35.75 ± 31.68.. In this study, the quality of life was relatively good in all aspects. This may be due to mildness of disease in majority of the patients, low age at time of disease emergence and shorter duration of disease.