محمود قدیری

Analyzing the Quality of Life Indicators in Urban neighborhoodsCase Study: Koh-‎Banan CityExtended AbstractIntroductionCities were quickly developed after the industrial revolution. As the population increased, ‎various ‎socio-economic problems also increased in the cities. these problems in return ‎caused dangerous ‎effects not only on environment but also on soul and body of inhabitants. ‎In response to these ‎problems and crisis, new concepts and procedures were suggested for ‎future developments. Some ‎of these concepts are: sustainable development, bio-‎environmental justice, new urbanism and more ‎recently intelligent growth. Also, in ‎recent years, serious attention to the sustainable development ‎of city officials and urban ‎planners at different levels of social, economic and cultural, tangible ‎aspects of urban life ‎and lower levels (neighborhood) has attracted. So, the attention to the ‎importance of ‎sustainable development neighborhood is very important. Therefore, ‎understanding ‎and analyzing of sustainability of cities and their inside differences including‎ Kuh-Bānan city, is ‎necessary for sustainable development. ‎ ‎‎ After the rapid population growth in the Iranian cities, these cities have experienced great ‎changes. The rapid growth of urbanization in recent decades and neglect of the qualitative aspects ‎of human life have had adverse consequences on the individual and social health of cities. The ‎concept of quality of life was provided by Remington Bauer for the concept of quality of life in the ‎late 20th century. Quality of life is generally recognized as satisfying life, happiness and ‎prosperity, well-being and comfort, and reflects the level of expectation of human needs. The ‎purpose of the concept of urban quality of life is to achieve urban development, especially ‎sustainable development, to achieve prosperity and appropriate use of facilities. Quality of life has ‎different meanings for individuals and groups. Some have interpreted it as an area's viability, ‎others have been interpreted as measures for the level of attractiveness, and some as general ‎welfare, social welfare, happiness, satisfaction, etc. Kowastanza et al. (2007) define quality of life ‎as the level of human needs in relation to the perceptions of individuals and groups of mental well-‎being. Das (2008) defines the quality of life as a well-being or a poor state of the people and their ‎living environment.‎‎ So, the purpose of this study is analyzing the quality of life indicators of Kohbanan city based ‎on a descriptive-analytical research, which has been studied social, economic, physical and ‎environmental indicators in different districts of the city.‎MethodologyThe present study is a descriptive-analytical case-based documentary-field study. In the main part ‎of the study, a survey method has been used on Kohbanan city‎. Kohbanan city have three ‎neighborhoods, includes: Ansar, Dameer and Taleghani neighborhoods. The sample size was ‎determined by the Cochran method and equated to 377 households. Hence, using the appropriate ‎allocation of the population (households) of each neighborhood, the questionnaire was distributed ‎among households as well. In this research, we use the ANP and Fuzzy logic and T-test method. ‎Then, based on the theoretical foundations of the research, the concept of quality of life was ‎defined and operationalized in 4 dimensions, 8 components and 29 indicators. ArcGIS, ANP and ‎fuzzy logic have been used to analyze the spatial distribution of quality of life in neighborhoods.‎Results and ConclusionThe results of the analysis of the questionnaires and the output of the models used indicate that the ‎Ansar neighborhood with a total area of 301021 square meters and a normal weight of 0.426 is ‎more than other areas of Koh-Banan. This suggests that in the Ansar neighborhood quality of life ‎is at a higher level. Consequently, citizens have been satisfied with the quality of life and their ‎efficiency. Also, Taleghani neighborhood with an area of 133029 square meters and a normal ‎weight of 0.339 is moderate in terms of quality of life indicators, and satisfaction in Dameer ‎neighborhood with a coefficient of 0.233 is lower than standard, and in fact their residents have ‎lower quality of life Who need more service and welfare. The t-test student method has also been ‎used to analyze the influence the quality of life indicators on the Koh-Banan neighborhoods. ‎Among the indicators used, the index of income in the economic dimension, with an average of ‎‎3.83, has been ranked first. The second is allocated to The social dimension related to the access ‎to health facilities with average 3.23. the lowest is the satisfaction of the waste disposal system ‎and the waste collection system with an average of 0.775 which shows the greatest impact on the ‎quality of life. So, by strengthening the index of waste disposal systems and waste collection, we ‎can influence to improve the quality of life in the city Kuh-Banan increase.‎ConclusionAccording to the results of the dissatisfaction of residents in the two urban neighborhoods (Ansar ‎and Dmitry) Kuh-Banan, urban neighborhoods in terms of quality of life and their degree of ‎satisfaction can be seen as a kind of classification and disparity, and this issue is necessary for the ‎proper organization and satisfaction of citizens to redefine the quality of life with a fair approach ‎from the receiving institutions. ‎‎ The results showed that there is Inequality and differences between various areas of ‎ Kuh-‎Banan city. So, reduction of these inequalities ‎‎(in social, economic, environmental and physical ‎aspects) is necessary for actual ‎sustainability of Boushehr city. Finally, in order to improve the ‎quality of life in the city, it is suggested that the fair distribution of service as well as the ‎development of health and medical facilities be in the center of planning. In this relation, we must ‎prioritize the area and indexes that have lowest level of ‎sustainability. Also, it is necessary ‎to ‎select reliable indexes for specific cities, because the assessment of sustainability is ‎depended ‎on selected indexes seriously.

The point of shared urban planning and social justice in the city is distributive justice. Considering the two criteria, the accessibility and spatial distribution of services is the basis for the fair distribution of urban services. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the spatial equilibrium of access to urban services in Eghlid. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Data were gathered using a survey method and a questionnaire. Citizens of neighborhoods in Euclid are the statistical population of the research. The sample size was determined using the Cochran formula 381. For data analysis, one sample T test, Friedman test, Spearman correlation coefficient, and VIKOR and AHP technique were used. The results of the study showed that access to services in Eghlid based on single sample t test has a significant difference. According to the Vikor technique, the Husseinabad neighborhood has the most access to urban services. According to Spearman's correlation coefficient, there is a significant and direct relationship between access to services and quality of life. However, based on this coefficient, there is no significant relationship between access to services and the population in Eghlid. According to the results of the Friedman test, the Elyassan neighborhood has the highest level of quality of life. In sum, the results indicate that the spatial equilibrium in access to urban services in Eghlid is not realized.

The employment phenomenon plays an important role in creating tendencies for centralization and shaping inequalities at the ‎regional level. Considering the fact that the main source of concentration and density is ‎occupational centralization, the aim of this study is to investigate the distribution patterns and employment focus ‎in Bushehr Province during the years 1365 to 1390 with a focus on Bushehr County. So, four questionnaires ‎were used to explore the patterns of ‎distribution and concentration of employment in the ‎province.‎ Based on a literature review and the theoretical background, four ‎hypotheses were ‎formed. Those hypotheses were tested through a descriptive-analytical research method. ‎Concentration and distribution of employment were analyzed ‎by the Location Quotient technique of ‎distribution, concentration Quotient, ‎locational association technique, and linear regression.‎ ‎The results of the tests on the level of concentration and distribution showed a higher ‎concentration in Bushehr County than in the other counties during different years. ‎However, Kangan County had higher ‎concentration in 2006 and 2011. The ‎findings of the locational association analysis showed that a high level of ‎industrial activity has caused absorption and concentration in every business area ‎in this ‎county. The results of regression analysis showed that the adherence of transportation job was in first rank, ‎and building activity was in second rank.‎

Today, in various approaches to urban development, social capital has been ‎emphasized as the main factor and necessary condition for the development of ‎localities and poverty reduction. Hence, the study of social capital, especially in ‎poorer neighborhoods, is essential. The purpose of this study was to analyze the ‎status and relationship of social capital with physical environment sustainability in ‎Zamzam poor district in order to obtain the necessary knowledge and provide ‎appropriate strategies. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Data were ‎collected by field method and by household questionnaire. The sample size was ‎determined by Cochran method and equal to 250 households. Sampling was done by ‎systematic random sampling. Measurement of social capital indicators and physical ‎environment sustainability was performed using SAW model. The weight of the ‎indicators was also obtained by the AHP group methodology and by asking 15 ‎academic experts in related disciplines. Data analysis was done by descriptive ‎statistics, Pearson correlation and multivariate regression. The findings showed ‎that the total value of the social capital of Zamzam neighborhood is 32.2, ‎which is moderate to high. The overall index of the sustainability of the ‎physical environment is also 1.71, indicating low and inadequate status. ‎Correlation coefficient between physical environment sustainability and ‎social capital is 0.48 which is significant at level 0.05. The explanation ‎coefficient also showed that more than 80% of the level of physical ‎sustainability was due to social trust indicators, participation, solidarity ‎and social network‏.‏

Nowadays the discussion on Physical- Spatial Expansion of cities is one of the problems of developing countries, especially Iran. The growth causes and pattern of a city is the most critical matters of the recent century. So, recognition of spatial growth causes and pattern of main cities of regions and countries such as Abdanan City is necessary for drawing up suitable policies and achieving sustainable development. In this regard, in the framework of sustainable development and urban smart growth theories, the causes and quality of spatial growth pattern of Abdanan City were evaluated in the framework of the analytical-descriptive research method. In this framework, for analyzing the population and employment distribution used Gini and Entropy's indexes. For analyzing the development pattern we used Moran and General G indexes, and Holdren model and Shanon Entropy's. The necessary data was collect by librarian method. The necessary data was collect by librarian method. The results showed that there are imbalance in population and employment distribution. The results also showed that the Abdanan City have had a random development pattern tending to Clustered pattern by forming a hot spot in its south part and a cold spot in its north part and because of low density, the results indicated in the ascendancy of the dispersed pattern. The results showed that Abdanan City despite dispersed growth in most periods, during 1385-1390, have had a sprawl growth of 97 percent and less than 3 percent of that is because of population growth and the real needs of the land. Finally, the results showed that management and economical parameters have high role in growth pattern of Abdanan city.

Urban Physical development has been the major concern of urban planners during recent years, therefore, better understanding of urban and its development is necessary for sustainable development. Urban physical development resulted to destroying Agricultural lands, moving to hazardous areas like flooding areas, hazardous earthquake areas, unreliable slopes which in fact damages ecological balance and sustainability in cities. Shiraz, as an example, shows that urban physical development due to rapid growth of population and lack of ecological and environmental considerations results in development of city to hazardous ecological and natural areas. This research is to answer following question: Is physical development of Shiraz city happened toward natural hazardous areas and occurred in farmlands and gardens during 1956-2006?The aim of this research is remarking which areas developed in natural and environmental vulnerable area. Urban sustainability means ecological-physical balance which considers natural and environmental urban physical development. Analysis of these variables was performed by linear combination technique with regard to information structure and its ability to be used in computer systems. After choosing ecological and topographical criteria like slope, height, dangerous earthquake areas and farmland were graded by linear combination. Then, these criteria were analyzed and combined by ArcGIS software tools. The results showed that from the total area of the city, 38.6 percent are unfavorable zones, 38.5 percent lower zones and only 22.8 percent comprises the appropriate zone. This situation indicates that the environmental suitability of Shiraz city is low.

For tourism development, existing of tourist attractions is not enough, but developing of suitable tourist facilities is neccessory. So, according to the importance of tourist facilities in attracting tourists, especially to suburban places, the present study investigate the status of the tourist satisfaction of tourist facilities in Chak-Chak in Ardakan county. So, 106 number of tourists were selected in Norooz 2013 by Convenience sampling method. To gather data, library method, field method as well as tourist questionnaires were applied. Gathered data analyzed with descriptive (number, frequency, percentage, mean) and quantitative (T-Test, One-Way Anova, Pearson correlation) method. Regarding the first hypotheses, the findings indicated that tourists believe that the status of tourist facilities is very inappropriate in Chak-Chak and tourist satisfaction in all these three dimensions is low and very low; as a result, the first hypothesis was confirmed. The results indicated that the second hypothesis reject relatively, so that the total findings indicated that Chak-Chak tourists’ satisfaction is only significantly different in about religion variable. The results suggested that tourists’ satisfaction is not significantly different in all variables, except job position. To test the third hypothesis, the results of relationship analysis of tourists’ satisfaction and social-economic variables revealed that Chak-Chak tourists’ satisfaction has a significant relationship with all variables (gender, religion and job position) except age. So in general, the third hypothesis was relatively confirmed. In all, low level of tourist satisfaction indicate that the planning system ignored these places, whereas need more attention

This research trying to analyze the quality of reconstructed urban services and visage in Bam city after 1382 earthquake. At present, more than 10years have passed from the earthquake occurrence and Bam city is reconstructed for inhabitants living. So the research main questions are presented here: 1) Do the prospect quality and constructed districts services of Bam city have differences with each other? 2) Is there any relation between the prospect quality and Bam city districts services after the earthquake with social-economic condition? The research method is descriptive-analytic. In this research the prospect quality concept and district services were defined based on 6 indices and 39 sub indices. The weights of each index were obtained through the group AHP method. Needed data gathered by households, experts and field questionnaires. For testing hypotheses used causal-comparative and correlation methods. Sample size calculated by Cochran's method (311 households). Sampling has done by cluster and random methods. Gathered data were analyzed by: One-way ANOVA and Tukey-test at first hypotheses; and correlations methods at second hypotheses. The results showed that the quality of reconstructed residential environment in Bam is different between various neighborhoods. Also, the results of correlation test showed that general quality have significant relation with literacy, income, occupation and socio-economic status at 99 percent of confidence. According to the findings, physical quality at society scale has socio-economical aspects. So, we must pay attention to this point seriously.

IntroductionToday, improving and increasing the inhabitant environment quality is the main purpose of the civil planner policies. In this study, the improper location of the physical elements and the urban land uses, the inefficient street network, the compact urban fabric, the high urban density, the improper condition of infrastructures, and the lack of civil open spaces and some other items are such matters which have the main role in increasing the vulnerability of cities to earthquake. In this study, in December 26, 2003, Bam was shaking with the intensity of 6.3 Richter during which 30000 people were killed while 30000 people were injured. Most of the city sections were destroyed completely and other parts also were destroyed up to 30 to 70 percent. The reconstruction quality of Bam is discussed according to the harsh earthquake in 2003 in Bam and the construction of a new city afterwards, so, we should have the deep look to the reconstruction after the earthquake as an opportunity for removing development obstacles. In this relation, the evaluation of reconstruction quality of Bam city is very important. So, the research is trying to analyze the differences of the reconstruction quality of Bam neighborhoods after 2003 earthquake with emphasis on household’s socio-economic status.
Theoretical FrameworkDisasters themselves are devastating, but they do provide the opportunity for governments and communities to implement strategies and frameworks that not only recover and reconstruct but also mitigate against the consequences of further disasters. There are a number of different post-disaster reconstruction approaches adopted by the governments after the disasters. The different approaches primarily relate to the amount of control a household possesses over the reconstruction of their homes. The different approaches principally fall into two different reconstruction philosophies the owner-driven reconstruction and donor-driven reconstruction.
The selection of a specific Post-disaster reconstruction approach should be decided on the basis of the results of a damage and the loss assessment conducted after the disaster along with the consultation with the affected communities and the leading disaster agency. However, the main purpose of the reconstruction is sustainable and equal development, the emphasis on low income and weak households and groups, and the minimum differences of reconstruction quality. So, the selection of the suitable planning and management model and continued evaluation of the reconstruction quality and process is necessary to achievement this purposes.
MethodologyIn this study, the research method is analytical-descriptive. The operational definition of reconstruction quality offered in 7 indices and 9 sub-indices, by AHP and SAW methods. The required data are gathered by households, experts, and field questionnaires. The sample is 319 households calculatedTo test the hypothes causal-comparative method is used. The collecteddata are analyzed by One-Way ANOVAs and Tukey test.
Results & DiscussionThe results of One-Way ANOVAs showed that there is a significant difference between Bam neighborhoods in the quality of reconstruction. Also, there is a significant difference in 5 dimensions of quality of reconstruction between neighborhoods. The results also showed that the physical quality of reconstruction is different between various neighborhoods and is not suitable. The considerable point in this research is the meaningful differences of services accessibility in Bam after the reconstruction. The results show lack of attention to the proper accessibility to all families and neighborhoods. This reveals the regeneration of unequal condition that has been before the earthquake.
Results showed that the degree of prospect quality and services is 63, 58, and 53 for high, middle, and low neighborhoods according to the defined scales of 1 to 100, the degrees lower 40 show the low quality, and the degrees between 40 and 60 show the medium quality. Also, the, result showed that the degree of composed index of reconstruction quality is 56/38, 48/54, and 40/99 for the high, middle, and low neighborhoods. Also, in relation to the general I ndex of quality of reconstruction, the results showed that neighborhoods have significant differences at 99% confidence level. So, the quality of reconstruction of bam city is medium and its degree differs between different neighborhoods.
Conclusions & SuggestionsThe result of research shows that the opportunity of reconstruction is not used properly. According to the findings, reconstruction quality at the society scale has socio-economic aspects. So, we must pay attention to this point seriously. Finally, the results are in agreement with this scientific rule that access to reconstruction opportunities is not equal and depends on the socio-economic status of households and the status of other factors of greater and macro scales, such as: government policies, pattern and ability of planning system, government worldview and definition of equity, and the amount of success to implement the equity and sustainable policies.

Cities were quickly developed after the industrial revolution. Alongside the population growth, various socio-economic problems also increased in the cities. These problems in return caused dangerous effects not only on environment but also on soul and body of inhabitants. In response to these problems and crises, new concepts and procedures were suggested for future developments. Some of these concepts are: sustainable development, bio-environmental justice, new urbanism and more recently intelligent growth. Therefore, understanding and analyzing of sustainability of cities and their inside differences including Boushehr city, is necessary for better planning and Sustainable development. Nowadays, with respect to the urbanization characteristics and necessity sustainability development, understanding and analyzing Sustainability of cities and their inner differences, for better planning and sustainable development is necessary. Thus as there is no study about Boushehr citys sustainable development, this research analyzes the situation of this city about sustainable development in different dimensions. Then, based on the investigation of theoretical bases and research background, and characteristics of Bushehr city, the following hypotheses wre offered: There is differences between various area of Boushehr city about the level of sustainability (in social, economic, environmental and physical aspects), so that south area of Boushehr city has lower sustainability level.
In this research, the sustainability of Boushehr city was analyzed by various social, economic and bio-environmental indexes. For testing hypothesis, first, operational definition of sustainability was offered at 4 dimensions and 44 indexes. With respect to the research hypotheses and their nature, research methodology was descriptive and analytical. To test the hypothesis, according to the operational definition and selected indexes, we used Morris Inequality Index, Standardized Score and ArcGIS Software.
With confirmation of the hyphothesis, the results showed that the degree of sustainability is different between Boushehr districts based on the positive and negative indexes. Final results based on the synthetic value also showed that the district 2-3 with 1.01 degree is sustainable, districts 4, 6 and 7 with degree 0.47, 0.56 and 0.73 are semi- sustainable. Districts 1 and 5 with degrees -0.04 and 0.03 are in between, and district 9 with a degree of -1.68 is unsustainable. There fore, the hypothesis was confirmed based on the results of Z-score and Morris inequality indexes. Also, the results of this research were presented as suitable maps designed in ArcGIS Software.
The results indicated that there was inequality and difference between various areas of Boushehr city. Finally, although Boushehr city is sustainable in relation to urban points of country, but there is inequality between various areas of it. Thus the, reduction of these inequalities (in social, economic, environmental and physical aspects) is necessary for actual sustainability of Boushehr city. In this relation, we must prioritize the area and indexes that have lowest level of sustainability, such as district 9 and social and ecological indexes. Also, it is necessary to select reliable indexes for specific cities, because the assessment of sustainability is seriously dependent on selected indexes.

Vulnerability reduction against earthquake needs clear and targeted Plans and It necessitates an integrated approach regarding the dimensions and causes of vulnerability. So, this research is aimed to assess Iran 5-years development plans and answering to these questions: 1) Do Iran 5-years development plans have integrated approach to earthquake vulnerability? 2) What changes have happened in the approach of Iran 5-years development plans to vulnerability? for answering these questions, theoretical framework has made and two hypothesis offered. For testing hypothesis, at the framework of descriptive- analytical research method, the operational definition of "quality of the approach of development plans to vulnerability" offered in 4 dimensions, 16 indexes and 64 indicators, based on the Likert scaleand by SAW AND AHP methods . Data was gathered with library method. Analysis the data were done with quantitative and descriptive method. Results for confirming the first hypothesis suggested that the degree of socio- economic dimension of vulnerability is low and unsuitable in all plans.Also the degree of the participatory- cultural aspects is low and unsuitable. But, in contrast the degree of management- commandership aspects and technical-physical dimensions has increased strongly after the second plan. Results indicates the dominance of management, technical- physical approach and lack of an integrated approach. Also, the results for approving the second hypothesis showed that the expanding of attention to disaster management and vulnerability reduction has increased quantitatively from the first plan up to the fifth plan, mostly in indexes related with management and technical- physical dimensions.

Disaster is a sudden and unusual condition happens as a result of natural and unnatural hazards. Community preparedness toward disaster is a cost effective method that decreases damages. Shiraz city located in Zagros folds with high tendency to earthquake. According to this, we did the analysis of differences of perception- mental of Shiraz communitie's preparedness in order to plan effectively in future disaster. Therefore, research hypotheses offered. So, the operational definition of perceptional- mental preparedness concept offered in three indexes and eighteen indicators, and combined by AHP and SAW methods. Needed data gathered by households, experts and field questionnaires. For testing hypotheses used causal-comparative and correlation methods. Sample size calculated by Cochran's method. Sampling has done by cluster and random methods. Gathered data were analyzed by: One-way ANOVA and Tukey-test at first hypotheses; and correlations methods at second hypotheses. Results showed that perceptional- mental preparedness of households is low in the Shiraz city. Also, perceptional- mental preparedness did not have any significantly difference in the three neighbors (high, middle and low). So, the first hypothesis was not confirmed. On the other hand, the results of correlation test showed that Mental-perceptinal preparedness has significant relation with age, income, occupation at 95% and education, socio-economic status at 99% of confidence. So, second hypothesis was confirmed. According to the findings, preparedness at society scale has socio-economical aspects. So, we must pay attention to this point seriously.

For vulnerability reduction of cities to earthquake hazard, such as Tehran city, it is necessary to adopt policies based on the accurate recognition of the nature and causes of vulnerability. The excessiveness of non resistant buildings in developing countries and cities such as Tehran, vaises the question that: Why the degree of seismic vulnerability of buildings, especially residential buildings, is different and high. to answer this question, the review of theories of vulnerability and disaster management showed that retrofitting and vulnerability have deep social dimensions. thus, based on the theories of social structure of vulnerability, the purpose of this research is analyzing the effects of socio-economic factors on residential vulnerability of houses of Tehran city. The research method is descriptive- analytical. Sample volume of households calculated by Cochran's method (325), and sampling was done by cluster method. Needed data gathered by household and expert questionnaires, and analyzed by correlation and linear regression methods. The findings showed that there are reverse relation between degree of residential vulnerability of houses and income -0.575, literacy -0.692, employment -0.825, socio-economic status -0.665, risk perception -0.326. According to the result of linear regression analysis, 83 percent of changes of seismic vulnerability explained. The Conclusion is that, residential vulnerability and retrofitting have deep socio- economic dimensions. So, for buildings retrofitting, in addition to technical and engineering factors, socio-economic factors such as poverty reduction and socio-economic empowerment of households and individuals must take in attention seriously.

Urban system pattern of countries and Regions has a close relation with regional development and territorial equilibrium. So، for explanation of the existing situation and offering suitable polices، it is necessary to analyze the quality of urban system of regions and countries. In this regard، because there is no comparative and systematic study of regions of Iran، main question offered as: how is the situation of the ten regions of Iran according to the primacy urban criteria، urban concentration and urban equilibrium indicators. To answer this question، after reviewing theoretical bases، the evaluation variables were recognized and the research hypothesis was offered based on the distance of the urban system of more than half of the decuple regions of the country with the desired amount of urban primacy، urban concentration and urban equilibrium indicators in 2006 and 2011. Then، based on the descriptive- analytical research method the required data were gathered by library method، the data analysis was also made by the use of urban primacy index، two-city index، Ginsberg index، Mehta index، Moomaw and Alwosabi index، Moosavi index، Herfindal and Henderson indexes، entropy index، and rank- size rule. The result confirmed hypothesis، also showed that regions such as south Alborz، Khorasan and Fars have the highest urban primacy and concentration. But regions such as Saheli-e-Shomali and Zagros have the lowest urban primacy and concentration 10 2006 and 2011. According to equilibrium index، none of regions are equilibrium. Finally، revision and long-time continuation and innovative regional development policies are necessary.

Nowadays, with regard to urbanization characteristics and necessity of sustainability of development, analyzing of the sustainability of cities in Iran is necessary for sustainable development. So, because there is no study about Bushehr city sustainable development, this research defined base on this question: Are there differences between Bushehr city sustainable development and country urban regions? Then, based on the investigation of theoretical bases and research background, and characteristics of Bushehr city, the hypothesis offered. For measuring development degree and testing hypothesis, first, operational definition of sustainability offered at 4 dimensions and 44 indices. Necessary data gathered by library method and analyzed by Sign Test method in SPSS. Result showed that there are no differences between Bushehr city and country urban regions about social, economical and ecological Indices. But there are meaningful differences about physical indices. Result also showed that with respect to all indices, there are meaningful differences between Bushehr city and country urban regions, and the status of Bushehr city is better than country urban regions.

The overall and integrated development of the country, in a way which covers all people and groups and also all its places, needs a balanced spatial structure and settlement system. Access to such balanced situation needs the strengthening and development of small and medium cities in Iran provinces. Therefore the main question of this research is that "How much is the development rate of small and medium cities of Iran's provinces in year 2006"? To answer this question, after reviewing the theoretical bases, the evaluation variables were determined and the research hypothesis was offered based on more development of small and medium cities in the northern and western provinces of Iran". For evaluating and testing the research hypothesis, in the frame work of analytical-descriptive method, the overall index of "development rate of small and medium cities" was operated and measurable by six main indicators and based on simple weighting method. The required data were gathered by library method. The weights of indicators were obtained by AHP group method. Data analysis and hypothesis test was made by descriptive statistical methods and also independent t-test. The results showed that expansion rate in small and medium cities in different provinces is various. The significant difference between the northern and western provinces with the provinces of southern and eastern ones was approved. The results showed a relation between the expansion rate of such cities with the natural environment and also the regional and national pattern of expansion.

Urban development in its evolutional procedure from the beginning has had a relatively balanced stream. But cultural، social and economic transformations of 19th and 20th centuries affected by modernism have caused rapid expansion of the cities and emergence of big cities. These changes have also modified physical-spatial organization and structure of the cities. This urban growth would have devious and infinite problems. One of the vital objects in the 21st century in relation to the city constancy is urban growth form، i. e.، compactness or dispersion. Yazd city is an example that has faced with rapid and dispersed growth. Despite of unity and compactness in the emerging phase، its sprout and organic growth is now suffering from an ill-fitting structure. Hence، it is necessary to analyze the spatial form of the city and population distribution and activity،، also its gathering and dispersion. According to the theoretical framework for analyzing the transformations of the physical dispersion pattern and the problem of the spatial form transformations in Yazd city during the recent years، two hypothesizes is suggested: 1) It has been assumed that Yazd city have had sprawl growth during 1966-2006. 2) It has been assumed that the spatial distribution of the population and their activity is not balanced in Yazd city. 3) It has also been assumed that the population and urban activity in Yazd City follows a dispersed pattern with no tendency in concentration. This is an applied study on the basis of purpose and also a descriptive –analytical on the basis of nature and method as a kind of case-study. The required data for this study including the employment and population statistics of Yazd City based on administrative zonation of 2006. That was gathered by referring to the city hall of Yazd in the Statistics Center of Iran and the management organization of the Yazd Province. For examining the first hypothesis، Holdren Model has been employed. For examining the second hypothesis and evaluating the amount of balanced distribution of the population and employment in the city، Gini and Entropy indexes have also been used. In fact، the population and employment distribution could be balanced or unbalanced in different parts of the city. Dispersion and concentration of the population and activity have also been examined by the indexes of Moran، Geary and General G. Gathering and dispersion of the population and employment could have clustered، random or dispersed (checkered) patterns and concentration could be in the form of hot spot or cold spot. The results of examining the first hypothesis show that despite compact and regular development of Yazd City during 1966-1976، this city have had a sprawl development during 1966-1996. In general، the results showed that on the basis of Entropy index، there is some inequality in employment and population distribution in 9 zones of Yazd City. The Shannon entropy index for the area of the 9 zones of Yazd city in 2006 showed that it has a dispersed physical development. The results of analyzing the spatial distribution of population and employment using Gini method showed also that there are some inequalities and disagreements in distribution of these two parameters. In general، according to the calculations there are a few inequalities in the distribution of population and activity in Yazd city. Therefore، it can be said that the spatial distribution of the population and activity in Yazd city is relatively balanced. Thus، the first hypothesis is rejected. It seems noteworthy that if the urban parts had a cold spot of population and activity، then the existence of balance in population and employment distribution shows the sprawl. On the other hand، if the compression of the population and employment is high in the zones، the balanced distributions of population and employment shows a compact form for the city. By regarding the fact that the spatial distribution of population and activity in Yazd city is a little unbalanced and Yazd city has a cold spot of population and employment، we can conclude that Yazd City has a spatial sprawl form. The calculated Moran indices of employment and population of the both methods of measuring shows a random pattern which is more inclined to dispersion (checkered) than clustered pattern. The adjusted Geary index for population and employment of Yazd city was also calculated by using zero and one method. Both of them are cleared to random patterns and are inclined to the dispersion (checkered pattern). That has accordance with the results of Moran index. By regarding the calculations، Yazd city from the amount of population and activity gathering and dispersion point of view follows the pattern of random to disperse. The city from the concentration point of view has a cold spot of population and employment. The zones of Yazd city with low population and employment are concentrated near each others. Therefore، the second hypothesis is accepted. Using these methods and the results we can conclude that the physical pattern of Yazd City is of sprawl pattern and we cannot see a compact and concentrated pattern. By regarding the necessity of directing the city towards more constancy، a necessity of change is felt to apply solutions and some suggestions for more compactness. Therefore، some necessary strategies for gaining a wise growth should be applied to monitor the physical development of Yazd City and promote a constant development and malting and also construct a healthy، well-proportioned، balanced and united city. These strategies are strengthening and producing urban spaces، government coordination in purchasing abandoned lands and properties، avoiding dispersed and sprawl constructions، organizing of land uses.

Introduction Intense growth of cities، nowadays، particularly in the Third World، exacerbate the negative outcomes such as sprawl growth، marginalization، degraded urban green areas، kinds of pollutions and. So، public land uses especially public green spaces، have got major deficiencies in terms of size and spatial distribution. So the Spatial Analysis of urban parks using appropriate methods and indicators is important. Because due to unrestricted growth of cities and many problems، such as none proper allocation and locating of activities in the city، lack of attention to per capita، standards، and etc.، the spatial distribution of the green spaces involved major problems. In this background، the major questions are as follows: 1) whether the number and spatial distribution of existing parks provide suitable access for all citizens? 2) Is existing parks located in suitable area and locations? Accordingly، this study aims to evaluate the spatial location of NOOR-ABAD city''s parks based on the favorite indicators and methods and provide appropriate response to the above questions. Moreover، identification of residential areas with limited access to parks، identification of parks those have unsuitable location، as well as spatial organizing of NOOR-ABAD city''s parks. In this regard، with preparing the theoretical framework and based on the case study characteristics، two hypotheses were presented relate to the above mentioned questions. 2 – Methodology Relate to the nature of hypotheses and its variables، for test the hypotheses، the descriptive analytical methodology was used. According to the indicators، the needed data were gathered by library method. Legal area of NOOR-ABAD city is the study area of this research. Gathered data organized in AutoCAD and GIS software and prepared for analysis. Methods of data analyzing and test hypotheses are as follows: Test of first hypothesis was done with qualitative-descriptive method and logical argumentation. So، for investigation of suitability of number and spatial distribution of parks to provision good access، status of NOOR-ABAD city''s parks analyzed by indicators such as: radius of operation، per capita and area standards of green space land use، population threshold and access status. Then، base on the difference between existing and desired condition according to each indicators، we judged about the hypothesis. For this investigation، we used the GIS functions such as: distance، Buffer، overlay and Thiessen. Test of second hypothesis، also، was done with qualitative- descriptive method and base on logical argumentation. So، when the amount of location suitability of existing parks determined by weighted overlay function of GIS، if all of the parks located on high rank area of suitability، the hypothesis is reject. But، if even one of the existing parks located on low rank area of suitability، the hypothesis is confirm. 3 – Conclusion The result shows that in NOOR-ABAD city، there is two neighborhood parks، and to covering entire area of the city with favorite radius of 550 meters، we need at least 7 new parks. Based on favorite coverage radius and Thiessen analysis، many section of the city have not covered and there is not suitable access to neighborhood parks. At two neighborhoods، also، the per capita of parks is under the standard level. Moreover، at other neighborhoods، there is no neighborhood park. So، neighborhood parks are not according to existing standard of number and spatial distributions. Thus، the first hypothesis confirmed. Relate to second hypothesis، the results showed that more than one of the existing parks located on low rank area of suitability. So، second hypothesis is confirmed، also. The results showed that the location and site of public green spaces related to different parameters. The parameters which can create quiet، safe and accessible spaces or vice versa. Thus، attention to number and spatial distribution is not sufficient، and the other parameters relate to location suitability must be regarded. In conclusion، for favorite development of parks and appropriate spatial distribution، get attention to indicators and composed method that offered in this research is necessary.

A review on theoretical changes shows that from 1970s on، the research on «vulnerability» and «disaster» pays attention to the reasons and explanation of socio-spatial differences of the vulnerability degree، in addition to concentrate on spatial distribution of damages and disasters، and they haven''t contained themselves with natural forces، damages estimate and emergency response. However، the conducted researches in Iran merely focus on either physical-technical aspect or on different influences and consequences of hazard happenings. In fact، concentration on «hazard Intensity and resulted disaster» and also prevalence of «loss ideas and physical solution» is the feature of most vulnerability measurement and analysis of earthquake in Iran، including metropolis Tehran city. While for the reduction of cities vulnerability to earthquake and making appropriate policies and strategies، first we should know why and how vulnerability in specific city spaces and among specific groups and people is concentrated. What formed the main question of this research as: what are the effective factors of changes? and what are the socio- spatial differences of Tehran city vulnerability to earthquake hazard? In the search for explanatory theory، the review of theoretical literature shows three views: bio-physical، social structure and synthetic. From among، social structure theory focused on the relationship between socio-economical status of people and society groups، and their vulnerability degree to natural hazards. While in reverse، bio- physical theory with the focus on physical-technical aspects، ignores socio- economical aspects of vulnerability، and has no idea about which groups of people and why are more vulnerable. But according to social structure، it is unequal distribution of social and spatial resources، properties and chances in society that forms these socio-spatial differences of vulnerability. Accordingly، to explain the research problem theoretically، main concepts were concluded based on the social structure view، Includes: 1) Socio-Economic Status; 2) Neighborhood; 3) Socio-Spatial Segregation. Then، the conceptual- theoretical model was presented and base on that، 4 hypotheses offered.

High vulnerability of Tehran city against earthquake, especially south districts and households, is a problem which requires the solutions based on holistic studies. But emphasis on the solutions such as promotion of knowledge and risk approach creates this question that: how much is the role of knowledge and risk approach in defining the vulnerability differences against the earthquake? The question that its proper answering is necessary for leading the policies for reduction of vulnerability. Therefore, for theoretical explanation, the history of vulnerability was studied, the defining conceptions of the problem were selected and the theoretical model and based on the research hypothesis were presented. For judgment of the hypothesis, the household analysis unit in the district was determined, the sample volume was calculated by Kokaran methods and samples were taken by cluster and systematic methods. The required data were analyzed through gathering questionnaires, correlation methods, unilateral variance, regression and analysis of the path. Results showed that not only the knowledge and risk approach have a reverse and relatively weak relation with the amount of vulnerability, and has a much lower and weak role in defining their differences in comparison with socio-economic and local based variables, but also themselves are mainly due to the socio-economic and base of households. Therefore, the promotion of knowledge and risk approaches will not be effective as lonely and without considering the policies of poverty reduction and increasing the access to resources particularly for the middle and lower social classes.