محمود پناهی

The sense of force is one of the three main components of proprioception, associated with the realization of the force within the muscles during contraction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the static force sense of the knee flexor muscles after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in comparison to healthy person's knee. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 32 non-athletic men aged 19-40 years who were assigned into two groups of 16 participants purposefully, ACL reconstruction and healthy. Using a Biodex machine 3.0, maximum voluntary isometric contraction of hamstring muscles was measured in 30°, 60°, and 90° angles in a random order. Then, 20% and 60% of maximum muscle contraction were calculated for each subject. The participants were requested to produce 20% and 60% contraction force randomly in aforementioned angles with and without visual feedback. This way the difference between subject’ performance with and without visual feedback was calculated. The average of static force sense and the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) were compared between the groups using Mann-Whitney U test. Using the Kendall's tau-b Correlation Coefficient, the correlation between MIVC and mean error of static force sense was determined. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the term of average error of knee flexor static force sense in 30°, 60°, and 90° angles with target forces of 20% and 60% (P < 0.05). Moreover, the average error of flexor static force sense in 30°, 60°, and 90° angles and the maximum voluntary isometric contraction of knee flexor were not significantly correlated in either group (r ≤ 0.82, P > 0.05). It seems that the static force sense of knee flexor muscles of the knee will be similar to healthy subjects, 6 months after ACL reconstruction surgery.

Health locus of control (HLOC) referes to expectancies regarding whether health is controlled by one's own actions, or powerful external agents. The aim of present study was to investigate the role of optimism and mindfulness as two psychological factors in women's health locus of control. This was a descriptive study, correlational one, in which one hundred and sixty women of all women referred to health centers in Gonabad city, were selected quota sampling randomly. They completed life Orientation Test (LOT), five act mindfulness questionnaire, and multidimensional health locus of control (MHLC). Based on the findings, there was a significant positive correlation between internal health locus of control and optimism. The result of step by step regression showed that mindfulness could explain negatively 25 percents of variance of external health locus of control. Also optimism and non-judgment specified positively 6 percents of variance of internal health locus of control. So optimism and mindfulness can enhance internal health locus of control and reduce external health locus of control in women

Marital adjustment represents the strenght and efficiency of the family system. The family health depends on the existence of healthy and mature communications of couples and if the family foundation is not strong enough, its outcome will be some kind of physical and mental problems. This study objective is to determine the predictive role of spiritual intelligence and coping strategies in marital adjustment of teachers in Gonabad city in 2012-2013.

In this correltional study, 330 teachers (160 males and 170 females) were selected using Morgan table through stratified sampling. They completed the spiritual intelligence, coping strategies, and marital adjustment questionnaires, and the collected data were analyzed through SPSS V.11.5 employing Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression.

The resluts indicated that there was a significant correlation between spiritual intelligence, and marital adjustment (r=0.656, P=0.001), but there was no significant relationship between coping strategies and marital adjustment (P=0.58) and also between coping strategies and spiritual intelligence (P=0.074). However, there was a negative and significant correlation between spiritual intelligence and emotion oreinted syle (r=0.39, P<0.001) from among 3 coping styles of problem oriented, emotion oriented and avoidant styles. According to the results of regression analysis, only spiritual intelligence predicts marital adjustment.

According to the findings, it is recommended that expert staff provide the younger individuals with strategies which increase spiritual intelligence including teaching the spiritual intelligence.

Hepatitis delta virus also known as hepatitis “D” Virus requires the presence of HBV for Virion assembly but not for replication. Both co-infection and super-infection of HBV with HDV result in more severe complications compared to infection with HBV alone. In combination with HBV, hepatitis D virus has the highest mortality of all the hepatitis infections.Following exposure to HDV, there is a period of 3 to 7 weeks for having an anti HDV positive test. Even after ending the incubation period of HDV, still the diagnosis of HDV may be established, using PCR which is more sensitive and specific than both IgM and IgG anti HDV.Title of IgM-anti HDV correlates with the level of HDV replication, and titles of 1:1000 are indicative of ongoing infection.The detection of interahepatic HDV antigen has been proposed as the “gold standard”of diagnosis of hepatitis delta virus infection; particularly when anti HDV is negative in the beginning of disease or chronically diseased patients. Another pitfall in diagnosis of HDV infection; can be found in triple infections of HBV, HDV and HCV. The inhibitory effects of HCVon HBV replication might be another factor for the decreasing of HDV antibody and perhaps false-negative anti HDV test.