مدینه بیژنی

 Available water for irrigation of canola decreases towards the end of the season, due to reduced rainfall and the simultaneous late-season irrigation for other spring crops. Therefore, the possibility of the plant facing drought stress in the final stages of growth is very likely. So, the selection of drought-tolerant genotypes is very important in arid and semi-arid regions.

 The field experiment (2016- 2017 and 2017- 2018) was conducted as a split-plot arrangement in a randomized complete blocks design with four replications in Karaj agricultural research station. Treatments included drought stress regimes (common irrigation, withholding irrigation from the silique setting stage, and flowering stage) in main plots and canola genotypes (Talayeh, Okapi،SLM046, Ahmadi, Zarfam، Licord, Neptun, NataliGK Gabriella, and Opera) in sub-plots.

 The results showed that drought stress significantly reduced the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, growth period duration, oil content, oil yield, and water use efficiency (WUE). Under common irrigation, the highest seed yield was obtained from okapi، Neptun, and Natali genotypes with 5558, 5698, and 5076 kg ha-1, respectively. Under drought stress, SLM046، Zarfam، Natali and Opera had the highest seed yield with 3144, 2864, 3237, and 2951 kg ha-1 in withholding irrigation from the silique setting stage and 2377, 2472, 2441, and 2539 kg ha-1 in withholding irrigation from the flowering stage, respectively. GMP, MP and STI indices were highly correlated with seed yield under both stress and non-stress conditions. Therefore, they were introduced as suitable indices to identify superior genotypes for both environmental conditions. Accordingly, the most resistant genotypes were Okapi, SLM046, Zarfam, Neptun, Natali and Opera.

Based on the results, Okapi, SLM046, Zarfam, Neptun, Natali and Opera are recommended as suitable genotypes for cultivation in Karaj climatic conditions.

Fertilizer management is utmost important factor in success of pharmaceutical crops cultivation. Application of biological fertilizers is important in production of these plants. Therefore the use of this type of fertilizers in the production of medicinal plants is expanding and seems to be becoming a global approach. The effect of humic acid and nano-chalate zinc fertilizer on activity of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase enzymes and essential oil of savory plant was investigated using a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design two factors and with four replications in a greenhouse at Zabol University in 2014. The factors were humic acid with four levels (zero, 5.0, 1 and 1.5 mg/L) and nano-chalate zinc fertilizer with four levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 g/L). The results of variance analysis showed that humic acid, nano zn chelated fertilizer and the interaction of factors had significant effects at 1 % probability level on leaf length, leaf area index, chlorophyll index, essential oil content and zinc conten, phosphorus, catalase enzyme, peroxidase enzyme and superoxidase dismutase enzyme but the interaction of nano zinc chelated and humic acid fertilizers was not significant on plant dry weight. The treatments showed significant effects on chlorophyll index, leaf length and area, enzyme activity of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, zin contentc and percentage of essential oil. At all levels of humic acid, application of nano fertilizer increased the activity rate of catalase and peroxidase enzymes, zinc, phosphorus and essential oil percentage in the application of 1.5 mg/L humic acid and 200 g/L nano fertilizer increased 58, 34, 75, 26 and 77%, respectively. Application of 1.5 mg/L humic acid and 200 g/L of nano fertilizer had the greatest effect on leaf area index (4), plant dry weight (16.15 g), leaf length (3/20 cm), zinc conten (0/950 mg/kg) catalas enzyme (1.88 Mg.-1 Protein. Min-1) and peroxidase enzyme (0.180 Mg.-1 Protein. Min-1).

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal species and phosphorus on fenugreek in soils contaminated with heavy metals. The first factor was four levels of mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae, G. intradices, G. versiform and non-application), the second factor was the three levels of arsenic (0, 15 and 30 mg kg-1 soil), and the third factor was two levels of phosphorus (0 and 250 mg kg-1 soil). In this study, arsenic toxicity was studied on vegetative growth, arsenic accumulation in shoot and root, leaf phosphorus, proline, carbohydrate, chlorophyll index, as well as root colonization percent. Arsenic addition significantly reduced vegetative traits, chlorophyll index, the concentration of phosphorus and nitrogen in the leaves and root colonization percent. The highest level of contamination resulted in an increase of 95,99, 33 and 32% of arsenic in shoots, arsenic in root, proline and carbohydrates compared to control. Application of mycorrhiza and phosphorus also had a significant effect on the other traits except the percentage of colonization. The interaction between arsenic and mycorrhiza on fresh weight of shoot, colonization percentage and shoot arsenic accumulation and interaction of arsenic and phosphorus on shoot fresh and dry weight, fresh and dry weight of root and arsenic accumulation in shoots were significant. In response to the destructive effects of arsenic G. intradices, with an 18% reduction in arsenic accumulation, was better than other species. This experiment showed that mycorrhiza and phosphorus had a moderating effect on the negative effects of arsenic toxicity on traits and could be effective in reducing the negative effects of arsenic stress by improving vegetative growth.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation and phosphorus (P) application on arsenic (As) toxicity and absorption by fenugreek, after application of As to soil. In this greenhouse experiment, plants inoculated with three mycorrhizal species and grown in soils with different levels of applied P and As, were compared. Phytotoxicity of As was determined by studying plant growth, As accumulation, as well as uptake of macronutrients and concentration of photosynthetic pigments. Based on the results, addition of As significantly reduced plant growth, uptake of macronutrients and concentration of photosynthetic pigments. Most of the absorbed As was retained in roots and fenugreek roots had higher concentration of As than the shoots. In addition, P and mycorrhiza had a significant impact on all traits, except sodium concentration. In this study, the interaction between As vs. P as well as between As vs. mycorrhiza was significant on concentration of carotenoids, potassium and arsenic in shoots. P and mycorrhiza had a moderating role and decreased the negative effects of arsenic toxicity on these properties. Results of this experiment revealed that application of P fertilizer and mycorrhizal inoculation in fenugreek could be effective in reducing the negative effects of As stress by increasing the uptake of nutrients and concentration of photosynthetic pigments.

To study the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation and salinity stress on the growth, yield and nutrient concentrations of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), an experiment was carried out as split plot in a completely randomized block design at Zabol University Research Farm in 2013. Treatments consisted of three salinity stresses: 1 (control), 5 and 10 dSm-1, was considered as the main treatments, and four levels of mycorrhizal inoculation (Glomus intraradices, G. etanicatum, G. hoi and non-inoculation as control) as the sub-treatments. The effects of salinity on all traits under study, except umbers per plant, were significant, and severe stress (10 dSm-1) reduced 100 seed weight, number of seeds per umbel, concentrations of phosphorus, calcium and magnesium in seeds by 17.71, 11.4, 14.95, 46.08, 13.60 %, respectively, as compared to the control. The numbers of seeds per umbel and phosphorus concentration in seed were highest in G. intraradices with 28.4 and 54.4%, respectively as compared to control and umbels per plant was also maximum (9.7) by using G. etanicatum. Mycorrhizal inoculation did not have significant effect on calcium and magnesium concentrations in seeds and 1000 seed weight. However mycorrhiza × salinity stress interaction was significant about concentration of sodium, potassium and sodium to potassium ratio (Na/K) in seeds, as well as seed yield and seed number per plant. Among the species of mycorrhiza, applied G. intraradices had better performance in severe salinity (10 dS-1) and increased seed yield and seed number per plant by 28.5 and 47.6%, respectively in comparision control. The results suggested that mycorrhizal inoculation improves water absorption by plant. Yield increases of plants under different salinity regimes dependent on their mycorrhizal inoculation.

In order to evaluate nutrient uptake and yield of ajowan at saline conditions and application of inorganic and organic fertilizer an experiment was conducted as factorial randomized design with tree replications at Zabol University research greenhouse at 2011. Treatments included irrigation salinity at three levels: 1 (as control), 8 and 13 dS.m-1 and four fertilization systems including application of NPK at 80:40:30 kg ha-1, 40 ton of manure ha-1, NPK at 40:20:15 kg ha-1 plus 20 ton of manure ha-1 and no soil fertility. Results showed that the increase of dissolved salts decreases the uptake and concentrations of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in the seed, however, had no significant effect on calcium concentration in plants. The reduced nutrient uptake in plants decreased 1000 seed weight, seed and essential oil yield and protein content. Although in severe stress conditions essential oil content increased by 12 percent compared to the control. As well as, results reveled that different fertilization systems significantly increased all measured traits except calcium concentration. Combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer was more effective from sole application, and combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer increased seed yield by 11 percent compared with the control. Therefore it could be combined organic and inorganic fertilizer for improvement of ajowan cultivation.

To study the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) plants and on its growth and yield under drought stress conditions a greenhouse experiment was carried out in split plot using a randomized complete block design at Zabol University green house in 2013. Treatments were three drought stresses: control, mild stress and severe stress (70, 50 and 30% FC) assigned to main plots, and three species of mycorrhizal treatments (Glomus intraradices, G. versiform, G. mosseae and non-inoculation as control) to sub-plots. The effects of drought on all traits under study were significant, and reduced number of leaves per plant, plant height, root length, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll by 15.6, 7.6, 10.7, 2.5 and 8.4 % and increased proline and carbohydrates by 38.6 and 17.7 % as compared with the control. Mycorrhizal treatments did not affect the amount of carbohydrates and proline content significantly. Interaction of mycorrhiza and drought stress was significant on grain yield, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll. Among the mycorrhizal strains G. mosseae affected the traits significantly under drought conditions. The results suggested that mycorrhizal treatments of plants at different drought stresses could improve grain yield of fenugreek and reduce the negative effects of drought by increasing photosynthetic pigments and other quantitative and qualitative traits.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of nano-silicon on germination and early growth of native and improved variety of wheat at laboratory research of Zabol University. Experimental design was randomized factorial design with four replications. Factors were different concentrations of nano-silicon (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mM) and different varieties of wheat including Kalak, Afghani and Bolani (native) and Hamoun and Erg (improved).  Nano-silicon application influenced early growth parameters of wheat including root and shoot length, germination percentage, germination rate andseedlingweight. Results indicated that silicon concentration increasing up to 0.2 mM increased studied parameters. Accordingly the greatest seedling length, fresh and dry weight of root and seedlings, vigor index, germinations percentage and germination rate was observed at 0.2 mM silicon.  Interaction of silicon and wheat variety was significant and the greatest influence and the least parameters was achieved at 0.2 mM silicon and Hamoun, and no silicon application and Bolani, respectively. Among wheat variety the greatest and the least parameters was observed in Hamoun and Bolani, respectively. These results suggested that silicon improved germination percentage and evenness of wheat varieties.

Sesame is an important and useful oil crop. This study was conducted to evaluate of the effects of nitrogen and biological fertilizer on sesame crop as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of the university of Zabol. Experimental factors were nitrogen (N) fertilizer at four levels (0، 160، 240 and 320 kg ha-1 N as urea) and nitroxin at two levels (inoculated and non-inoculated). Nitroxin application significantly increased plant height، number of lateral branches، 1000-seed weight، number of seeds per capsule، number of capsules per plant، seed yield، oil yield، and protein content. When 240 kg ha-1 of urea was applied، number of lateral branches، 1000-seed weight، number of seeds per capsule، number of capsules per plant، and protein content increased by 50، 12، 18، 45 and 11%، respectively. The interaction of treatments revealed that inoculation of seeds with nitroxin along with 75% recommended N application increases plant height، seed and oil yield، respectively، by 28، 58 and 56% compared with non-inoculated seed and non N fertilizer application. generalley the results indicated that besides improving of growth condition، seed inoculation with nitroxin can be usefull in reduction of the application of chemical nitrogen fertilizers.