مرتضی حقیقی

Masks play a crucial role in preventing and controlling viral epidemics transmitted predominantly through the air. This study aimed to develop and validate a tool to measure people’s attitudes and behaviors related to mask usage during highly contagious viral epidemics.

In this psychometric study, the initial questionnaire was developed and face validity and content validity were assessed by 17 experts and three lay experts. Reliability was evaluated through internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest reliability using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Construct validity was measured using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with the principal component extraction method and Varimax rotation.

Based on a review of previous studies, an initial 27-item questionnaire was crafted. During the face validity stage, two items were excluded. Through calculating the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and the Content Validity Index (CVI), three and one items respectively removed. The average scale level content validity index (S-CVI/Ave) was 0.95. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was found to be 0.76 for attitude and 0.66 for practice sections; the ICC was equal to 0.873. EFA revealed two factors explaining 63.98% of the total variance.

This questionnaire demonstrated sound reliability and validity in Persian, providing an effective means to assess attitude and behavior related to mask usage during highly contagious viral epidemics. It stands as a valuable tool for use in Iran and other countries.

The current study entitled "Study of Entrepreneurship and Employment in the Field of Knowledge-Based Businesses Based on Endowment Capacity" addresses one of the key issues in the field of business that can play an important role in resolving social, cultural and even political crises. The issue of employment has always been one of the biggest concerns of officials in various management levels of the country. The passage of various laws, and the formation of various working groups to solve the employment problem show the importance of the issue. One of the most important issues in job creation is the issue of investment. Limitations of government resources have always been a major challenge to resolving the employment crisis. In the meantime, some semi-governmental organizations and institutions, which have financial resources due to their duties and responsibilities, can help solve the problem. The Endowment and Charity Organization is one of these organizations. The research method in terms of purpose is of the type of applied research. Also, according to the research method, the present study is a mixed type (quantitative and qualitative). The statistical population in the qualitative section of the research is experts, specialists and pundits in various fields of management sciences, jurisprudence and Islamic economics and experts of the Endowment and Charity Organization in 1398 and 1399 in the country. The sampling method is purposeful and accessible. The statistical population will be in a small part to select the subjects by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The number of experts for polling in the Delphi method will be at least 20 experts, which will be done by purposeful sampling. The data collection method will be library and field using tools such as questionnaires and interviews with emphasis on the Delphi method. The technique of information analysis and modeling in this study will be Demitel, which has been used to identify the causal relationships between indicators in the subject of endowment investment in the fields of knowledge-based businesses and the production of a tangible structural model. The findings of this study show that in the test section of the model, the results show the effect of economic factors on knowledge-based businesses, especially the share and amount of non-cash income required by the business, the share and amount of cash income required by the business, the economic justification of the project, the amount of risk. The success of the project has the greatest impact on the organizational factors of knowledge-based businesses. 

Today, the development of endowment capacities through investment in knowledge-based and innovative businesses has become a new and effective strategy in the field of entrepreneurship, job creation and increasing the productivity of endowments. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of endowment investment in knowledge-based businesses and its impact on sustainable employment in order to provide a model. The research method in terms of purpose is of the type of applied research. Also, according to the research method, the present study is a mixed type (quantitative and qualitative). The statistical population in the qualitative section of the research is experts, specialists and pundits in various fields of management sciences, jurisprudence and Islamic economics and experts of the Endowment and Charity Organization in 1398 and 1399 in the country. The sampling method is purposeful and accessible. The statistical population will be in a small part to select the subjects by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The number of experts for polling in the Delphi method will be at least 20 experts, which will be done by purposeful sampling. The data collection method will be library and field using tools such as questionnaires and interviews with emphasis on the Delphi method. The technique of information analysis and modeling in this study will be Demitel, which has been used to identify the causal relationships between indicators in the subject of endowment investment in the fields of knowledge-based businesses and the production of a tangible structural model. Findings of this study showed that among the factors affecting investment and sustainable employment, managerial factors are more important. Then there are the political factors that are relevant to the underlying factors; It is more effective and consequently investing in knowledge-based businesses has a relative effect on the development of sustainable employment. 

Spiritual well-being, as one of the basic concepts about how to deal with the problems and tensions caused by different conditions of life, is one of the dimensions of health that integrates its other dimensions. Therefore, considering the importance of this dimension of health in the lives of students, we aimed to investigate the status of spiritual well-being and its relationship with religious behaviors among students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd in 2017.

This is a correlational and descriptive cross-sectional study conducted on 420 students in Yazd University of Medical Sciences. Random stratified sampling method was used to select the participants from each school. The sample size was determined based on the number of students. The data collection tool was a standard spiritual health questionnaire and religious behaviors. Data were analyzed by descriptive and quantitative distribution as well as Chi-square, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation tests using SPSS.

The participants' mean age was 20.93 ± 3.61 years. The results showed a significant relationship between religious behaviors and marital status (p <0.040). Spiritual well-being had a significant relationship with gender and mother's level of education (p <0.05). We found that 67% of students had moderate level of spiritual health. A positive and significant correlation was also observed between spiritual well-being and religious behaviors among students (p <0.001).

The results showed that the students were in good condition in terms of spiritual wellbeing, but their status was not desirable in terms of religious behaviors. Considering the correlation between spiritual health and religious behaviors in students, serious attention should be paid in designing  students' curriculum based on cultural issues.

The problem of relapse makes addiction treatment complicated because almost 80% of addicts relapse after treatment completion during the first six months. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting relapse in addicts referred to addiction treatment centers in Marand.
This study was a cross-sectional study that was performed on 306 patients in the city of Marand. The stratified sampling method was used. After collecting the questionnaire and determining its validity and reliability, questionnaires were distributed among an addicted group and as well as a non-addicted group. In the presence of the researcher, the patients answered the questions. Finally, the data were analyzed using statistical tests (chi-squared, independent t and ANOVA) applying SPSS software, version 21.0 for Windows.
In this study, the majority of participants in the addicted group and in the non-addicted group had a lower diploma and diploma respectively (90.2% and 90.8%). The mean age was the non-addicted group for 35.14 ± 8.23 years and in the non-addicted group and 32.72 ± 10.48 for the addicted group. According to the findings of this study, in the addicted group, the main reasons addiction relapse was family insistence (25.5% of cases). The non-addicted group mentioned the social conditions as the most common reason of success in the last quitting (22.9%). Based on the findings, a significant difference was found between the two variables including family size, employment status, smoking, family disputes, person's hopes and obsession to use drugs.
For preventing and treating addiction, it is not enough to detoxify in treatment centers. It seems planning and interventions is necessary for preventing and reducing relapse, based on known major risk factors (such as employment status, smoking, family disputes, marriage, individual hope, and mental engagement with drug use).

Spiritual well-being is one of the fundamental concepts in chronic diseases and is considered an important approach to improve public health among individuals. Given the importance of spiritual well-being and its role in the promotion of mental health, the present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating spiritual well-being and mental health in patients with breast cancer who visited a center for cancer control at the University of Medical Sciences.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 122 patients with breast cancer in 2015. The data were collected through self-administered 20-item Paloutzian & Ellison’s Spiritual Well-Being Scale and a 28-item questionnaire of mental health after determining their validity and reliability. The collected data were then analyzed using ANOVA and Pearson correlation and linear regression.
The results show that most patients had moderate spiritual health (37.8%), and most of them suffered mild mental health problems. (50 percent). Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between mental health and demographic characteristics (Marital status, education, income, physical activity). There was also a significant relationship between mental health and spiritual health.
According to the findings, to prevent mental suffering among patients with breast cancer, promoting spiritual health of patients should be regarded as one of the priorities of health care professionals.

Background Spiritual wellbeing is considered as an important aspect of human health which provides a coordinated and integrated relation between the internal forces, and by creating meaning and purpose in life is thought as an important approach to promote general health. Thus, this study was conducted with the aim to assess the Spiritual wellbeing of the staff of one University of Medical Sciences in Tehran city. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 503 university employees (including the three covered hospitals and the faculties’ staff) with a multi-stage sampling (based on the percentage of the employed people in each department/ administrative or medical staff), during 2012. The data were collected through Ellison and Paloutzian 20-item Spiritual wellbeing questionnaires and after determining their validity and reliability by self report, then were analyzed with SPSS software version 16, One way-ANOVA and correlation tests. According to the results, 57.3% of the staff were women, 61.8% were married and 26.4% had a work experience between 3 to 5 years. In this study, a total of 61.4% of the staff had a good Spiritual wellbeing score. Spiritual wellbeing had significant relationship with age, work experience, history of psychiatric disorders, moderate physical activity, housing conditions and participation in the rites of Hajj association. Planning to promote physical, psychological, social and occupational health in staff is a top priority. Regarding the promotion of the income, welfare, physical activity and lifestyle is recommended for the employee.

Improving patient safety is a priority of the International common. Patient safety is a critical component to the quality of health care. The aim of this study was to assess patient safety culture among employees of health care providers, hospitals in Tehran. The survey was a cross-sectional study was done in 2010. Data were collected from all the staff groups in hospitals (n=348). A standard questionnaire from York University is used to evaluate staff Perceptions of Patient Safety Culture. This study used SPSS 16.0 to perform the statistical analysis. Results of this study showed those employee's perceptions of patient safety culture in the medium (68/8 percent) are present. A significant association between hospital type, age, level of education, occupation, and work experience, there was a culture of patient safety (P < 0.05). Improving patients’ safety culture should be a priority among hospital administrators. Meanwhile, Healthcare staff should be encouraged to report errors without fear of punishment action.

Safety in the oil refining companies is considered as an important issue. These companies consider improving the safety culture as their main priorities. This study aimed to assess the safety culture of an oil refinery with the use of Geller model. According to Geller model, which is composed of three main dimensions, questionnaire and the Checklists were prepared. After a pilot study and descriptive study and estimating the reliability of checklists and questionnaires,190 personnel were selected for sample group. There was a performance assessment of the staff’s performance along with the questionnaires filled by staffs. The environmental assessment was completed by checklists. Data from questionnaire and the checklists were transferred to the database. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS15 through Chi Square and Pearson Tests. The mean age was 35.46 years with SD=10.68. Most of the personnel under study were married (70.50%); most of them had diploma (62.1%). Based on the view of the staff, 29.5% of them in their work life had a job-related accident. They also had a medium attitude and relatively good performance. Using Pearson test, There was a significant relationship between employees’ perception and their performance (p= 0.009). Although there was a significant relationship between staff perception and performance with kind of employment, work unit, work type, & education, which in most cases due to obeying standard safety rules, had good performance, staff had a weak attitude in relation to applying safety rules. It seems that we need to work on this issue so that safety and applying safety rules become a value at work.

Some groups such as barbers have a more effective role in HIV/AIDS transmission. Probability of transmission of the (HIV) through barber’s equipment is drastically high. Using infected razors and doing tattoos are the most important way of spreading the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the perceptions of male barbers of Marand city (Iran) about HIV/AIDS based on health belief model (HBM) during 2010-2011. This is a descriptive-analytical، cross- sectional and applicable study. The study population was all male barbers of Marand city، a total of 104، 89 of them recruited to cooperate in this study. The questionnaire sections included perceived benefits، barriers، susceptibility، and severity and cues to action of HIV/AIDS preventive behaviors. Reliability and validity of questionnaire was determined. The collected data was analyzed with SPSS software ver 12 and descriptive an analytic statistic (such as mean and SD) such as ANOVAs، Chi-square test and correlation coefficient. Highest HIV/AIDS prevention perception was perceived benefits and lowest was perceived susceptibility. This study have showed that a significant relationship between education level and perceived susceptibility، and also between perceived susceptibility and age (P <0 / 05). Findings indicate that، educational intervention for promotion of barbers susceptibility and decreased perceived barriers in this groups is recommended.

Health care providers`culture about the patient safety means accepting and considering patient safety as the first priority and organizational core value or health center`s staffs beliefs، perceptions and trends of on patient safetywhich is reflected in their behavior. This study is aimed to assess nurses perceptions of patient safety culture`s dimensions which is working in hamadan`s hospital.

The method of this study is descriptive- analytical type and statistical society includes 215 nurses of 3 hospitals of Hamadan which had been selected by random sampling. Stanford patient safety culture questionnaire was used to assess dimensions of patient safety culture. The data were analyzed by SPSS 15 software and descriptive tests.

The result indicated that all dimensions of patient safety culture through nurses` perception are weak. Among these dimensions، the «Unit Leadership for Safety» with 25. 21 percentage and «Learning and Feedback» with 41. 82 percentage were the lowest and highest positive rating in all three hospitals respictively.

According to weak rate of all patient safety culture`s dimensions in studied hospitals، performing training programs by head nurses is suggested in order to improve cultural concepts such as establishing “supportive mechanisms for patients families” and «culture of discussion of errors among nurses».

Health، safety and enviro-nment (HSE) is considered as an important matter in oil refining companies and also as one of the key priorities for the companies. Hence، this research employed the HSE culture ladder in order to assess the HSE culture in the Shahid Tondgooyan oil refi-ning company of Tehran.

Current research was a descriptive-analytical، sectional and practical study. The population under study included all the administrative and oper-ative officials of Shahid Tondgooyan oil refining company of Tehran. With the ass-istance of the professors and statistical consultants، as well as the type of the study، a check list of the HSE culture ladder was completed and analyzed by the statistical consultants. The mentioned check list was gathered after intensive literature review. This culture model has been categorized into five levels with unique characteristics from pathological to creative ones.

According to the results and self-analysis of the HSE culture by using of the culture ladder model، Shahid Tondgooyan oil refining company of Tehran was in the proactive level. By observing some of the noted factors، it could be reached into the proactive level، and then enter to the creative level. Discussion &

With regarding to the obtained results، necessary measures must be taken to progress the level of HSE culture in the refinery area، as well as to progress the operations of the workers and the management’s attitude.

Because most of the work-related injuries are caused due to the unsafe perceptions and behaviors، thus، it is necessary to do research in these areas. This study aimed to evaluate perceptions of workers to safety culture in roller and steel parts production factory based on the health belief model (HBM). This is an analytical-descriptive، applied and cross-sectional study. Community research was included all workers working in roller and steel parts production factory which 170 of them were selected by the help of statistical consultant. After having questionnaire prepared، which was covered benefits، barriers، perceived severity and sensitivity from safety and most important guidelines، its validity and reliability was certified. Then، considering sample size، data gathered by questionnaire were entered to databases and were analyzed using SPSS software. Considering education، most of the studied population (63. 5%) had under diploma degree and most of them were between 23 to 28 years old (62%). Furthermore، 70% of studied population was married and 40. 6% had working experiences between 3 to 5 years old. Moreover، 64. 7 and 22. 4% of studied workers had average and good perceptions regarding safety. Most of the workers (35. 3%) were working in melting unit. Also 65. 9% mentioned that have had injuries during the work. Further more، according to the Chi-square test there was a relationship between HBM dimensions such as perceived sensitivity with job، working unit، work-related injuries. Studied workers had relatively good knowledge and perception regarding safety. Since workers are of those vulnerable groups in working environments، therefore، implementing educational and interventional programs using HBM or other educational models are recommended to improve their knowledge regarding safety principles.