مرتضی رستمی

One of the most controversial issues in the field of arbitration is the possibility of using it in the field of labor disputes. This issue that was also raised on the disputes between workers and commercial companies as their employers, has caused many disagreements. Therefore, this article examines the approach of the legal system of countries and commercial companies in this field. The findings of this study indicate that in some legal systems, various types of arbitration (mandatory and voluntary) in labor disputes haشOne of the most controversial issues in the field of arbitration is the possibility of using it in the field of labor disputes. This issue that was also raised on the disputes between workers and commercial companies as their employers, has caused many disagreements. Therefore, this paper examines the approach of the legal system of countries and commercial companies in this field. The findings of this study indicate that in some legal systems, various types of arbitration (mandatory and voluntary) in labor disputes have been accepted but in others, only voluntary arbitration is recognized in limited cases. In a number of other legal systems, referring these disputes to arbitration is not accepted at all. Commercial companies also have different procedures in this regard; some companies, believing in the many benefits of arbitration for companies, have chosen it as the first way to resolve labor disputes. Some other companies, despite accepting the arbitration, use it as a secondary method, ie if other non-judicial methods are not obtained and finally, there are companies that are reluctant to refer arbitration to dispute resolution.ve been accepted but in others, only voluntary arbitration is recognized in limited cases. In a number of other legal systems, referring these disputes to arbitration is not accepted at all. Commercial companies also have different procedures in this regard; some companies, believing in the many benefits of arbitration for companies, have chosen it as the first way to resolve labor disputes. Some other companies, despite accepting the arbitration, use it as a secondary method, ie if other non-judicial methods are not obtained and finally, there are companies that are reluctant to refer arbitration to dispute resolution.

Endurance means stability and standing, which are mentioned in the verses of the Holy Quran related to the concepts of patience and stability, and each of the above words has a degree of stability. So that patience is the introduction to stability, stability is the second step and endurance is the third and most important step on the way to stability in the Qur'an. From the point of view of the Holy Qur'an, if a person observes the framework, principles and pillars of perseverance and steadfastness and adheres to its principles, many works and blessings will appear for him, such as divine help, victory, God's love, not having fear and anxiety, and reality. Being in security, subject to God's eternal greetings, divine mercy, divine mercy, eternal paradise and countless rewards are some of the effects of perseverance from the perspective of the Holy Quran, so according to the verses of the QuranAn article has been written in a library style and descriptive analytical method to be a step in explaining the concepts of the verses of the Holy Quran and introducing it to the human society

upporting the social security rights of migrant workers and their family members as a human rights issue has been the focus of many international institutions in the last century. One of the manifestations of this attention is the issue of recognizing and accepting their acquired social security rights; among the examples of acquired social security rights of migrant workers, the contribution periods acquired by them in the country or countries of their previous employment should be considered. Considering the importance of this issue for migrant workers, this paper examines the legal aspects of the international transfer of social security contribution periods. The findings of this research indicate that the international transfer of contribution periods has several conditions, including: membership in the insurance system, residence in the host country, and the existence of an international social security agreement between the migrant worker's origin and destination country. Currently, most of the developing countries are facing various challenges in the field of international transfer of contribution periods, the most prominent of which are: limitations of the internal transfer of contribution periods, differences in the social security system of countries and the negative approach of countries towards concluding agreements between International social security or accession to the documents approved by the United Nations and the International Labor Organization.

Concluding the international social security agreements is one of the international mechanisms to support migrant workers. For this reason, many countries today, especially with the aim of protecting their nationals who live in the territory of other governments, are trying to conclude such agreements. However, developing countries mostly do not have many agreements in this field with other countries. In some cases, this issue causes social security rights of their nationals in foreign countries or foreign nationals working in their territory to be ignored. Considering the importance of international social security agreements, the current article has investigated and analyzed its legal aspects using descriptive-analytical method.The findings of this article indicate that the conclusion of international social security agreements in developing countries such as Iran has many challenges such as: lack of legal, economic, political and executive platforms and capacities necessary for concluding social security agreements. The developed countries face with problems such as unwillingness to conclude international social security agreements with developing countries; increasing the costs of the social security system; The contradiction with immigration policies and difficulty of evaluating the effects of the implementation of social security agreements..

In Iran legal system, according to Article 166 of Labour act (enacted 1990), the verdicts of labour dispute resolution authorities must be implemented in the Judiciary by the Civil Judgments Enforcement Unit. Although the general process of enforcing these verdicts set out in acts, including the Civil Judgments Enforcement Act (enacted 1977) and the Enforcement of Financial Sentences Act (enacted 2015), but the implementation of the verdicts of these authorities is sometimes accompanied with ambiguities and challenges; So that workers face difficulties in achieving their rights. The present article examines these ambiguities and challenges on the basis of descriptive and analytical method. Its findings indicate the ambiguities in the process of implementing the most important rulings of labor dispute resolution authorities, including rulings on financial condemnations (including labors' premiums and their salaries and benefits) and verdicts on non-financial condemnations (including verdict to return to work) has led to the emergence of various procedures in the enforcement units of civil judgments of the judiciary. In addition, the implementation of these verdicts in practice is associated with several challenges, some of which are: Ambiguity in verdicts, the employer's financial inability (whether insolvency or bankruptcy), the employer's refusal to implement the verdict and the Social Security Organization's refusal to implement the verdicts on premium.

Etching the internal surface of ceramic restorations with hydrofluoric (HF) acid and silane is a well-accepted technique to enhance the bond strength. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of concentration of hydrofluoric acid and etching time on microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) ceramics in 2021.

This in vitro study was conducted on 8 Celtra-Duo ceramic blocks size 14 measuring 12×14×18 mm. Each ceramic block was divided into three equal pieces by a cutting machine to obtain a total of 24 specimens. The specimens were randomly divided into 6 groups for etching with 5% and 10% HF acid for 30, 60, and120 seconds. Silane (Clearfil porcelain activator) and bonding agent (Clearfil SE Bond) were applied to the etched specimens. Panavia F2 resin cement was applied on the surfaces and light-cured. The mTBS of resin cement to porcelain was measured by a universal testing machine. The mode of failure was determined under a stereomicroscope at x40 magnification. Data were analyzed by one- and two-way ANOVA (P<0.05).

The mean mTBS of Celtra-Duo ceramics subjected to etching for 30, 60, and 120 seconds was not significantly different in the use of 5% and 10% HF acid concentrations (P>0.05). Two-way ANOVA showed that the effects of HF acid concentration and etching time, and their interaction effect were not significant on µTBS of CAD/CAM Celtra-Duo ceramics (P>0.05). The mode of failure was dominantly adhesive in both concentrations of 5% and 10% HF acid. No mixed failure occurred in both concentrations. 

Considering the non-significant difference in µTBS of ceramics subjected to different concentrations of HF acid for different times, the application of HF acid with lower concentration for a shorter period is recommended to prevent possible adverse effects on ceramic strength.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of social institutions in sustainable agricultural development. . For this purpose, 42 experts, managers and implementers of agricultural projects were selected as the study sample and the required information was collected through questionnaires distributed among them. In order to analyze the data obtained from structural equation modeling, the partial least squares method was used by PLS statistical software and the results of the conceptual model fit indices indicate the appropriate fit of the measurement model, structural and It was a general model of research. All hypotheses related to the factors affecting the sustainable development of agriculture were confirmed. The validity of the research was confirmed using a panel of experts, project implementers, professors and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha, combined reliability, convergent validity and convergent validity. The results showed that causal factors (education-comprehensive planning), central category (economic conditions), intervention factors (policy-judicial-climate), underlying factors (government-infrastructure), strategies (Banking regulations) affect the sustainable development of agriculture (collection of loans), and the productive root of a comprehensive pattern of collection of loans in the agricultural sector is economic factors, based on which farmers' incomes are affected. With the increase of farmers' incomes and coherent planning for the repayment of agricultural loans and the implementation of the necessary and efficient infrastructure by the government, the proper implementation of appropriate methods and methodology for receiving loans in the agricultural sector will be provided.

The forward text is a description of abolition and termination of death penalty in the modern world and explanations that different sociological views are drawn to this decline. The first part is the death penalty in pre modern world, a world that can be considered as the age of death penalty, the second section is about the fall of this kind of punishment in human societies. The third part is about the typology of sociological theory that has been explaining this change. In this text we will talk about four types of theory, functionalist theory, political economy of the death penalty, Foucauldian theory and finally culturalist theory.  The fourth category, however, are those that explain such change with the help of culture and believe that gradually in the modern world, structure of the feelings of human beings have changed, and the modern human beings nourished another, and therefore, the behavior with the body of criminals finds new meaning and form.

Pension funds for maintaining the balance of resources and expenditure invest in different ways; one of the most common practices is owning companies’ stocks. The tendency of many pension funds to this type of investment have led to the management of companies. Management of companies by pension funds (in the sense of having a stock management) as an emerging issue in the legal literature of our country has faced different regulatory policies; some are limiting or prohibiting and others are prescribing. Even though the legislator's last determination was to ban the company management of Iran's pension funds, some have gone too far from their social goals by forming investment companies. This essay using a comparative approach and library analysis, after explaining the legal status of firms has tried to analyze the background and reasons for company management of pension funds including paying of government debt to funds, capital market restrictions in Iran and entrepreneurial profitability. The findings show that if pension funds want to pay more attention to the rights of their members, it is necessary to significantly reduce the company managing, establish balancing through acquisition of shares of investment companies and other investment practices.

In the last two decades, pension funds active in Iran are faced with several financial difficulties that many of them refer funds investment mechanisms. Nowadays, pension funds investment follows of several principles consist of clarity of objectives, balance of profitability and security, independence from government interferences and being Responsible Investment that has emphasized international organizations such as ISSA, OECD, ILO and World Bank on them. As regards following of these principles will cause strengthening of fund financial source and, ultimately, guarantee the rights of the insured, the pension funds follow of these principle in many country legal system. Nonetheless, reviewing and researching of Iran's pension funds problems shows these financial institutions have violated these principles in many cases. This essay that has been written with comparative approach, after explanation of the most problems of pension funds, shows that each of problems has violated or debilitated which principles governing on pension funds investment.

Today the growing need for cultural tolerance among different nations and cultures, has been highlighted in our globalized world. A new model for achieving this ideal is one that involve a particular type of intelligence, say Cultural Intelligence, a variable that directly affects the cultural competency. Virtually cultural intelligence r is a new concept in social knowledge, an ability to recognize and respond appropriately to different cultures. In fact, cultural intelligence is a skill and hence it can be taught, and people can be empowered. It is clear that empowerment of individuals in childhood will result in better outcomes. question then arises whether Islam as a transcendental religion has paid attention to this issue. Referring to religious sources, it can be seen that such attention and emphasis on cultural intelligence has a significant history in the religious tradition, so with considering the components of cultural intelligence and using the words of the religious leaders we can map the way for more interaction between a variety of cultures, a subject that neglected and is not paid enough attention.

Religion has played an important role in history of sociological thought and there have been difference of opinions about the future of this phenomenon. Most of sociologists who have contributed to sociology of religion agreed that religion was losing its social and cultural significance and so secularization was inevitable. They have believed that religion was nothing but illusion of man's mind, and finally rationality and science will dominate the world. Not only classics but also modern sociologists have made important contribution to this idea. On the other side, what happened in real world also verified their idea. But some events gradually happened that secularization thesis was unable to explain them. The religion was getting his power back. So there was a need for a new paradigm and new theory for explaining the resurrection of religion. So the paradigm of "religion as a rational choice" has emerged. Sociologists who contribute to this paradigm use economical metaphors for explaining the religious behaviors of people. They reject the secularization thesis and state that religion will retain his pivotal role in human beings life. In this article we want to describe this results and implications.

As the most substantive and fundamental rights of individuals, natural rights are of an ancient history and are not surrounded by a particular school of thought. Natural law has been founded on nature and reason of human beings; of and from which no legal system can be independent and indifferent. Meanwhile, it has always been controversial whether contemporary human rights are also rooted in natural law. This paper seeks to examine the claims of proponents of natural rights. Once it explains the major instances of natural rights, it theoretically analyzes the possibility and impact of such rights on human rights in general, and highlights the objective traces and impacts of natural rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the UN Charter of Human Rights and the human rights judgments issued by the International Court of Justice.

Most of lawyers have recognized five elements for common heritage of mankind in outer space. Outer space، moon and other celestial bodies couldn''t be subject to possession. Also resulting interests of them should be equitably distributed among countries، so that regard developing countries activities beside interests of developing ones. The Interest of mankind as one of another elements indicate us that economic exploitation of space should be compatible with mankind interest، shouldn''t impair area environment and results from space researches should be accessible for all to use، too. The materialization of this concept in outer space is subject to establishment of an international system for its management and until happening this، mentioned element has been come to pass with international cooperation in various dimensions. Fifth element - Peaceful use of outer space – that its interpretation in meaning of non-military use (opposite non-aggressive use) is more correspondents with thesis of common heritage of mankind، prepares the way for materialization of other elements.

Banks and the government should see the feedback of their activities for the proper analysis of results, greater efficiency of available resources and correct and timely allocation of them. The purpose of present research is to analyze the effective factors in the success of short term output enterprises of agricultural sector in Ivan city. Statistical population of research include 150 samples in which 80 samples were projects executives who received their credits from short term output enterprises’ credit of agriculture bank. They were randomly selected by Morgan sample test. The tool of collecting data was questionnaire. Its validity and reliability was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha. We used SPSS software to analyze the results. Results showed that psychological variables such as risk taking, independence, self confidence, creativity of managers of short term output enterprises, their education degree and initial capital that they enter the enterprise are important factors to predict the success and failure of active and inactive entrepreneurs in short term output enterprises of agricultural sector.

Labor right is one of rights that has been recognized for aliens by generic documents of human rights, conventions of international labor organization (ILO) and internal acts. Aliens’ occupation in Iran that roots in ancient age, from Iran’s membership in ILO until today has moved toward evolution under influence of fundamental Labor rights conventions consist of: prohibition of forced labor, non-discrimination in employment and occupation, freedom of syndicate, effectual deletion of child labor, conventions with subject of migrant workers’ occupation such as «Convention concerning Equality of Treatment for National and Foreign Workers as regards Workmen's Compensation for Accidents» and other generic documents of human rights. This essay that reviews deal of international documents effectiveness on Legal Status related the legal migrant worker's right of labor in Iran, ultimately has presented some mechanism for support of impressionability Predominant Legal Status for them.