فهرست مطالب مرتضی قربانی

Attention to social interactions is highlighted as a crucial component in the design of residential spaces. Neglecting environmental and behavioral psychological elements in the design of residential complexes can lead to problems in individual and social life. Despite the importance of this issue, a review of the literature in this field reveals few studies that focus on identifying environmental and behavioral psychological elements aimed at enhancing social interactions in the design of high-rise residential complexes.

The aim of the current research was to identify the psychological environmental and behavioral elements in enhancing social interactions in the design of high-rise residential complexes.

The present research employed a descriptive survey method. The population consisted of all residents of residential complexes in the city of Tehran, from which 11 residential complexes were selected using convenience sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 30 items. Sample size determination was conducted using Cochran's formula, resulting in 315 returned questionnaires out of 1000 distributed questionnaires, all of which were suitable for analysis. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25.

Based on the results and comparisons made, all three examined factors, namely physical, semantic, and functional features, have varying degrees of importance as influential factors on the level of social interactions in the open spaces of residential complexes (p< 0.001).

Creating and promoting local social networks and communication platforms for residents can help strengthen social connections and interactions among members of the community. These networks can facilitate the sharing of information related to neighborhood affairs, encourage participation in social activities and local events, and facilitate the formation of local groups and associations. By providing a digital space for residents to connect and engage with one another, these platforms can contribute to a sense of community cohesion and foster a supportive local environment.

Increasing opportunities for social interaction is one of the necessary psychological needs, which causes problems in human's personal and social life. The increase of residential complexes and apartment living in the current century, which occurred following the increase in population in Iran, has become an inevitable issue. Neglecting psychological needs in the design of today's residential complexes and only providing physical needs leads to social anomalies. In this research, an attempt is made to investigate the increase of residents' interactions in the open space of the complexes, considering the constructive components of social relations. The current research is a survey descriptive research and in terms of its purpose, it is applied research. Research method, survey method and data collection tool, the researcher made a questionnaire. After categorizing and selecting the target population, a questionnaire was prepared. Then the data were collected to check the relationship between the variables to test the research hypotheses. The collected data have been analyzed using SPSS version 25 software.

The application of bio-fertilizers, especially mycorrhizal fungi, is known as one of the most important nutritional approaches in sustainable agriculture and agricultural ecosystem management. Among the numerous microorganisms in the rhizosphere, some have positive effects on plant growth promotion. These microorganisms are bio fertilizers such as plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria, which colonize the rhizosphere and roots of many plant species and confer beneficial effects to plants. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal funguswas assessed on yield and yield components of three Iranian ecotypes of black seed medicinal plant.

To determine the inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi on yield and yield components of different ecotypes of black seed, a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted. The experiment was conducted as factorial in Sarayan faculty of agriculture at 2018, with two factors, the Rhizophagus fasciculatum and Rhizophagus mosseae species of mycorrhizal as first factor, Sarayan, Hamedan, and Shahrekord ecotypes of black seed as second factor, in three replications. The traits studied in this research were plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, the average height of the first branch, root length, total chlorophyll, number of flowering branches, the average height of the first capsule, capsule length, capsule diameter, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsules, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, and straw yield.

The analysis of variance showed significant differences among investigated ecotypes of black seed for all traits. However, none of the above traits were affected by the interaction of Ecotype × mycorrhiza. In addition, the highest values of plant height (19.85 cm), the average height of the first branch (8.99 cm), root length (13.63 cm), the average height of the first capsule (19.16 cm), and capsule length (8.38 cm) for Hamadan ecotype, the highest values of the number of seeds per capsule (53.31 grains), biological yield (75.8 g.m-2), grain yield (26.16 g.m-2), and straw yield (49.64 g.m-2) for Shahrekord ecotype, and the highest 1000-seed weight (2.34 g) and harvest index (42.67%) for Sarayan cultivar were obtained. In other hand, the means of pod diameter, pod length, and number of flowering branches were increased in plants treated with both species of mycorrhizal bio-fertilizer than the control treatment so that the highest values in the number of flowering branches (8.24 cm) and capsule length (8.18 cm) were obtained under the application of Rhizophagus mosseae, and the thickest capsules (8.24 cm) were achieved under the application of frtilizers contained Rhizophagus fasciculatum. The results of simple correlation analysis showed the positive and significant correlation of seed yield trait with root length, number of secondary branches, number of flowering branches, number of pods per plants, and number of seeds per pod, at 5% probability level, and with biological yield and straw yield traits at 1% probability level. Results of path analysis showed positive direct effect of number of flowering branches and biological yield traits on grain yield and the highest positive direct effect was recorded for biological yield. In contrast, the highest negative direct effect on the grain yield of investigated ecotypes was obtained for the straw yield.

It was shown that there was a significant difference between the three black seed ecotypes in morphological and functional traits, so that Shahrekord and Hamedan ecotypes were superior in all traits (except thousand seed weight and harvest index) compared to Sarayan ecotype. In general, our findings demonstrated the relationship between morphological traits and yield components of black seed ecotypes under the inoculation of mycorrhiza strains, which can be employed in black seed breeding programs as a reference. Also, it is suggested that ecotypes/genotypes that are better in biological and straw yield traits were used for cretia selection traits in future.

In organizations, the emergence of some factors such as stressful conditions in the work environment, physical injuries and some other factors make employees decide to rotate their jobs. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of musculoskeletal diseases on employees’ desire to rotate their jobs, considering the mediating role of job stress and the moderating role of mindfulness in firefighters of the Ports and Maritime Administration of Iran.

This descriptive research is correlational type. The statistical population of the research was all the firefighters of the Ports and Maritime Administration of the whole country, whose number was 598. The sampling method in this research is cluster sampling method. The minimum number in sample in this research is 280 employees. The instruments of the present research are standard skeletal-muscular, mindfulness, job stress, and job rotation questionnaires. Convergent and divergent validity coefficients were used to check the validity of the questionnaires. The reliability of the questionnaires was calculated using Cronbach's alpha. In order to analyze the data, the structural equation modeling method of Smart PLS software was used.

The results showed that skeletal-muscular diseases have a positive effect on job stress. Skeletal-muscular diseases and job stress have positive effects on job rotation. Skeletal-muscular diseases have indirect effect on job r otation through job stress. Mindfulness moderates the effect of skeletal-muscular diseases on job stress.

 It can be concluded that skeletal-muscular diseases have an effect on the tendency of a individuals to rotate their jobs due to the role of job stress and mindfulness. Through this study It was confirmed that real physical pain can be reduced by mindfulness.

Abiotic environmental stresses such as drought and salinity are important factors in reducing crop yield in many parts of the world (Muscolo et al., 2016). Water scarcity is the most important factor in reducing the production of crops in arid areas. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the sustainable use of water resources, especially in arid and semi-arid regions (Dabhi et al., 2013; Samadzadeh et al., 2020). Introducing new drought-tolerant crops is the main strategy for sustainable crop production in arid regions (Samadzadeh et al., 2020). Besides, deficit irrigation and foliar application of osmolyte compounds such as glycine betaine can be considered to reduce the effect of drought stress on plant growth and yield (Fallahi et al., 2015; Tian et al., 2017).

In this experiment, the effects of water availability and foliar application of glycine betaine (GB) were studied on the growth and yield of quinoa. The experiment was carried out as factorial based on a complete randomized block design with three replicates in Sarayan, south Khorasan province, Iran. Experimental factors were (1) irrigation management regimes (irrigation after 70, 140, and 210 mm pan evaporation) and (2) GB foliar application (0 zero or distilled water and 150 mg. l-1).

There were no significant differences between irrigation levels in terms of many vegetative and reproductive parameters such as plant height, plant dry weight, number of panicles per plant, panicle length, and its dry weight. An increase in water stress severity caused a reduction in biological yield and 1000-grain weight, but seed yield did not decrease. GB application increased the values of plant dry weight, biological yield, chlorophyll index (SPAD), and the number of panicles per plant, while reduced reducing seed yield. Interaction results of experimental factors revealed that the highest biological yield (2533.3 kg ha-1) was obtained by GB and irrigation after 70 mm pan evaporation, while the lowest value (1433.3 kg ha-1) was gained by the no-GB and 210 mm pan evaporation. The highest seed yield values were obtained by 70 and 210 mm pan evaporation (250.7 and 245.4 kg ha-1, respectively) combined with the no-GB application. In general, due to the scarcity of water resources in arid areas, quinoa irrigation after 210 mm pan evaporation can be recommended.

Quinoa had an acceptable resistance to drought stress. Seed yield in this experiment was much lower than the plant's genetic potential, which could be due to improper planting date and density. Therefore, research on other quinoa cultivars, other planting dates, and foliar application of glycine-betaine at other concentrations and times can complement the results of the present experiment.

Identifying the effective factors in promoting students' social well - being can be a guide for educating students for the educational system. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the role of religious coping and psychological hardiness in predicting the social well - being of Payam - e Noor university students during the Covid - 19 outbreak .

Methods :

The statistical population included all students (no=350) of Payam - e Noor University in Hajiabad, South Khorasan, Iran in the academic year 2020 - 2021. Based on Krejcie and Morgan’s table, 180 students were selected by available sampling method completed Pa rgament et al.'s Religious Coping Questionnaire, Kiamarei et al.'s Psychological Hardiness Questionnaire, and Keyes and Magyar - Moe’s Social Well - being Subscale online. Pearso n correlation test and multiple regression were used to analyze the data. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests .

The results showed that the correlation of psychological hardiness with social well - being (r=0.585), and the correlation between positive religious coping and social well - being were positive and significant (r=0.498), but the correlation between negative religious coping and social well - being was negative (r= - 0.285) (P<0.01). Also, the value of the coefficient of determination showed that religious c oping strategies and psychological hardiness explained 38.8% of the variance in social well - being .

According to the results of the study, by planning to improve religious coping strategies and psychological hardiness of students, their social w ell - being can be increased at all times, especially during the corona pandemic .

Identifying moral intelligence is a fundamental change and need in nursing because becoming a good nurse depends not only on theoretical knowledge and clinical skills but also on the development of moral experiences in the application of moral knowledge and responsibility. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the level of moral intelligence of nursing students during coronation and the role of demographic characteristics.

The present study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study was all students of the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery in Ghaen city in the academic year 2020-2021, which was selected using the available sampling method and using the Krejcie and Morgan table The sample size was estimated to be 180 people and they answered the demographic information and Lennick and Kiel’s Moral Intelligence Standard Questionnaires online through social networks. Mean, standard deviation, and one-sample t-test, multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data using SPSS software v. 25.

The results showed that the moral intelligence of nursing and midwifery students was at a high level. There was no significant difference between the components (honesty, P=0.762), (responsibility, P=0.952), (compassion, P=0.318), (forgiveness, P=0.469) of moral intelligence of male and female students (P<0.05), but there was a significant difference between students’ moral intelligence in terms of marriage and age (P<0.01).

The results of the study require more attention from managers and health planners in the field of moral intelligence because it can help them in ensuring the health of their patients.

Lung cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide that despite the recent progress, its existing treatments have not sufficient efficiency, and scientists are always trying to find complementary therapies. Medicinal plants, such as sour tea, have attracted lots of attention due to their abundant antioxidant compounds. In the present study, in addition to assessing the anticancer effects of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on the human cellular model (A549) of lung cancer, the related molecular mechanism of anti-proliferative effects of the extract was investigated through the evaluation of the expression level of Bax and Bcl2 genes.

To this end, after the preparation of the sour tea extract, cellular cytotoxicity was evaluated with an MTT assay. Afterward, the cells were treated again with selective concentrations of the extract, and after 24 h, RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and gene expression analysis of apoptosis genes (Bax and Bcl2) were performed with a real-time polymerase chain reaction.

The results of the study showed that sour tea extract reduced the viability of cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, molecular analysis results revealed that the treatment of cancer cells with sour tea extract could increase the Bax/Bcl2 ratio, which is an important mechanism for triggering apoptosis.

According to the obtained results, sour tea extract had a cytotoxic effect on lung cancer cells, and therefore, could be suggested as a potential complementary therapy for lung cancer after experimental studies and clinical trials.

In this study, the effect of Rhizophagus irregulariss mycorrhiza and nitroxin bio-fertilizers alone and in combination form was evaluated on control of chickpea wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. Evaluation of effectiveness of these treatments was done through measurement of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, and disease severity. A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design by eight treatments with three replications was conducted under greenhouse condition. Our results showed that the amount of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments were significantly decreased in infected plants without biofertilizer treatment while disease severity was increased. The highest increase in  chlorophyll a and carotenoid pigments was observed in nitroxin treatment while the highest increase in  chlorophyll b and ab was recorded in mycorrhizae treatment. Approximately, the maximum change in measured parameters was related to mycorrhiza treatment while all treatments were able to increase yield components compared to control plant. The results of disease severity assessment in infected plant inoculated with bio-fertilizers showed that application of these bio-fertilizers in combination form caused a significant reduction in disease severity. Based on these results, use of both bio-fertilizers combined with soil could increase plant resistance to disease stress by the  increase of yield components

Academic vitality can play an effective role in students' academic performance; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of executive function training on students' academic vitality and academic performance.

The quasi-experimental research method was pretest-posttest with a control group with a follow-up period. From the statistical population that included all seventh-grade male students in Birjand in the academic year 2019-2020, 40 people were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (20 people in each group); they answered "academic vitality" and "academic performance" questionnaires. The experimental group participated in 16 sessions of 90 minutes of executive-functional training, but the control group did not receive any training. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 24 and analysis of variance with repeated measures between groups.

Executive function training was effective in improving students' academic vitality and academic performance (p<0.01). These results continued in the follow-up period (p<0.01).

The empowerment program based on executive functions can, along with other intervention methods, be effective in improving the vitality and academic performance of students.

Citrus Cachexia disease caused by Hop stunt viroid is one of the important economic diseases of citrus plants that can lead to non-compensable damage in citrus orchards. In order to detection and distribution of HSVD in orang orchards such as Valencia, Tamson, Washington and Blood variety oranges in the Mazandaran province sampling was done during 2019-2020 horticultural season. A 173 numbers was accidently harvested from sampling regions. RNA extraction was done from leaf tissue using Trizol reagents. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) method with specific primers was used to identification of viroid. The results of this research showed that viroid agents was practically identified in majority of sampling area. The average distribution of disease was determined as 45.06 percent that of all the maximum distribution (72.2%) was related to Saroo village. In the Bahanmir, Chaloos and Fereidonkenar regions, the viroid agent was not detected. Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) pattern showed the different isolates of viroid in sampling regions. Phyllogenetic analysis of obtained sequences showed the isolated are divided into 4 genetic groups that the first and second group are heterogenic and other two groups are monogeneic. Based on these results, it can be concluded that changes in the secondary structures of circular mRNA molecule of hop stunt viroid strain in the different host could lead to spread of viroid host range.

Chickpea is an important grain legume in Asia, and makes a significant contribution to the food and nutrition security of the people. Fusarium wilt is an important disease of chickpea, causing significant yield loss. This malady is the most important and destructive soil-borne disease of chickpea in Iran. Excessive use of chemical fungicides to control this soil-born pathogen can have adverse effects on human health and environment, and can lead to fungal resistance to fungicides. Increasing induced resistance using resistance inducers as bio-fertilizers can be considered as an alternative method to plant disease control. The use of nitroxine a bio-fertilizer containing Azosprillium and Azotobacter species as well as mycorrhizal fungi to induce systemic resistance mechanisms has been demonstrated in different plants under biotic stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bio-fertilizers to induce acquired resistance in chickpea plant under pathogen stress as compared to non-infected plants.

The change of some antioxidant enzymes and gene expression analysis was examined to evaluate the effect of biofertilizers on increasing resistance in chickpea plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum fsp. ciceri. A factorial experiment based on complete randomized block design with three replications was conducted under greenhouse conditions in 2014. The eight treatments included: 1) Plant control without infection (sh), 2) Fusarium oxysporum (Foc), 3) Mycorrhiza (Gi), 4) Nitroxin (N), 5) Mycorrhiza+Nitroxin+Infection (GI+N+F), 6) Mycorrhiza+Nitroxin (GI+N), 6) Mycorrhiza + Fusarium oxysporum (Gi+F) and 8) Nitroxin+Fusarium (N+F). Mycorrhiza, Fusarium oxysporum and Nitroxin+Fusarium (M+F+N) were used in this study. Catalase, Proxidase, and Polyphenoloxidase activity was assessed by spectrophotometer with corresponding wavelengths. Total RNA was isolated using an extraction kit, according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Real-time RT-PCR was performed in a thermocycler using the following program: 5 min at 94 °C, followed by 35 cycles of 30sec at 95°C, 30 min at 59°C and 30 min at 72 °C, with final extension for 10min at 72°C. All acquired data were analyzed using SAS software version 9 and mean values were compared using Duncan's multiple range test. The changes of transcript level were measured via a comparative technique. Actin genes were used as internal reference.

Data analysis revealed that the highest rate of total phenol and protein (50/292 mg/mL) in treated plants was related to nitroxin and mycorrhiza treatments, respectively. The greatest change in all three enzymes was observed in mycorrhiza treatment 72h after plant infection. Mean comparison of gene expression data at different time intervals showed a high expression level 72h after plant infection in mycorrhizal application. Our results indicated that the maximum effect of bio-fertilizer application occurred 72h following plant infection with the pathogen. Application of both biofertilizers without Fusarium infection did not show any significant change in the expression level of the two tested gene.

Biofertilizer agents can improve plant growth through several different mechanisms such as protecting the plant under stressful conditions and defense against plant pathogen which can lead to reduced disease and death. The increase of total phenol and protein as the precursor of plant defense mechanism through apply biofertilizers in infected plants indicated the efficiency of these compounds to reduce disease. Antioxidant enzymes as a biomarker were used to evaluate the effect of exogenic compounds on increasing plant resistance against biotic stress. As with a similar work, we found a correlation between biofertilizer application and enzyme activity. Other parameters such as phenotypic characters and yield components can be used as a marker to investigate the effect of biofertilizers in these domains. Analysis of variance of the data related to gene expression confirmed the efficiency of biofertilizers on inducing resistance. Based on our results, we recommended use of biofertilizers in a single or mixture form to improve growth conditions in stressed plants especially under biotic stress. To make the bio-fertilizer more efficient in the field, a coordinated work by different science domains as bacteriology, chemistry, genetics, and agronomy as well as farmers as bio-fertilizer consumers seems necessary. This coordination could facilitate the adaptation of fungi and bacterium-based bio-fertilizers to different agriculture systems.

In this paper, we introduce the new concept of biprojectivity of a Banach algebra modulo an ideal, as a generalization of this notion in the classical case. By using it , we obtain some necessary and sufficient conditions for contractibility of Banach algebras modulo an ideal. In particular we characterize the contractibility of quotient Banach algebras. Also we study the relationship between the biprojectivity  modulo an ideal of a Banach algebra and the biprojectivity of the corresponding quotient Banach algebra. ....

IntroductionRoselle or Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is an annual herbaceous plant which grows properly in tropical and sub-tropical areas. Sepals are the main commercial part of roselle with unique brilliant red colour and flavor which are containing many nutritional compounds such as anthocyanin and vitamin C. Accordingly, sepals commonly are used in food industries for production of beverages, juices, jams and syrup (Duangmal et al., 2008; Sanjari-Mijani et al. 2015). Therefore, production of high quality sepals via the good agronomic practices is an important topic in roselle cultivation. So far, the effect of irrigation management (Rahbarian et al. 2011), mycorrhizal inoculation (Sembok et al. 2015) and humic acid application (Sanjari-Mijani et al. 2015) on some qualitative and quantitative indices of roselle has been evaluated in some studies. However, the impacts of mentioned factors on colour characteristics of dried sepals including hunter color values, colour intensity and hue angle has not been studied. Therefore, due to the impact of colour on marketability and drug quality, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of water availability, mycorrhizal symbiosis and humic acid application on colour indices of dried sepals in roselle.
Materials and methodsIn this experiment, the influence of irrigation regimes [irrigation after 100 mm (normal irrigation) and 200 mm (deficit irrigation) pan evaporation], humic acid application (0 and 4 kg.ha-1) and mycorrhizal inoculation (Glomus versiforme, Glomus intraradices and control) were studied on colour characteristic of roselle sepals. For this purpose an experiment at the form of split-split-plot layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out during 2015-16 at research field of Sarayan Faculty of Agriculture (33ºN, 58ºE, 1450 masl, annual precipitation of 150 mm and annual temperature of 17ºC.) in east part of Iran. Seed planting was done on 20 April using Sistan & Balochestan ecotype with 10×50 cm intra and inter-rows distances. Humic acid was used in irrigation water two times during vegetative growth of roselle i.e. 15 and 35 days after emergence. All plots were irrigated similarly two times during the first week after seed sowing and then irrigation treatments were exerted separately in each plot until November 15 when irrigation was stopped. After that, calyces belonged to each treatment were harvested and dried separately in ambient temperature and shade condition of laboratory and then were used for colour analysis. Color of dried sepals was evaluated using a colorimeter (TES 135, Shenzhen Youfu Tools Co., Ltd. - TAIWAN). Results were expressed as Hunter color values (l*, a* and b*). L is the brightness ranging from 0 (black) to 100 (white). The value a* is the redness ranging from negative values for green to positive values for red. The value b* is the yellowness ranging from negative values for blue and positive values for yellow. In addition, color intensity (Chroma), hue angle and browning index were calculated using equations presented by Duangmal et al., (2008). Finally, data were statistically analyzed using SAS 9.1 and means were compared by duncan test at 5% level of probability
Results and discussionResults showed that the effect of experimental factors was significant on most of colour indices in roselle calyces. Droughts stress reduced a* value, hue angle and chroma by 22, 53 and 15% respectively. Humic acid application also reduced the amount of hue by 63% while increased the b/a by 25%. Both mycorrhizal species enhanced the hue index by 66% compared with control treatment. Results of interaction effects revealed that the highest amount of b/a (0.19) was obtained at droughts stress × humic application × mycorrhizal inoculation, while its lowest value (0.02) observed at no stress ×no-humic ×no-inoculation treatment. In addition, the maximum amount of hue (215 º) was obtained at no water stress × humic application × mycorrhizal inoculation using Glomus versiforme. The treatment of no stress × no humic × mycorrhizal symbiosis produced the maximum amount of redness index. Moreover, a significant correlation was observed between a* with chroma (.64**) and browning index (-0.71**) as well as between hue and redness index (.00**). Overall, colour quality of roselle sepals was more suitable under appropriate water supply. In addition, mycorrhizal inoculation partially reduced the negative impacts of droughts stress on calyxes colour characteristics. The reducing effect of sever water stress and the positive role of mycorrhizal inoculation on growth, yield and quality of roselle has been previously reported by other researchers (Rahbarian et al., 2011; Sembok et al. 2015). It has been reported that red anthocyanins in sepals of roselle are responsible of its brilliant red colour (Duangmal et al., 2008). Our qualitative analysis revealed that the amount of anthocyanins in drought stress condition was 12% lower than no stress treatment. Furthermore, mycorrhizal symbiosis using G. intraradices and Glomus versiforme improved the amount of this index by 20 and 5%, respectively (data are not presented). These observations are in accordance with the trend of redness change in dried sepals. Accordingly, it seems that more redness and a*, hue angle in no stress and inoculation treatments is because of more anthocyanin content in related plants. This finding is also understandable from positive regression relation between redness index and sepals anthocyanin content.
ConclusionsConsidering to colour characteristics and regards to yield and qualitative indices such as anthocyanin and vitamin c content (data are not presented), it seems that appropriate water availability and use of mycorrhizal symbiosis are two good strategies for roselle production.

The biological control of Heterodera schachtii, was investigated using Trichoderma harzianum, Talaromyces flauvs, Fusarium solani and Pochonia chlamydosporium antagonistic fungi isolated from sugar beet cyst nematode in Isfahan Province of Iran. Their effects were compared to those of two commercial bioproducts including Marigold (Amit Biotech Pvt. Ltd., India) and TRICHO-MIX H.V. (Fanavaran Hayat-e Sabz Co., Iran) in a completely randomized design greenhouse experiment with five replicates. Fungal isolates grown on sterile wheat seeds were added to the field soil and or pasteurized soil at the rate of 10 grams per pot along with Marigold and TRICHO-MIX H.V. at 0.2 and 2 grams per pot respectively. Pots were kept in a greenhouse at 25±2°C, with 70±10% RH for 90 days. Analysis of the variance of the results was first performed and comparisons of the means were done using Duncan's multiple range test by SAS 9.1 statistical software. The results showed that there were significant differences in final population density between treatments compared with nematode alone. T. harzianum128, Marigold, T. harzianum 93, TRICHO-MIX H.V., F. solani, T. flavus 94, T. flavus 134 and P. chlamydosporium reduced final population by 65.08, 60.72, 53.08, 47.99, 45.81, 42.17, 41.45 and 20.35%, respectively. Fresh and dry weight of the above and below ground and length of the stem and the root of sugar beet plants were significantly different in the pasteurized and field soil. Plants treated with Fusarium and Verticillium showed higher growth compared to the other treatments.

Grapevine belongs to the Vitaceae family that consists of 14 genera and about 700 species. Only in the genus Vitis fruits are edible. Italy is the largest producer of grapes and Iran has the seventh position in the world from this point of view. Western Azarbaijan province comprises a high diversity of crops including wild grapes. Although, some nematodes are free living and antagonists of another soil microfauna, the other are plant parasitic agents. Most of which live in the agricultural soils where they are widely dispersed. Effectiveness of the disease management strategies are affected by the accurate identification of the plant disease causal agents and the nematodal diseases are not the exception from this rule. Therefore, for control of the diseases caused by the nematodes, it is necessary to separate the parasitic nematodes from the suspected contaminated soils and identify them. Although separation and identification of the nematodes are partly time-consuming, it is not very complicated. Some nematodes likeXiphinema, Longidorus and Ditylenchus are cosmopolitan and catastrophic nematodes in vineyards worldwide. So far no study has been performed regarding the plant parasitic nematode in vineyards of the south of Western Azerbaijan. Therefore, in this study as an introduction to the management ofthe vineyard parasitic nematodes, the dominant nematodes of the plant were identified. In the next step, investigation of nematodes bioecology, the interaction of nematodes with the other plant pathogens, their host range and their damages to the host plants would be studied.
In order to identify the fauna of plant parasitic nematodes in vineyards of the south of Western Azarbaijan, during 2013-2014, 50 soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of grapevine. The sampling was carried out from the vineyards of five grapevine growing cities including Mahabad, Bookan, Sardasht, Piranshahr and Miyandoab. The samples were collected from the rhizosphere of grapevines from the depth between 10 and 80 cm from the soil surface after digging and separating the surface dry soil. About 2 kg soil from each vineyard from several places were collected and by means of a plastic bag was transferred to the laboratory where they were kept in the refrigerator at 4-degree centigrade until used. Nematodes were extracted from the soil by combined sieving and centrifugal-flotation method and processed to be transferred to glycerin. After preparing microscopic slides, the morphological and morphometrical features of the nematodes were studied using the light microscope equipped with a drawing tube. Identification of the genera and species was performed using reliable sources and valid nematode identification keys and the morphological features. The measurements of the extracted nematodes were compared with those ones given in literature and their similarities and differences with original descriptions and closest species were discussed.
As a result, 23 species belonging to 15 genera including Amplimerliniusglobigerus, Basiriatumida, Boleodorusthylactus, Discotylenchusdiscretus, Ditylenchusacutus, Ditylenchusmyceliophagus, Filenchus vulgaris, Geocenamusbrevidens, Geocenamusrugosus, Helicotylenchuspseudorobustus, Helicotylenchus vulgaris, Mesocriconemaantipolitanum, Mesocriconemaxenoplax, Paratylenchuslabiosus, Pratylenchoidesvariabilis, Pratylenchuscoffeae, Pratylenchusneglectus, Pratylenchuspenetrans, Pratylenchussefaensis, Praylenchusscribneri, Scutylenchuspaniculoides, Xiphinema index andZygotylenchusguevaraiwere identified. Five isolated species namely, Helicotylenchus vulgaris,Mesocriconemaantipolitanum, Mesocriconemaxenoplax, Helicotylenchuspseudorobustusand Pratylenchusneglectus respectively based on the frequency and distribution in the soil samples are determined as dominant parasite species. Here, the two more dominant species, Helicotylenchus vulgaris and Mesocriconemaantipolitanum are a little bit described. Helicotylenchus vulgaris, initially worldwide was reported by Yuen in 1964 and for the first time from Iran in 1995 was reported by KargarBideh, and his collaborators from Hamdan province. The species from morphological and morphometrical characteristic point of view is very close to Helicotylenchusminzi.Mesocriconemaantipolitanum firstly in 1991 was reported from Iran by Loof and Barooti from apple, wheat and lucerne roots from Karaj, potato from Lorestan, lucerne from Zanjanand apricot from Northern Azarbaijan. In the research, the species was isolated from Piranshahr, Miyandoab, Bookan and Mahabad vineyard cities of Western Azarbaijan. The species is very similar to M. surinamense.
Nine species including Discotylenchusdiscretus, Ditylenchusacutus, Ditylenchusacutus, Paratylenchuslabiosus, Pratylenchoidesvariabilis, Pratylenchuscoffeae, Pratylenchuspenetrans, Pratylenchusscribneri, Pratylenchussefaensisand Scutylenchuspaniculoides were recorded for the first time from the rhizosphere of grapevine from Iran. Considering thatall the nematodes are already recorded from Iran, herein only the dominant species are described.

Reliance on human inner and natural way to God may be regarded as the best ground for proving the existence of God. The reason why lies in its being essential, public, unchangeable and, therefore, can be regarded as the best proof in the field. As human nature is equipped with various tendencies, natural proof may be presented variously. In the proof, the existence of God is proved with reliance on human natural and inner love to absolute perfection. In another form of the proof, human hope while hardship and lacking of every appear support, His existence would be proved. Relying on Sadra`s meaning of puberty possibility and Avicenna`s proof of possibility and necessity, Shahabadi`s proof of God`s needless essence would be proved. For Shahabadi, other forms of the proof on the basis of human natural humility, fear and hate respectively toward perfection, lacking what beloved and imperfection may be given in the field. The paper has studied Shahabadi`s manner of study on the ground.

In this study the effect of different concentrations of silicon( 0, 2 , 4 and 6 mM, on expression of some genes involved in resistance and activity of several antioxidan enzymes was investigated: The plants was treated in flowering stage via soil solution. The treated plants were inoculated with 106 spore suspended in 1 mL by injection into the lower part of the spikelets and then were harvested at 0, 24, 72 and 120 h after inoculation for meausering enzymatic activity of gene expression analysis. The results showed that disease severity was reduced in treated plants compared to the control. Biochemical analysis showed that activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes at all concentrations of silicon was increased significantly copared to the control . Gene expression analysis showed that expression level of beta-1, 3-glucanase and oxalate oxidase genes induced plants with silicon concentration of 6mmol/l were increased at 120h time point after inoculation. Overal, The results of this research indicate that silicon could increase plant resistance against pathogenic fungi by induction of induced systemic resistance.

To investigation existence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis with cotton root, determination of root colonization percent and characterization of spore situation, 22 soil and root samples gathered from cotton fields of different areas in north Khorasan province. After root staining and extraction of spores from soil, root colonization and spore population determined, also effect of soil pH on these factors was evaluated. Results showed that all samples have arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. About indices related to colonization, average of mycorrhizal frequency (%F) in different areas was between 95 to 100 percent. Average of mycorrhizal intensity index (%M) in Sankhast and Ashkhaneh areas with 59.8 and 31.9 was maximum and minimum respectively. about spore population density index maximum and minimum was in Esfarayen and Ashkhaneh with 212.9 and 137.2 spores per 35g/dried soil respectively. Correlation of measured indices with pH showed that correlation of spore population density with pH was significant (α = 0.05) and this correlation was positive.

In this research the effect of two species of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi، Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices on root knot nematode، Meloidogyne javanica was investigated and in different treatments the effects of this interaction on parameters of plant growth، nematode infection and mycorrhizal development were evaluated. Shoot fresh and dry weight significantly increased in mycorrhizal treatments and root fresh and dry weight increased significantly in nematode treatments. These changes may be related to plant growth promotion and induction of resistance against nematode by AMF and also increase of root weight because of gall induction by nematode infection. The parameters of nematode disease including number of galls and eggsacs significantly reduced in mycorrhizal treatments compared to nematode treatments that shows reduction of attack and inhibition of nematode propagation. In mycorrhizal frequency there is not significant difference between treatments that confirms root knot nematode has not inhibitory effect on mycorrhizal development. In mycorrhizal density we have significant difference between treatments of two AMF، that shows G. mosseae has a higher colonization ability and this demonstrate that lower ability of G. intraradices in control of nematode infection parameters may be related to low colonization percentage. Totally this experiment shows that we can use AMF as a biological control agent to control of root knot nematode and promotion of plant growth.