مریم اکبری موسی آبادی

For the analysis of a literary text, there are several critical approaches, each of which approaches the text from a particular angle, and it is the text that invites the critic to choose the method of critique; Because each text, although it can be examined in different ways, but it is more consistent with the method than the others. Stylistics is an intra-textual method that focuses on the structure of the text, the text being both a tool and a goal. Numerous perspectives on stylistics eventually lead to the text, which consists of levels. The three levels of phonetics, composition and semantics are the most important, although other categories can be encountered. Stylistics as a branch of linguistics that considers language as a systematic set of signs and relations, defines the text as a systematic structure consisting of related components. The results of the stylistic study of Nizar's poetry indicate that the poet's choices are implied in three levels of the text and have an aesthetic burden. The stylistic features of the poem as well as the type of the poet's attitude can be seen in the choice of letters and the rhythm of the poem, the types of sentences and semantic domains, as well as in the use of the mythical symbol.

Realism as a literary school was formed in the nineteenth century, is not a decal of reality, because it shows the reality through the artist's consciousness, so the difference between realism and romanticism is revealed, romanticism expresses the mentality of the artist, while consciousness is different from subjectivism, and according to Lucien Goldman's theory, is the embodiment of a perspective in accordance with the perspective of some people. Elements of realism include objectivism, representation of contemporary life, typology, and the illusion of reality. The novel "Saif ma al-Adu", which has been studied analytically, is a realistic novel; That depicts the contemporary life in al-Raqqa over three generations, depicted in three women, a grandmother, a mother and a daughter. Lamis, the main character, a forty-year-old woman, took refuge in Germany after the war, now narrates the events of the past, therefore, the image she paints is real and the result of lived experience. Although all elements play a role in the realism of the text, characters, themes, and descriptions of places and objects play a greater role. Finally, the author has been able to make the story believable to the reader, creating an object-oriented picture of the lives of community-derived characters.

One challenging issue in the autobiography is that the writer is able to close the distance between himself, the narrator and the central character to a minimum, and more accurately establish the correspondence between these three elements. Definitely, today’s view of the writer about the events that he has experience many years ago is very different from his views toward the same events at the time of their occurrence, and that can be used to test the author's creative skills. In the present paper, we attempt to study the autobiographical work of Ahmad Amin Hayati. Results indicate that because growth of the author’s character to its current state is more important for him, more attention has been paid to the interpretation of events and their impact on his current life than his point of view at the time of the events. So he is less able to reduce the distance between the point of view of the narrator and the character. With regard to the issue of perspective as an important element of the story, it is very helpful here to use Gérard Genette's opinions which have been the cornerstones of our work.

Hafez and Abu-nowas are tow famous iranian poets. The first is known for his lyrical and mystic poetry and the second, because the wine poetry, historically remained. But this is the outward appearance, when we reflect on the depth we will know the untold secrets. Two words, "Rendi" and "Zarf", are very frequent in their poetry and those will introduce the characters of these two poets. After examining the meaning of these two words in dictionaries, we will find the truth that although the two are separated by six centuries but the similarity between their ideas makes this distance meaningless. The research in this paper is historical - analytical method. According to the social characteristics of the era poets and with critical and objective look at the evidences in their poems we study their personality.

Place receives a paramount importance in the novel, not because it is an element in the story, or it is the context in which events occur or characters move in it, but because in some outstanding works it becomes a space which encompasses all of the storie's elements, including events and characters, and covers their inner relationship. When the place finds a way into the story, it achieves Ideological or Psychological meaning. It is possible to analyze the novel via exploring the meaning of the place. The setting includes objects, colors, sounds, odors, and these show character's emotions and thoughts. Place in the novel Season of Migration to the North consists of room, village and home. Place in this novel has Ideological meaning, because it shows the identity.

The epic poem "The Dice Player” by Mahmoud Darwish, a poet of Palestinian resistance movement, has been published in his last poetical work entitled "I don’t want this poem goes to the end". The Dice Player reveals the poet's perspective toward fundamental concepts of existence. The components of contextual structure can be achieved through stylistic analysis of this poetry at linguistic literary and philosophical levels.The style of Mahmoud Darwish has gone through a number of creative periods, from very catchy texts to highly complex word constructs charged with myth and symbolism. The epic poem "The Dice Player" combines the best of both periods and styles. The current paper, first, gives a brief description about style and follows with the stylistic analysis of "the Dice Player" which in stark contrast to its simplicity and clearness, is overshadowed in vagueness especially in its philosophical level. The most sophisticated feature of its style markers are symbolization and intertextuality of religious texts and myths.