فهرست مطالب مریم رهبر

Many outbreaks of foot and mouth disease (FMD), an endemic disease of artiodactyl ruminants, occur all over the country every year. FMD is one of the diseases that cause a lot of economic damage to animals and is one of the main obstacles in ensuring health and production of livestock. Preventing the introduction of the disease into a country by controlling the imports of meats and meat products and other sources which might transmit the virus or use of vaccination are two major alternatives in respect to preventing and controlling FMD (Carpenter and Thieme, 1979). Vaccination, with currently available and tested vaccine must be undertaken at least three times annually to maintain immunity. The semen quality may be affected by vaccination due to vaccine stress and anaphylactic shock (Murugavel et al. 1997). The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of FMD vaccination on seminal traits of Holstein bulls.

Twenty Holstein bulls between three and five years old maintained at Nahadehaye Dami Jahed Artificial Insemination center were used in present study, which were housed in individual pens under identical feeding and management regimes. FMD vaccine polyvalent (inactivated, containing virus types O2016, A13, A15 and Asia1 strains) produced by Razi vaccine and serum research Institute was administered for vaccination purpose at 5 ml by SC injection route. Semen samples were collected by artificial vagina technique. Appropriate sexual preparation with two false mount on dummy cow was followed. A total of 571 semen ejaculates were collected at 15 days before, 15 days after and 15-30 days after FMD vaccination during autumn of 2018 and spring of 2019. Seminal traits like fresh and post thaw sperm motility, motility after incubation test, sperm concentration, semen volume and HOS test were evaluated. The ejaculate volume was measured in the divided semen collection tube in milliliters. The concentration of spermatozoa was calculated by photometer. Motility of spermatozoa was analyzed by Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). The integrity of sperm membrane was evaluated using the hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST). Extended semen was filled in medium straws and were frozen by programmable freezing device. Recorded data were analyzed using SPSS, oneway ANOVA. The differences at P<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.

However, the available reports on the effect of such vaccination on semen quality are conflicting, Vaccination is one of the major anaphylactic stress factors that affect the semen quality (Gahlot and Kohli, 1981; Venkatareddy et al. 1991 and Murugavel et al. 1997).In this study There was no significant (P>0.05) effect of vaccination on the semen volume in Holstein bulls, but a slightly increasing trend was observed. The secondary activities of accessory sex glands remain unaffected following vaccination (Radhakrishnan et al. 1975). So, this can be considered as a possible cause for no change in the ejaculate volume. However, Venkatareddy et al. (1991) in Onqole, Jersey and Ongole × Jersey breeds reported an increase in the volume of semen. Significant decrease in sperm concentration following vaccination was observed by Venkataswamy and Rao (1970); Venkatareddy et al. (1991) and Singh et al. (2003). On the contrary, Kammar and Gnagadhar (1998) reported no adverse effect of vaccination on sperm concentration during post vaccination period, and in the current study there is no evidence of reduction in sperm concentration (p>0.05). The decreased sperm concentration may be due to the adverse effects of therapeutic agents on germinal cells resulting into increase in dead spermatozoa, which are absorbed by leucocytes through phagocytosis (Mann and Mann 1981). The negative effects of vaccination may be due to the adverse effects produced by therapeutic agents or degenerative changes in germinal epithelium. The increased resorption of abnormal spermatozoa leads to reduction in epididymal sperm reserves (Rao et al. 1980), thereby decreasing concentration. The motility of sperm cell develops during their passage through epididymis (Olson et al. 2002). However, vaccination transitory rise in body temperature as well as testes temperature causes derangement in spermatogenesis and epididymal function, and this leads to vaccination mediated declined sperm motility (Arthur 1989). When testicular temperature increases, metabolism increases at a greater rate than blood flow and hence the testes become hypoxic. Therefore, the testes are very susceptible to temperature increases due to endogenous or exogenous factors (e.g. fever, high ambient temperature). As testicular temperature increases, the proportion of defective spermatozoa increases; recovery is dependent upon the nature and duration of the thermal insult (Setchell 1978). Pankaj et al. (2007) reported significant reduction in the mass activity and motility of buffalo bull semen after vaccination. In this study a non-significant effect on initial progressive motility with decreasing trend was observed which is in agreement with observation of Gupta et al. (2017). Our results are in agreement with the findings of Bhakat et al. (2010) who reported a significant decline in post thaw motility during post vaccination. To be specific, there was a significant decrease in frozen semen samples progressive and slow motility, rate of plasma membrane integrity and significant increase in immotile spermatozoa in our study(p<0.05). Contrary to this Mangurkar et al. (2000) observed no significant effect on post freezing motility. Both physiological and structural status of sperm get severely affected during cryopreservation (Bailey et al. 2003). The chemical, osmotic, thermal and mechanical stresses during extension, cooling, freezing and thawing result in cryoinjuries of varying degree to the spermatozoa (Farooq et al. 2013). The significant variation in post thaw motility and motility after incubation test can be attributed to the effect of thermal stress developed following vaccination (Gupta et al. 2017).

The observations showed that vaccination changes the seminal characteristics of Holstein bulls. Thus, it is suggested that AI Centers consider sexual rest and prescribe supportive treatment in order to improve semen characteristics after vaccination.

 

The reduction of public participation in many sports fields due to various issues, including economic, political and social pressures, has led sport development to become a planned and up-and-down process to enhance the sustainability of sports participation by influencing the quality and variety of programs offered to all people in the community with every level of sport. Since the removal of barriers to sport development is one of the main steps and the beginning of its realization, the purpose of the present study is to identify the obstacles that exist in the path of the sport industry development process of the country.

The method of research is qualitative and based on theme analysis. For collecting data, snowball sampling and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 knowledgeable elites. Data was performed based on the six stages of theme analysis with the approach presented by Clarke and Braun (2006).

According to the results, the barriers to sport development in 42 sub themes and 8 main themes were extracted and explained: cultural, economic, political barriers, systemic-human, management, infrastructure, technological and media barriers.

The careful consideration given to the obstacles suggests that some of these obstacles, such as cultural, economic and political barriers, are barriers to the land. Therefore, in removing obstacles to the development of the country's sport, there should be a closer look at the barriers that underlie the barriers and feed other obstacles.

The purpose of this study was designing the model of  sports talent development system in Iran.

In the present research, qualitative research method based on Grounded theory was used. Also, for data collection, snowball sampling and semi-structured interviews with 16 elites, who aware of the subject, were used. The collected data were analyzed by coding the Grounded Theory with the constructivist approach by Charms (2006). coding was done in two phases: initial coding and focused coding. Then theoretical coding was used to form focused codes. Also the data has been verified periodically by the researcher.

The Results shows that the model of sports talent development system in Iran has four parts which include: input (specialist human sources, financial sources and infrastructure sources)  processes (talent management, competition, education, scientific approach and also three necessities like talent support, efficient structure, institutional coordination and communication) output (national and international successes, the development of championship and professional sport, gaining financial results and having enough talent) and  feedback (Control and evaluation system).

to implement a talent development system in the country, 15 key factors classified in 4 major modules should be considered.  It is crucial to understand the importance of each module, since any minor problem in any of these modules, will generate problems for other modules.

The aim of this study was to develop the model of sport development in Iran with an emphasis on the stakeholders, practices and processes. In the present research, qualitative method based on the grounded theory was used. For data collection, snowball sampling method and semi-structured interviews with 15 elites, who were aware of the subject, were used. The collected data were analyzed by coding the grounded theory with the constructivist approach by Charms (2006). Coding was conducted in two phases: initial coding and focused coding. Then, theoretical coding was used to form focused codes. The data and obtained codes were assessed periodically by the researcher to ascertain their accuracy. The Results showed that according to the systematic approach, the model of sport development in Iran had five parts: input which included stakeholders (macro, middle and micro) and practices (development of human system, management development, development of financial system, development of equipment and facilities, cultural development, institutional development, promotion, development of the competition system), process which included three processes of attraction, retention (retention of talent, retention of community sport participation) and nurturing, output which included sociocultural consequences, economic consequences and political consequences, feedback system (control and evaluation system), and ultimately, the environment which included sociocultural, economic and political-legal grounds. It seems that for effective development of sport in Iran, it is necessary for macro-stakeholders such as the government to adopt the right and necessary policies in this regard and for those organizations that directly and indirectly paly roles in developing sport to define and operate these policies in the form of related practices and processes so that the necessary opportunities, structure and contexts for the participation of sport consumers can be provided in the form of a system.

 The current research aimed to design and explain the sports Development processes in Iran.

 The qualitative and grounded theory-based methods have been used for the current study. The snowball data sampling method and the semi-structural interviews with 15 knowledgeable elites on the subject was used for data collection. The obtained data were analysed by the grounded theory coding with the structuralist approach introduced by Charmaz (2006). The coding was done in two phases as the primary and concentrated codes. Then, the theoretical coding was used to organize the concentrated codes. The trustworthiness of the obtained data and codes for ensuring them the researcher did authenticity.

 The findings show that the processes required for sports development in Iran include attraction, maintenance (the Process of maintaining community sport participation and the Process of retaining talent), and education. These three processes and their components are interrelated and connected in a systematic approach. The proper designing of the processes and the relationship between their components with the strategy to use each process output as the input of the next one with particular emphasis on the interstitial processes and components is an essential point that must be considered.

 

Proper design of processes and the relationship between their components using each Process's output as input to the next Process with special emphasis on the Process and intermediate components is a critical point that must be considered. It is in this state that heroism is taken out of the greenhouse mode. Incidentally, with the spread and promotion of sports and physical activity among different sections of society, the possibility of the emergence of sports talents naturally increases, and their growth and excellence path becomes clear. Iran's sports development model is presented with a stakeholder approach, procedures and process.

This study was conducted to determine the suitable dose of gamma rays for increasing sperm motility and viability after thawing and to assess its effects on malondialdehyde concentration and the rate of sperm DNA strand breaks. Sperm samples in liquid nitrogen were irradiated at doses of zero, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 Gy. The sperm quality and quantity parameters were evaluated before and after irradiation using CASA system. Sperm morphology and viability were evaluated using Eosin-Nigrosin staining. Malondialdehyde concentration was determined based on thiobarbituric acid method and DNA strand breaks analyzed by Comet assay. Data were analyzed based on randomized complete block design by SAS Software. The results showed that irradiation influenced (P<0.05) on motility and viability of sperms. The semen malondialdehyde concentration had no significant differences among treatments (P>0.05). Based on the Comet assay result, DNA strand breaks parameters had no significant differences with the control group, except at dose of 0.9 Gy. The results of this study demonstrated that gamma irradiation at dose of 0.7 Gy could enhance the motility and viability of sperms after thawing without negative effect on semen and sperm quality.

Introduction & goal: the aim of this research has been to study the effect of perceived waiting time on evaluating service quality and customer satisfaction in the sport services area (including swimming pool and sport hall) as a case study in Gas National company. The research method was descriptive. Statistical sample of the research are consist of 100 persons from women users of provided service in sport complexes of Gas Company in 1391. The research tool was a part of Hightower (2002) which its validity was considered by using factor analysis technique and its reliability was 95%. For data analysing in this part, structural equation modeling and its special type of this model, confirmed factor analysis technique, with the application of Partial Least Squares (PLS) through the SmartPls2 application used.
Findings: In this model, the perceptive wating time could affect service quality directly and with satisfaction relatively powerful effect coefficient (0/614) as well as effect coefficient (0/59). Furthermore, service quality could has a role between waiting time and satisfaction as a mediator factor. Therefore, it is proposed that managers enjoy this area to make changes in the other variables of the model and by understanding the various forms of perceptive waiting time in the sport service, use the waiting time more effective management in order to improve customers satisfaction.

Cholesterol loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) efficiently protected sperm of some species against cryodamage. On the other hand, vitrification of sperm especially in human opened a new horizon in the field of sperm freezing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of CLC on vitrification of cat sperm. The tom epididymal sperm (n=22 pairs) was extracted from epididymides and subjected to vitrification in TRIS based solution that was incorporated with or without CLC. The warmed sperm was analyzed for motility, viability and morphology. Vitrification significantly (P

One of the problems in chemical dosimeters such as Trimesic acid is the liquid environment which makes it difficult to use. Chemical dosimeter merged into a bed of gel can help to partly overcome this problem.According to the importance of stability of dosimeter response after irradiation, in this study, the parameters of gelatin- Trimesic acid dosimeter in the range of doses of a one fraction of radiotherapy was assessed in days one, two, three and four after irradiation.
After the gel construction at a concentration of 1 mM and a pH of 2.2, it was poured into Perspex vials which opening was tight with parafilm and wrapped in an aluminum foil to eliminate light and was divided into 5 groups to be irradiated with 6 MV photons of linac 24h after the gel synthesis. To do so, vials were place at the isocenter of the linac in a SSD of 100cm and field size of 10×10 cm2. The delivered doses were from 0-200 cGy and vials were kept at the temperature of 4˚C after the irradiation. The procedure of reading the vials were performed using a spectroflourimeter (Jasco 6200) from one to four days after irradiation in excitation wavelengths of 370, 380, 390, 410, 420 and 450 nm.
After obtaining the emission spectrum from the spectroflourimeter, the emission spectrum was analyzed and it was found that there is a peak in the wavelengths of 377, 387, 396, 416, 427 and 457 nm seen in one day after irradiation and the most stable response belongs to the first day after irradiation.
The results of this study showed that the combined gelatin- Trimesic acid dosimeter in the first day after irradiation has the highest and most stable response and according to its characteristics, has the potential to be assessed as a clinical dosimeter

In today's challenging environment, managers emphasize sustainable and profitable relationships with customers. Moreover, the issue of customer's behavioral intentions (like loyalty) and the identification of the effective factors have a double significance. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and relationship of the management of servicescape and service infrastructures with behavioral intentions of customers. The study was a descriptive survey. The statistical sample consisted of 200 users of the services offered at the National Gas Company sport complexes in 2013. A researcher-made questionnaire with 59 items was used in this study. The reliability of this questionnaire was 0.96 (P<0.01). In the fit model with 8 factors which showed a good consistency with the current models, customer's involvement, servicescape and employees were independent factors; waiting time, service quality, value and satisfaction were the related factors and the behavioral intentions was the answer factor of the model. Also, the managers should notice the bivariate correlations of the factors. Customer's involvement was the key factor that affected customer's satisfaction and loyalty. Service quality, servicescape, employees and customer's satisfaction were important factors, but value must receive more attention.

The purposes of this study were modeling from the conceptuals to exclusive intentions of private sector customers.
The method of research was descriptive - survey conducted. The samples were consisted of 354 users of the services offered at Enghelab complex gyms in 1391. Research tool were built as a questionnaire with 55 closed questions that has been answered. Cronbach's alpha reliability test was up to 0.95(P In the proposed model, there were three independent factors that contribute loyalty: perceived justice (IF: 0.31) (IF: 0.0068) and perceived risk (IF: 0.0068). Also service quality were contributed on satisfaction (IF: 0.70) and value (IF: 0.52) indirectly. Furthermore, satisfaction on loyalty (IF: 0.44) and value on trustness (IF: 0.39) & on loyalty (IF: 0.028), also trustness on loyalty (IF: 0.11) had contributions. Perceived justice on trustness (IF: 0.52); on satisfaction (IF: 0.17); on value (IF: 0.24) have indirectly contributed. Satisfaction and trustness had contribution on situational factors (IF: 0.25); (IF: 0.13); respectinly.
Satisfaction and perceived trustiness had a great role on loyalty formation and firm’s benefits, but considerations on value, as a mediator factor, were suggested.

Considering the possibility of increased renal toxicity induced by streptomycin in tea and coffee, which contain methylxanthines such as caffeine, we aimed to investigate the histopathological changes in the kidney and liver of rats. We also evaluated some serum parameters after the concurrent use of streptomycin and caffeine. This experimental study was performed on 25 female Wistar rats, with the average weight of 200 g; the rats were divided in five groups. Group I was regarded as the control group, group II received streptomycin (25 mg/kg), group III was administered streptomycin+caffeine (5 mg/kg), group IV received caffeine (5 mg/kg) and group V received streptomycin + vitamin C (100 mg/kg) for a period of 21 days. Afterwards, the rats were anesthetized with ether and blood samples were obtained from the heart. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, sodium and potassium levels were measured in rats. After preparing and sectioning renal and hepatic tissues for pathological examinations, they were stained by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E); the samples were examined, using a light microscope. Serum creatinine and potassium levels were not significantly different between the groups, while urea nitrogen level in group V (15±07 mg/dL) was significantly lower than the values reproted in groups I and IV (p<0.05). Sodium level increased in group II (139. 8±0.2 mEq/L) and group IV (140±0.447 mEq/L), while a significant reduction was reported in group V (137.25±0.75 mEq/L) (p<0.05). According to the findings, hepatic and renal damages were severe after the concomitant use of streptomycin and caffeine. However, vitamin C reduced the induced damages. As the results indicated, caffeine could aggravate renal injuries, induced by streptomycin, while vitamin C had an alleviating effect.

One of the toxins accumulated in the body of hemodialysis patients is beta-2 microglobulin which is caused and increased by various factors. The one of this factors that can affect beta-2 macroglobulin is of membrane type that using in hemodialysis. In the present study, we examined the impact of C-reactive protein (CRP) as an inflammatory factor on beta-2 microglobulin in high-flux membrane hemodialysis patients. This cross-sectional study was done in 44 hemodialysis patients that have been dialyzed in two academic centers; Sina and Amir Alam Hospitals, Tehran, Iran from 2013 to 2014. The patients were hemodialyzed via fistula or permanent catheters three times a week for 4 hours for more than three months. Patients with known infectious disease, hemodialysis with low-flux membrane and dialysis less than three times a week were excluded. All patients were hemodialyzed using Fresenius biocompatible high-flux membrane (FX 100, Fresenius, Massachusetts, USA). Arterial blood sampling was performed. beta-2 microglobulin, CRP, BUN and creatinine tests were conducted for all patients. Forty-four patients among the chronic hemodialysis patients were selected for final analysis. 20 males (44.5%) and 24 females (54.5%) were included in this study. The frequencies of underlying disease in patients participating in the study were as follows: hypertension, 23 cases (52.3%); diabetes mellitus, 11 cases (25%); hypertension and diabetes mellitus, 2 cases (4.5%); obstructive disorder, 2 cases (4.5%). In 23 patients (52.3%), beta-2 macroglobulin was >12 mg/l and in 21 (47.7%), it was <12 mg/l. 29 cases (65.9%) had CRP values less than or equal 6 mg/l. However, there was no significant differences between beta-2 microglobulin and CRP levels (P= 0.460). Also regression analysis of data showed no relationship between beta-2 microglobulin and CRP levels (r= -047, P= 0.763). Although it seems that inflammatory factors can be effective in increasing beta-2 microglobulin, the present study did not find such a relationship between CRP and beta-2 microglobulin.

Lead is a constant poisonous metal used frequency in daily life and identifying this element as a neurological poison comes back to 2000 years ago before Christ. Lead compound are used in various industries. The main sources of pollution with lead are paints dusts, drinking water, the parent's job environment, water and foods. The different studies showed the prevalence of lead poisoning varies about 8-20%. As there is lack of information about lead poisoning in children in Semnan city, thus this study was performed. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Sampling on 320 students was done randomly in two areas in Semnan city. 6 ml blood was taken from each student, 5 ml was sent to atomic energy organization in Tehran in order to determine the blood lead by atomic absorption (Spect AA.20), and then the rest of the blood (1ml) was sent to Pastur laboratory in Semnan to perform completed blood count (CBC) and differentiation. The data were analyzed in descriptive statistics in the form of table and graphs. To test the hypothesis the regression were used in level 5%. 78.8% of the children had lead poisoning (Pb>10 µg/dl). In 5% of them toxic levels of lead was observed (Pb>20 µg/dl). There was no relation between lead concentration in blood with age, gender, parent's job, residential area, grade average, RBC level, painting and reconstruction of home, but there was a relation between lead with Hct, MCV, RDW, MCHC and the years in which houses have been made (P<0.05). In this study, lead poisoning is higher than the other studies but toxic level of lead in our study isn’t higher than the others. Therefore finding the resources of lead pollution in Semnan is necessary.