مریم طاهرپور

Evaluation of growth and development is necessary for having a healthy childhood and rapid and timely identification of at-risk children in order to prevent the adverse effects of developmental disorders, since growth and development may differ in semester and preterm children under the influence of environmental and social conditions, this study aimed to compare the growth and development of children in the first year of life.

In this retrospective cohort study, 252 twenty-month-old infants were evaluated. The exposure group consisted of 125 twenty-month-old infants who were born as late preterm (33-37 weeks) and 127 term infants were their cohort. The main outcome was weight, height, and 2-month-old at intervals. The second outcome was evolutionary status at 12 months of age based on ASQ questionnaire.

The mean age of mothers in the term group was 5.62 ± 32.02 years and in the exposure group was 5.61 ± 31.68 years. Weight and height increased with age in both groups, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (p=0.01) in each age stage. Developmentally, both groups did not show a significant difference at 12-month.

The physical growth of newborns can continue under the influence of prematurity until one year of age, but they did not show any difference in developmental between term and preterm infants except in the field of fine movements.

 Eating disorders are characterized by persistent eating disorders or eating behaviors that leading to significant damage on physical and psychosocial function. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of compassion-focused therapy on improving symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress and weight self-efficacy in women with eating disorders (restrictive type).

In a quasi-experimental design pretest-posttest control group design, a total of 30 girls of University of Kurdistan at the year between 2014-2015 who had higher range at determined cut-off point in Revised Rigid Restraint Scale, after initial clinical assessment and qualifications of the study, purposive sampling method selected and randomly assigned to two experimental (Compassion-Focused Therapy, n = 15) and control groups (n = 15). Data collection tools were Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), and Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Scale (WELS) that subjects before and after the intervention were assessed by this tool. In order to analyze the data, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used.

Outcome of the experimental group received 8 sessions focused therapy showed that treatment focused on compassion have effect on improving depression (F = 93.15, p<0.001), anxiety (F = 43.81, p<0.001), stress (F = 63.15, p<0.001), and weight self-efficacy (F = 72.94, p<0.001), in patients with eating disorder (restrictive type).

Compassion Focused therapy have efficacy on the psychological symptoms of eating disorder, and these results have practical implications for clinicians and health care providers involved in private and public health centers.

The family's lifestyle is a valuable factor for improving the quality of life and it has an impact on children's habits.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between family's lifestyle and sleep habits and body mass index in children.
This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2014 in primary school children of Qazvin (6-11 years old children) and those children were randomly selected. The data was collected by using standard questionnaires and children's sleep status.
Findings: The total score for the studied lifestyles in families, physical and nutrition was moderate, the lowest and the highest respectively. Maximum average of sleep problems in children were related to the sleep behavior. The body mass index of children was moderate. There was a statistically significant relation between family's responsibility, diet, spiritual improvement and total score of the studied lifestyles with children waking up time (P According to a normal BMI and the presence of children in this study correlated variables lifestyle and sleep habits, improving sleep habits and lifestyle can be concluded as a strategy to prevent abnormal body mass index in children considered.

Domestic violence is one of the major health problems and is a common source of health disorder among women which includes cases of emotional, physical and sexual abuse. The purpose of the present study was to provide a systematic review and meta-analysis study by reviewing the studies on the various forms of physical, sexual, and emotional violence.
This study included, the full-text studies on domestic violence against women performed from 2001 to 2014. Finally a total of 52 articles were selected using national and international data bases such as Science Direct, Scopus, Magiran PreQuest, SID, Google Schola, and Pubmed. Data analysis was done by meta-analysis method, applying random effects model. Study heterogeneity was measured by I2 test. The data were analyzed by STATA version 11.2.
The prevalence rate of emotional-mental violence (59% with CI 95%: 50-67) was higher than those of physical violence (45 % with CI 95%: 34-55) and sexual violence (32% with CI 95%: 25-50). Meta-regression results indicated a chronologically decreasing trend in the prevalence rates of sexual (P=0.083) and physical (P=0.276) violence; and a chronologically increasing trend in the prevalence rate of domestic violence (P=0.377).
Considering the high prevalence rate of domestic violence among the Iranian women (especially emotional violence), more studies are necessary to determine predisposing factors for emotional violence. We can also prevent the increasing trend of emotional violence by following policies advocating a higher level of social support for women and increasing the awareness of the public about the importance of the issue.

Social phobia is the most common anxiety disorder and usually develops in early adolescence or young adulthood، when there is a normal increase in self-consciousness. Few studies have examined the prevalence of social phobia among university students. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of social phobia among nursing and midwifery students. A cross-sectional and descriptive design was used for doing this project during 2013. Two hundred and twenty (123 nursing and 97 midwifery) students from Nursing and Midwifery School of Qazvin University of Medical sciences were selected using consensus sampling method. A questionnaire in two parts (demographic data form and Social Phobia Inventory) was used for data gathering. Data were analyzed by descriptive and analytic statistics in SPSS v. 16. Mean age of students was 21. 23±3. 8 year and the majority of the students were female (76. 7%). Prevalence of social phobia was 28. 6%. Intensity of social phobia was mild in 19. 5%، moderate in7. 3%، severe in 0. 9% and very severe in 0. 9% of students. Mother’s literacy was strongly associated with social phobia (OR=0. 534، p<0. 01); and residence area had a significant relationship with social phobia (OR=2. 613، p<0. 05); so lower level of education in mother and living in urban area increased chance of having social phobia. Prevalence of social phobia was relatively high in this study. Preventive and therapeutic strategies are recommended to reduce the prevalence and adverse impact of social phobia among students.

This study attempts to determine the effect of Hijab on self- esteem among the students in Qazvin university of medical sciences, in2010. {Hijab is equal to veiling in this survey and is defined as an statutory Islamic dress code of modesty among Muslim women}. Our study population was one hundred girl students in Qazvin University of Medical sciences. 50 persons with Hijab and 50 persons with unsuitable Hijab. They are selected randomly and Eysenck self-esteem questionnaire is used (1976). The results of this study show that people with higher self- esteem scores, respect Hijab more. We found significant relationship between self-esteem, birth rate and course of study (p< 0/05) but we didn’t find significant relationship between section of study, marriage, semester of study and self- esteem(p> 0/05). Since Hijab develops mental health and promotes self-esteem among the students, then we can promote the scientific level and psychological health of students in universities, by paying more attention to Hijab.

Identifying the complications of menopause and their related prevention method is necessary for every woman; an important task that is achievable through health care educations. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of education on the knowledge and attitude of post-menopausal women about menopausal symptoms and complications. In this semi-experimental study, 100 women in the age of 45-60 years old were randomly selected based on the target model. Prior to the educational programs, the knowledge and attitude of postmenopausal women about the symptoms and complications of menopause were collected. Then, the educational program was performed according to the Deputy Health Educational package, followed by a thorough evaluation carried out using questionnaires in the second test phase after two months of training. The resulted data were analyzed using SPSS software and paired T-test and one-sided variance methods at the significant level of p <0.05. There was a significant difference (p<0/001) between the amount of average knowledge before and after the training. Before the training, 11% of the individuals had a poor knowledge of the subject. While 88% of the women had a moderate knowledge, only 1% of them had a good understanding. By contrast, after the training, none of the subjects had a poor knowledge, and 73% and 27% of the individuals had gained a moderate and good knowledge respectively. In addition, there was a significant difference (p <0/001) between before and after the training periods. Prior to the education program, 7% of the individuals had negative and 59% had positive attitude. However, after the program, 80% of the individuals showed a positive attitude. The training of postmenopausal women results in an improvement in the level of their awareness, and could lead to significant changes in their attitudes toward the menopause. Thus, conducting the training programs is the best way to strengthen the scientific vigor, changing the attitudes and behavior of the postmenopausal women.

Clinical education may be facilitator of learning in clinical environment in where educator and student associate equally. According to condition s of environment and specifications of clinical education, stress is inevitable. So recognition of the type and the amount of stress can be helpful to reduce it. This study was conducted to determine the stressors of clinical teaching. This research is a sectional- descriptive study in which the views of nursing students in both evening and daily course in third to sixth semester of nursing school of Qazvin was examined about stressors in clinical training and internship. 118 people randomly selected as samples and were studied. Data collected by questionnaire. The average and standard deviation of the students was 21/5±1/86 years. Stressors associated with demographic specification, semester, age, sex and marital status were significant (p< 0/01). There was a significant relationship between demographic characteristics of age and experience upon semester (p<0/01). There was a significant association between semester and clinical process (p<0/01). Results showed that the association between marital status and evaluation and communication is significant (p<0/01). The study showed that nursing students are exposed to multiple stressors and the planners should pay attention to this important issue to keep improve quality and quantity of nursing education.

identifying effective factors in creating job motivation is necessitate to promote productivity and job satisfaction of faculty members. This study has been done in order to determining job motivation factors based on opinions of faculty members of Qazvin University of medical sciences. in this analytical descriptive study, 100 current faculty members of Qums participated to identify potential effective job motivations. Data collection tool is a 42 items questionnaire which has been designed based on Herzberg two factor's theory. Content validity and reliability of the questionnaire are confirmed by test – retest. The result of the findings are presented as frequency tables. Data were analysed by using chi – square, Fisher exact test and SPSS software, significant level of 5 percent is considered, too. from the faculty members view points, internal and external factors are effective in 95 and 92 percent, respectively. Among the internal factors, quality of job, job success, responsibilities of job, progress and promotion in job, acknowledgement and appreciation of staffs are the most important to the least ones respectively. Also, among external factors, manner of relation, working environment condition, job security, manner of supervision in the working environment, current policies in the working environment and salary are the most to the least factors, respectively. from the view points of faculty members, motivation as internal factors is more important then health from external factors in creating job motivation. The findings of this study are consistent with Hrzbrg theories. This study demonstrated that quality of work is the most important factor in creating job motivation and success.

Respecting the incidence of hot flashes in postmenopaused women and its effect on their socioeconomic lives and the controversies regarding its treatment, this double-blind clinical trial was conducted to determine the effects of Anise abstract on hot flashes in these women referring to rural and urban health centers of Qazvin province during 2006. 72 postmenopausal women with hot flashes at different severities were randomly selected according to pre-determined criteria and divided into two groups of experimental and control. Their medical records at health centers were used for sampling. Each woman in the experimental group took a capsule containing 100 mg Anise 3 times a day while, in the control group, women took 3 placebo capsules, each containing 330 mg starch. They took the capsules over 4 weeks. Before taking the capsules, they were assessed for a week about the frequency of hot flashes and the types of food they took. Data were collected by a questionnaire and an information form. Content and test-retest methods were used for validity and reliability of the tools. ANOVA and t-student test were applied for statistical analysis. Demographic information of the subjects included: mean age=51.63, amenorrhea duration=2.39, body mass index=27.13, number of pregnancies=6.56, percentage of the married=95.8 and percentage of primary education=37.7. 80.6% of hot flashes occurred at nights. In the experimental group, the frequency and severity of hot flashes before treatment were 4.21% and 56.21% and, after that, were 1.06% and 14.44% at the end of the fourth week, respectively. There was no significant change in the frequency and severity of hot flashes in the control group. Anise is effective on the frequency and severity of hot flashes in postmenopaused women. These women can be taught to choose different alleviating methods, preferably. Further studies with longer duration of treatment for assessing hot flashes are warranted