فهرست مطالب مریم چاوشی

Portulaca oleracea L. is a medicinal plant of the family Portulacaceae. Salinity stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and development of plants, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Chitosan is a biological elicitor and is a major component of the cell wall of many species of fungi. In this study effects of salinity and chitosan stress on physiological parameters and growth parameters of the Portulaca oleracea L were studied. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete design with 3 replications. For this purpose, the plant was exposed to different treatments of NaCl (0, 25 and 35 ds m-1), chitosan (0, 0.2 and 0.4 g l-1) Plants were harvested after treatment. Different morphological and physiological parameters were studied for different treatments. By measuring growth parameters and according to broiler and halophytic characteristics of the plant, the salinity 25 ds m-1 as a favorable growth and salinity 35 dsm-1 showed a decrease in growth in the plant. Salinity stress increased catalase enzyme activity, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and flavonoid content but reduced anthocyanine. Interaction of salinity and Chitosan increased growth of purslane, phenol, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase enzyme activity and reduced catalase enzyme activity and anthocyanine content. In this study chitosan is improving agent in stress conditions and improved the physiological and biochemical traits associated with oxidative stress. Considering the growing salinity of the country, it is important to use the elicitors, especially chitosan, as a biopolymer that reduces the effects of salinity stress on the Portulaca oleracea L.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most important crops and a known host of broomrapes. The species of genus Orobanche are biotic stress factors restricting plant growth and crop production. Some natural compounds and chemicals affect this biological relationship. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of gallic acid and kiwi fruit extract on the biological relationship between broomrape and tomato plant was investigated. To this end, first, the symbiotic effect of the broomrape species, Orobanche aegytica, on growth parameters of tomato plant and the amount of soluble sugar and photosynthetic pigments were evaluated. Then, the effect of concentrations of gallic acid and kiwi fruit extract at different levels on this biological relationship was investigated by measuring the growth parameters of tomato and broomrape, photosynthetic pigments and the amount of soluble sugar in tomatoes. The results demonstrated that the broomrapes reduced the fresh weight and dry weight of the stem, leaves and roots of tomato, diminished the leaf area of the host plant, and decreased the amount of photosynthetic pigments and its soluble sugar content. Gallic acid treatment and kiwi fruit extract lessened the growth parameters of the broomrape species and its overall growth, in addition to increasing the growth of tomato plants. This process could be associated with the constraint of the biological relationship between the parasite and the host, as the soluble sugar content as well as the amount of the photosynthetic pigments of tomato plants were increased and the tomato plants remained highly resistant.

In recent years, the use biofertilizers as an alternative to some chemical fertilizers have been considered. On the other hand, chemical fertilizers increase the yield of agricultural products. Also, replacing part of chemical fertilizer with biological fertilizer can bring good economic benefits for farmers, including reducing soil pollution, increasing soil fertility, and improving plant growth. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Azotobacter, chemical, urea, combinations of biological and chemical fertilizer (50/50 and 30/70 ) and, Trichoderma fungi were arranged in the black seeds, so this experiment were randomized complete block design and three replications for each test in the field. all treatments of fertilizers increased shoot and root length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, capsule number, seed number in capsule, 1000 seed weight, capsule number, antioxidant activity, and phytosterol. Bio-fertilize increased leaf protein content, leaf catalase enzyme activity, chl b content, and phytosterol combinations of biological and chemical fertilizer increased chl a content, Total chlorophyll, leaf and seed protein content. Trichoderma increased seed protein content. Bio-fertilize and combinations of biological and chemical fertilizer provide plant nutrition and increased growth. Biofertilizers in form of a combination of biological and chemical fertilizer reduced the excessive consumption of chemical fertilizers and the resulting pollution caused by it and will lead to better performance. According to the available results, combined fertilizer treatments and Trichoderma fungi had the greatest effect on the measured parameters.

This study was performed to evaluate salinity stress on some physiological parameters in Peganum harmala L. For this purpose, the effect of NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2 and MgSO4 with three concentrations of 0, 200, 250 and 300 mM on Peganum in a randomized complete block design was performed with three replications. The results of this study showed that the amount of leaf area, fresh weight of shoot and dry weight of shoot decreased under treatment of all four salts. Relative water content increased significantly with NaCl 250mM (27%), Na2SO4 300mM (32%) and in three concentrations of MgSO4 increased significantly (20%, 19% and 16%). Phenol content increased under treatment with three concentrations of NaCl (13%, 18% and 23%) and Na2SO4 250 and 300mM increased 2%. Total alkaloid increased in treatment with all three salts from 4% to 49%. PAL activity increased under treatment with three concentrations of NaCl (91%, 74% and 48%) and with 200 and 250 mM Na2SO4 72% and 30% and 300mM MgCl2 20%. Chlorophyll a to b ratio increased in 300mM of the NaCl, Na2SO4 and MgSO4 salts 80%, 250% , 240%. Salinity stress increased total alkaloid, chlorophyll a to b ratio and total phenol content in Peganum harmala. In this way, it was able to tolarance the conditions of salinity stress.

Broomrapes are one of the plant parasites limiting the growth and crop production yield. The present research aimed to assess the potential of gallic acid in preventing the tomato plant host from interaction with this parasite. The soil medium was supplemented with three gallic acid concentrations (0, 1 and 3 mM) at three time intervals (20, 25 and 30 days) after planting the tomato seedlings. This experimental design was done in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes in the roots and shoots as well as the leaf phenol and anthocyanin contents were determined by spectroscopy techniques. The broomrape growth was significantly deceased upon treatment with 3 mM gallic acid at 25 and 30 days. The 1 mM gallic acid at 25 d increased the protein contents and catalase activity in the leaves and decreased the protein contents and the catalase activities in the roots. The 3 mM gallic acid at 30 d increased the leaf and root ascorbate peroxidase activities as well as the phenol and anthocyanin contents of the leaves. This treatment significantly reduced the broomrapes association with tomato plants. These findings propose gallic acid as one of the key phenolic compounds in controlling the germination or blossom connections.

Drought is one of the abiotic stresses that limit plant growth and crop production. Salicylic acid is one of growth regulators plays an important role in biotic and abiotic stresses.  In this study the effect of salicylic acid on reduction of drought stress in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) were studied. The effect of the concentrations of SA (0, 0.25 mM) and water stress (levels 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% FC) on antioxidant enzymes activities and expression of the SOD gene were studied. When plants had three expanded leaves, they were sprayed with SA and after 2 days, ther were exposed to drought. After seven days, plants again were sprayed by SA. After two weeks plants were harvested for studying of physiological and molecular parameters. The results showed that drought stress 25%FC increased leaves and roots antioxidant enzyme activity, H2O2 and malondialdehyde contents, leaf Mn-SOD and leaf and root Fe-SOD. Interaction of SA and drought increased root antioxidant enzyme activity and reduced leaf antioxidant enzyme activity, root and  leaf gene expression of Fe-SOD and Mn-SOD, leaf and  root  H2O2 and  malondialdehyde contents  . As a result, salicylic acid had a significant role in the reduction of damage of drought stress in safflower plants

NO is an important signaling molecule in plants, which mediates growth and developmental processes. Among the different environmental stresses, drought is one of the most important limiting factors for growth and production around the world. In this study the effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), as a NO donor on the reduction of drought stress in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) was studied. The effect of the concentrations of SNP (0, 15, and 25µM) and water stress (levels 25, 50, 75and 100% FC (Field capacity)) on shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, shoot length, leaf area, relative water content (RWC), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) superoxidase activities (SOD) and proline content in leaf and root were studied. When plants had three expanded leaves, were treated by SNP and after 24 hours, exposed to drought. After 7 days, plants again were sprayed by SNP. After 2 weeks plants were harvested to evaluate of growth and physiological parameters. The results showed that drought stress reduced shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, shoot length, leaf area, RWC and increased CAT and SOD activities and proline content in leaf and root. Interaction of nitric oxide and drought increased growth parameters, CAT and SOD activities and decreased APX activities and proline content. The results showed that the plants treated with NO are more resistance to drought stress. Keywords: Drought stress, Sodium nitroprusside, Safflower, Nitric oxide

The laws related to marriage and the rights of the family are all restricted except in some limited ones. At the same time, both, the husband and the wife are permitted to guarantee their real demands in some conditions. After the Islamic Revolution, for the protection of women and giving them some privileges, some more conditions were added to the marriage certificates. These laws revolve round two pivots. The first is sharing the assets acquired during the marital life. And the second is the condition of empowering someone or appointing somebody as one’s attorney in divorce; and these are explained in twelve articles. The writer of this article studies and analyzes all these conditions.