مریم کیان

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions and lived experience of primary school teachers of the strengths and weaknesses of virtual education in the corona virus pandemy in the academic year 2020-2021. The research approach was qualitative and phenomenological. The instrument used was a semi-structured interview. The target group included all fifth grade female teachers in girls' schools in Yazd, that 12 of whom were selected by purposive sampling. After the eighth interview, theoretical data saturation was obtained, but interviews were continued up to 12. Data were analyzed by coding and categorization methods and used seven-step Colaizy pattern. The validity of the data was obtained through triangulation method, in the form of referrals to the participants and also the analysis of the group of colleagues. After analyzing the data, 15 sub-themes were identified as strengths and 25 sub-themes as weaknesses, which were classified in to 8 main themes: educational, social, media mediation, parental mediation, cultural, ethical, environmental and economic. Then, contextual factors were extracted which were placed in 8 sub-themes at three levels: macro, medium and micro.

Shams-Ol-Emareh Palace, as the first tall and five-story building in Tehran, was built in 1282 by the order of Naser al-Din Shah and in imitation of European buildings, by Moayyer Ol Mamalek in a period of 2 years. Its construction and decorations are influenced by the trend towards western art It has been in Iran. Since oil painting was often used on textured surfaces, the application of this method on glazed tiles had not been done until then. In this article, this unique method, which was implemented in five private spaces on four floors of Shams-Ol-Emareh, is investigated. The main question of this research is this What are the reasons for using oil painting on glazed tiles in this building? This research was done by descriptive-analytical method and data collection is done in field and library. Some believe that landscape painting is a copy of European classic paintings. The findings show that the variables of choosing the oil painting method are the result of the change of artists' approaches towards Iranian painting, the easy method, the availability of materials and the tendency to westernize, which was completely dependent on the social and political conditions of that time,

The purpose of this study was to identify the components of Plesk's creativity model in the story books of age group “B” children in Yazd city.

Descriptive-survey method and content analysis were used. The statistical population consisted of all boy and girl students of the first, second and third grade elementary schools (age group B) in the academic year of 2017-2018 (12933 students), of which 1000 samples were selected using Cluster randomization. Then the most readable children's books were extracted through a survey, which ultimately included twenty story books. The research tools included a researcher-made questionnaire and the Plesk creativity checklist.

The findings showed that the "snowy white" has the highest frequency of studying among children, and "Hazrat-e- Fatemeh" has the lowest frequency. Also, in the text of the story books, among the components of the Plesk creativity model, the component of "attention" has been used in all the books, but some other components, such as "narrowing the concept" and "Inversion" has been less considered. In addition, in the story books, the "reinforcement" component is not absolutely used. In general, in story books, the element "nutrition of fantasy" is considered in order to pave the way for the growth of child's imagination, and the need to pay more attention to other neglected elements of creativity in these books seems necessary.

Evaluating the quality of selected majors of university students is one of the issues of interest to educational researchers. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to assess the quality of the undergraduate curriculum in textile engineering in Yazd University, based on the Kano model.

A descriptive-survey method was used. The statistical population of the study included all seniors of the Faculty of Textile Engineering of Yazd University (75) in the academic year of 2018-2019 and the research sample was selected by using total population sampling. The research means included three questionnaires of expectations, perceptions and Kano model in determining the quality of the academic major. The formal and content validity of the questionnaires were determined by receiving the opinions of six professors from Yazd University. Also, the reliability of the instruments was determined by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0/7, which is desirable for different structures of the questionnaires. Data were analyzed at both descriptive and inferential levels in the form of Friedman test in SPSS software

The results showed that the quality of the textile engineering major in terms of content, structure and characteristics of the professors is at a relatively high level, and in terms of educational facilities is at a poor level. Also, comparing students' expectations and their perceptions of the current situation showed that there is a significant difference between their expectations and perceptions. In addition, the results of the analysis of the Kano model showed that the greatest need of students in academic major is 'one-dimensional needs' and then 'mandatory needs'.

Based on the research findings, the need to pay attention to improving the quality of the textile engineering curriculum through the optimal development of facilities and also to meet the one-dimensional needs of students is suggested.

Numerous factors have caused the teaching and/or learning of mathematics in elementary schools not to be effective enough. In this regard, the purpose of this grounded theory qualitative research was to determine the challenges of math teaching/learning in elementary schools. The target group included all teachers of elementary schools in Yazd who were selected using purposive sampling method. Using semi-structured interview", interviews were conducted with teachers with who had at least 5 years and an average of 9 years of teaching experience until theoretical saturation was achieved (N = 14). To analyze the data, the interviews were transcribed and coded using open, axial, and selective coding. Subsequently, some qualitative researchers, as well as the participants themselves, were invited to review the data and make the necessary modifications to make them both credible and reliable. Ultimately, the challenges identified for teaching/learning mathematics in elementary schools were classified in terms of a sixdimensional paradigm, specifying the core, causal, contextual, and environmental conditions that rise to these challenges, as well as the strategies teachers and students adopt accordingly and the potential consequences. Based on the results, "the core category" included "lesson complexity and temporal-methodical mismatch". On the other hand, the most important causal conditions encompassed weakness in research and competency support and lack of attention to the principles of planning. The contextual conditions included behavioral contexts and hardware-financial contexts. The "environmental conditions" included the socio-cultural background, the family, the economic and policy making environment. The "strategies" included feeling of deprivation of authority on part of teachers and referring to educational aid institutions on part of the students. Finally, the "consequences" of adopting such strategies were found to be anxiety and aversion to mathematics, accumulated math learning difficulties and non-applicable math learning.

The purpose of the present study was to identify the themes that are coordinate with and contrary to the Iranian- Islamic culture in children's literature, using content analysis (quantitative and qualitative). The statistical population consisted of all students, at second and third grade elementary school (age group B) in the academic year 2016-2017 (12933 students) out of which 1000 were selected by cluster random sampling. The research tools included a researcher-made questionnaire on the themes that were coordinate with and contrary to the Iranian-Islamic culture. In the first step, using a quantitative questionnaire, a sample of thousands of students was asked to rate their favorite books. Then, using SPSS23 software, twenty of the most popular books were identified and their frequency was determined. In the second phase, the most read books were provided to 20 literary experts in the form of a qualitative researcher-made questionnaire. They were then surveyed about the positive and appropriate themes as well as the negative and conflicting ones. Finally, the content analysis of the qualitative results showed that among the positive themes, the themes of "ultimate victory over evil" and "family and marriage" and among the negative themes, the theme of "magic" had the highest degree of agreement. The books also seem to focus on topics such as religious doctrines, fantasy nutrition, dealing with children's real-life needs, and teaching them how to deal with problems. Overall, the reviewed books had more positive themes than negative ones.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related to academic achievement and dropout among the students of Yazd University. The research method was descriptive-survey. The study population consisted of all senior students of Yazd University in Humanities (616 students). Using the Morgan table, 242 students were selected by random sampling. The research tools were two questionnaires of academic success and failure factors.Show moreShow lessThe validity of the questionnaires was determined by the opinions of six faculty members of Yazd University. A high Cronbach's alpha value of 0.7 for different constructs indicated the optimum reliability of the questionnaires. Data were analyzed at two levels of descriptive and inferential using the one sample t-test, Independent sample t-test and Friedman test. The findings showed that the factors shaping students' academic success include interest in the field of study, parental understanding, motivation, teacher proficiency, teacher-student interaction, content appealing, content relevance to real needs, familiarity with the job market, and ability to communicate scientifically with professors and classmates. Show moreShow lessFactors causing the students to drop out include lack of prior study in the classroom, lack of a regular study schedule, lack of focus on study, difficult exams, textbook complexity, lack of relevance of the needs to the courses, unfamiliarity with the labor market and inability to communicate scientifically. Based on the findings, the study suggests introducing students to how to study effectively, familiarize them with the applied disciplines, and the future job market, and a more effective communication with the university counseling centers.

Although participation in sports activities can have positive effects on college students’ happiness, many students are often less motivated and less involved in these programs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the motivational factors and barriers to student participation in sport activities at Yazd University. The research method was descriptive-analytical. The population consisted of all undergraduate students at Yazd University, which 360 students were selected as an equal stratified random sample. Also by purposeful sampling, five professors were chosen. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire which its validity and reliability were confirmed. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics in form of structural equation rank analysis of variance were used. In addition, a qualitative analysis was used to analyze the explanatory answers. The findings showed that the "personal barriers" (0/63) and the "organizational and management factors" (0/47) have the highest impact on the students’ participation. It was also found that 40% of the variance can be explained by the "individual barriers". Among those indicators, the "poor awareness and attitude" and the "economic weakness" had the highest levels of intervention. Regarding the role of the individual barriers on students’ participation in sport activities, the present study suggests some solutions such as implementing attractive and incentive plans, developing appropriate facilities, and making students more aware regarding the effects of exercise on vitality.

Studies in educational and health areas are sometimes accompanied by the adoption of a qualitative research approach. Qualitative research claims to achieve natural and first-hand data in a variety of ways. In this regard, the purpose of the present study was to explain the implications of ethnography research method in educational and health settings.

An analytical-deductive method was used. However, analysis of the research experiences of the authors of the paper were proceed to reach the aim of the study. Accordingly, the reliable sources as well as the background studies of the researchers were used and analyzed.

The findings showed that ethnography in education can provide insights into in-depth analysis of the beliefs, values, and experiences about the academic trends. Also, ethnography in health researches can lead to improving health care processes, modifying high-risk behaviors, timely prevention, managing stress in the face of illnesses, emphasizing sensitivity of local communities, health knowledge creation and, in general, influencing the entire health programs in societies.

Given the importance of ethnography method in obtaining first-hand and in-depth results, it is recommended to provide more awareness about the effectiveness of the method, and more attention to its implementation among the research projects both in educational and health research areas.

Today, the importance of writing as a way of exchanging information and expressing thoughts is much more evident. In schools and universities of developed countries, special attention is paid to writing and writing skills, since competence in "writing" leads to the development and development of the mother tongue and can contribute to the consolidation of the roots of the mother tongue. In elementary school in Iran, many books are taught. But there are classes for which there are no special books, such as "Writing". The teachers teach this lesson, given that there is no specific book for this lesson according to their taste. So teachers may first give the subject matter to the students and give necessary explanations about it. In future meetings, they ask students to read the topics they wrote about the subject of writing the week before. The entries are then graded by the teacher. This method of writing makes students disinterested in writing because students, especially elementary school students, know nothing about how to write properly and get confused when writing. In Iran, reading skills in schools are restricted to reading only, and writing skills are limited to independent time students only until the end of the first year of high school. This skill is practically neglected in secondary school as a marginal course and a subset of the Persian language book (Hosseini Nejad, 2007). The lack of a book or a specific resource for teaching essay, the lack of specific indicators for evaluating essay and poor teacher knowledge of active and creative teaching methods in essay are problems of writing. Overall, numerous theoretical foundations and backgrounds suggest that researchers are focusing on important writing skills as one of the basic skills for elementary school students that highlights the role of the school and school environment in developing this skill. The overall results of the above backgrounds show that many researchers have focused on identifying the relationship between progress in writing on other educational variables such as creativity or the effectiveness of a variety of teacher teaching methods. In the meantime, there is a vacuum of research evaluating the effect of writing techniques on the development of writing skills in students. Despite the efforts of education researchers in this field, this gap is still tangible and it is necessary to introduce these techniques and determine their impact on the development of students' writing skills. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify more precisely its effects on students' learning and improvement of their writing skills by introducing a standard set of writing techniques. So, this study aimed to examine the effectiveness of writing techniques on academic achievement of elementary school students.    

The research method was semi-experimental with pretest-postest and control group. The population consisted of all female students in the sixth grade of elementary region 2 in Yazd. Thirty students randomly divided into control and experimental groups of fifteen. It was also tried to control the disturbing variables by matching the subjects and randomly selecting them. The experimental group learned for six sessions, essay writing techniques (including shorthand, simple programming, rules, introductions, Wrap-up, conclusions) and the control group spent writing class without learning composition techniques. Academic achievement tests were administered from two groups, before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods in the form of ANCOVA.  

The results showed that the composition techniques dramatically affect the students’ academic achievement. According to the results, the adjusted mean of "summary" post-test scores in the experimental group was higher than the adjusted mean of "summary" post-test scores in the control group. Given that the test results showed that the scores of the experimental group in the post-test summary were significantly higher than that of the control group, it can be claimed that within the limitations of the experimental design, enlightenment training correlated with the progress of student summary writing. Therefore, the hypothesis is confirmed. Show more Show less According to the results, the adjusted mean of the post-test "simplification and checking" scores in the experimental group was higher than the adjusted mean of the post-test scores in the control group. Given that the results of the test showed that the post-test scores of the experimental group significantly increased compared to the control group, it can be claimed that, within the limitations of the experimental design, writing instruction increased students' 'writing and checking skills'. Therefore, this hypothesis is confirmed.  

The results of this study showed that using "writing techniques" is related to the improvement of students' writing skills. Using this approach as an effective tool to enhance students' writing skills can be helpful. Obviously, writing skills are one of the basic skills in the field of literature, which due to their high role in advancing the scientific goals of other courses should also be considered with special attention. In explaining the findings of the present study, it can be acknowledged that writing skills, among other educational skills more than other skills, depend on the educational environment, school priorities, as well as teacher skills in education. Standard writing is a skill that few in the family can devote to that time and attention and are often entrusted with school education. If students get acquainted with the simplest writing standards early in school education and then learn and apply more and more of these standards in the following school years, it is certainly in the academic years that this skill as one of Looking at the core lessons, they can perform better. On the other hand, improving students' writing skills requires educating teachers in this field. As studies show, teachers will find students more effective at writing skills and teaching methods after the training. Unless your elementary school teacher is proficient in writing techniques and standards, one cannot expect to help students with writing skills. Therefore, based on the findings of the present study, the following suggestions are made: - Compiling a curriculum guide - Developing a teacher guide for essay and curriculum development - Provide in-service training for elementary teachers - Teaching students writing techniques - Increase essay class hours per week

This study examined the role of epistemological beliefs and spiritual intelligence in predicting the academic success of students in secondary education. The numbers of 240 high school students were selected by random sampling and they completed the epistemological beliefs and the spiritual intelligence questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Results showed a significant relationship between epistemological beliefs and spiritual intelligence. Multiple regression coefficients showed the best predictor of academic success, includes certain knowledge, simplicity of knowledge, learning and the innate ability to understand and communicate with the origin of the universe. As a result, in education and academic success, these factors should be considered.

Performance of primary students in mathematics among the countries participating in TIMSS is different. The purpose of this study is to compare the math curriculum of Iran with the five countries which were the pioneers in TIMSS 2015 (Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan). The research method was comparative and the statistical population consisted of all math books of the fourth grade in Iran and the leading countries. The findings showed that some elements are similar among the countries, such as the concepts of numbers, calculation, measurement, and geometry. However, the studied curricula are different from each other, regarding skill of math problem solving, analysis and application of mathematical topics, interesting statistics and algebra topics, and positive attitude to math learning, so that in Iran these areas have been somewhat neglected. At the end, some suggestions were offered based on the findings.

The purpose of the present study is the pathology of the curriculum of the sixth grade of the elementary school. In this regard, three dimensions of structural, executive, and teaching problems are discussed. The research methodology is based on two quantitative and qualitative approaches. Statistical population was all sixth grade students of Yazd city. Using Cochran formula, 369 students were randomly selected. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire that confirmed the validity and reliability by teachers and professors. In order to analyze quantitative data, ANOVA with repeated measure, Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity, inter-subject effects test, multiple comparison test and Friedman rank variance test were used. Coding was also used to analyze qualitative data. Findings show that the main problems of the writing curriculum include structural problems with a mean rank (2.8), teaching problems with an average rating (2.6) and executive problems with an average rating (1.86). Also, the most important problems in the structural dimension were, respectively, the weakness of the general information, the lack of skills in writing the sentences of the beginning of the writing, and the lack of skills in the division of the essay into the sections of the beginning, the text and the conclusion. Also, in the area of executive issues, the most important challenges include the lack of freedom in choosing the csubjects, lack of tranquility and concentration in thinking, the uniteracing class, and the unimportance of teaching this lesson to students. In the dimension of teaching problems, the most important challeings were the selection of stereotypical and uniform subjects by teachers, the lack of attention to the expansion of the culture of reading and students' ignorance of the goals of the lesson.

Puberty as a stage of life is an important developmental process. Puberty health education aims at creating positive behavior change in adolescents and helps them adopt and maintain healthy behaviors. The purpose of this study is to design a puberty health curriculum for secondary girl students in Iran.
A survey method was conducted. The studied population included all university curriculum planners, health experts as well as health professionals in Yazd secondary schools. A census sampling was used and a total of 28 experts was selected. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire that its validity and reliability were determined. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using indicators such as central tendency and one-sample t-test.
The results showed that puberty health curriculum has some key components regarding objectives, contents, teaching methods and evaluation methods. In addition, the validity of the designed curriculum was confirmed at %99 level.
As many parents refuse to explain to their children about puberty because of cultural barriers, so school education and curriculum in this area is much more important. In this study, puberty health curriculum for girl students was designed and confirmed and it was suggested as an independent course for secondary education in Iran.

Educable Society, including religious Society, for the maintenance needs to transfer its moral as well as religious norms to the next generation. The present research attempts to check on educable religious society and the possible ways to promote it. Based on the entity of the subject, we are to use a qualitative method. The respondents were all Education and Religion’s experts of Yazd. Having a purposeful sampling and reaching to theoretical saturation, we gave them a semi-structured interview. By open and axial coding, the data was credited through acceptability, verifiability and reliability. The results show that the process of religious educability would come true by concrete religious teachings, internal selection and finally habituating religious and moral merits within the society. On one side, family, school, peer group, Media, State and religious body are vigorously effective in religious educability. On the other side, weak affiliation of the family to religion, ineffective school teachings, impacts of peer group, cultural attack and feeble social justice would lead to religious ineducability. Again, the results imply that strengthening the religious and moral foundations of family, more effective school teachings and pattern-making through Media and development of social justice would be numerated as effective ways for the promotion of religious educability.

The purpose of this research was to design the Environmental education curriculum for Elementary education in Iran. The research method was a qualitative one, whereas in the second part of the research, a quantitative analysis was used. First, the theoretical foundations, documents and experiences of the pioneering countries were analysed for the Initial draft of the curriculum. Then, the designed curriculum was validated by 30 experts who were selected through purposeful sampling. The results showed the five elements of the curriculum, which were the basics, the goals, the content, the instruction and the evaluation method. In addition, the validation of the design was obtained 0/99. At the end, some practical suggestions were offered based on the findings.

Studying the factors effective on shaping the identity of young people in every society has always been among important issues considered by educational experts. The aim of this study was to identify educational impacts of using mobile social networks (WhatsApp, Viber and Line) on students’ national and religious identity.
This study utilized descriptive-analytic method. The statistical population consisted of all the undergraduate students of Tabas Islamic Azad University, 288 of whom were chosen as samples using simple random sampling method and Cochran’s formula. Data collection instruments included a researcher-made questionnaire to "assess the use of mobile social networks", and also questionnaires concerning "national identity" and "religious identity". For data analysis, descriptive statistics and also inferential statistics were used, while applying Pearson correlation, multiple variance and independent t-test. The results showed that there is a meaningful negative correlation between the use of mobile social network and national and religious identities. More specifically, a weaker national and religious identity is formed in students who use more of these networks.
Meanwhile, no relationship was found between the field of study and national and religious identity variables. Also, on the topic of religious identity, there was no significant difference between boys and girls. The present study showed that the most significant impacts of the mobile social networks were in following the example of the models in those networks in appearance and manners, transforming beliefs, indolence in religious matters and hiding these networks from the family, respectively.

Formal education curriculum, in every society, has to foster the physical, mental, emotional, intellectual, moral, and social development of the students. However, the curriculum of secondary education in Iran, suggests the null nutritional education. The aim of this study was to analyze the null nutritional literacy curriculum in secondary education. The research method was survey. The population was all male and female high school students in Yazd (2140 students). Through Cochran formula and random sampling method, 325 students were selected as the sample. The instrument was a standard questionnaire that assessed nutritional literacy (in terms of attitude, skills, knowledge and resources). Its validity and reliability were confirmed. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and independent t-test were used. The results showed that the dimensions of nutrition literacy for both boys and girls were weak. The girls had simpler approach to breakfast comparing with the boys. In the area of nutritional practice, the boys compared to the girls, had more bad habits about salt consumption, but consumption of dairy products was better in them. In addition, the desirability of height and weight in both groups was not satisfactory. In the area of nutritional awareness, girls and boys were aware. Using the chi-square test, the results showed very limited sources for girls, where as the boys had gotten their nutritional information from a variety of sources such as textbooks, network relatives, and friends. The findings illustrate the need to review school curricula in order to promote nutritional literacy and behaviors in adolescent students.

Adolescence is a period of leisure needs. Adolescents، compared to other age groups، have more opportunities and fewer responsibilities. Leisure time is seen as a basis for socialization and identity formation during adolescence purpose of this study is to compare the recreation of talented and regular school. The students research method is employed. The study population comprises all third grade high school male students in Yazd، i. e. 340 students. With respect to the sample، 180 students who are then assigned in two separate groups of 90 students are determined for the study. Data is collected through a questionnaire and analyzed via independent t-test. students have more time to exercise، deal with friends and peers، and do religious activities. On the other hand، talented students have more time to spend with their family and cultural products and issues. However، computer entertainments are similar in both groups. Findings reveal that leisure time for adolescents is an important issue requiring close consideration for planning. in Yazd. To overcome the objective of the study، a descriptiveFindings reveal that regular high school.

Education is considered as one of the essential and significant needs of the human society. In the meantime، raising children is a daunting task، which demands responsibility، especially on parent's part; and its proper fulfillment can bring about crucial outcomes for the individual، family and the society. This article aims to examine and explain the aspects of children's education in the family system from the perspective of Islam. The method of the study is of documentary analysis، in which resources and related documents are examined. These resources include educational teachings of the Holy Quran، Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and the infallible Imam's way of life (as). In this paper، first the concept and status of educating children in Islamic teachings are elaborated. Then the rights of children in the family and the role of parents in raising them are explained. Later، different aspects of raising children in Islam، including physical، intellectual، religious، moral and social facets of education will be expounded. Finally، methods of raising different educational aspects of children are explained and some educational proposals are offered for the realization of the ideal education for children.

In recent years، most of the universities offer new educational methods، like virtual education. This study aimed to identify the challenges of virtual education in Iran’s universities. Adopting a phenomenological approach، purposeful sampling، and semi-structured interview، the researcher investigated the perceptions of eight instructors from three virtual universities on virtual education. The data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews. The data were coded and analyzed. The accreditation of the data was based on their reliability، acceptability and validity. The findings showed that the main challenges involve three main dimensions: moral education، creativity and power relations. Due to lack of face-to-face interaction، students could not observe and adopt the faculty’s moral behavior. In addition، creativity was not being developed since instructions were merely based on memorization. Virtual education has made student-teacher and student-student relations more democratic، but relations between teachers and also between users and university are still at a low level. The study suggests the necessity of social interaction among virtual students and teachers. Adopting visual technologies، problem solving-based approaches to learning، innovative ideas and immediate feedback by the teacher may force virtual learning environment to be more interactive and creative.

This study aims to understand learning culture at E-learning environment in universities of Iran. The major question is: what is the main phenomenon of learning culture in virtual universities of Iran? Data were gathered by grounded theory method, using semi-structured interviews. Twenty-three students and nine faculty members, from three virtual universities, were interviewed through purposeful sampling. Data were analyzed by coding. Also, data reliability was illuminated through credibility, dependability and confirm-ability. Findings showed that the main phenomenon of E-learning culture is "academic identity challenge", for both virtual students and faculty members. On one hand, student's academic identity, regarding disciplinary, personal and collective dimensions, and on the other hand, faculty member's identity, regarding role and educational commitment were not shaped properly. In general, virtual universities in Iran have a long way forward to shape academic identity for their users, specially students and faculty members.