مریم کیایی

A variety of activities are carried out in a house. This range includes the most private behaviors of members to their collective and social activities. The organization of these activities should be such that while facilitating them in different parts of the house, their incompatible interference is also prevented. This concept, known as functional compatibility, is directly related to the issue of functional efficiency. Based on this, the analysis of this relationship is the basis of the current research. Also, investigating the evolution of these concepts in the course of architectural structural changes that have occurred due to the passage of time is another goal of this research. Based on this, by selecting 18 examples of Qajar period houses in Tabriz city, an attempt has been made to investigate this issue. The reason for choosing Tabriz as the geographical area of ​​the research is its strategic position in the exchange with the Western world, and the reason for choosing the Qajar period as the temporal area of ​​the research was the beginning of modern trends in Iranian architecture in this period. The basic theory in this research is the theory of space syntax, and the tools used for analysis are Depthmap software and Syntax plugin in Grasshopper software. After reviewing the literature, effective indicators on the issue of functional compatibility in houses were extracted and suitable syntactic tools were introduced to analyze each one in the form of a theoretical research framework. Then, by analyzing each sample in the relevant software environment, data related to each index was extracted and analyzed. The results of the research showed that the most important change that occurred in the configuration system of houses in Tabriz during the Qajar period is the transformation of the central courtyard pattern in the early and middle of the Qajar to the Kushki pattern at the end of this period. Also, with the change in the configuration system of houses from an introverted model to an extroverted model at the end of the Qajar period, the issue of functional compatibility has changed in relation to some indicators and has not seen much change in relation to others. This issue can also be mentioned in connection with the functional efficiency of these houses. Based on this, it can be concluded that functional efficiency is a relative concept that depending on different conditions, different criteria affect its promotion or decline. Based on this, the research questions can be presented as follows:- How is the issue of functional compatibility in different house patterns in the city of Tabriz during the Qajar period? - What effects did the changes in the spatial configuration system of different house patterns during the Qajar period in this city have on the functional compatibility of their different spaces? - What effect did these changes have on the functional efficiency of these houses? In this article at first the developments in the houses of Tabriz are evaluated, and the factors affecting these changes are also introduced. Then the definition of functional efficiency and related indicators in a residential use is discussed. Finally, in the theoretical framework section of the research, the relationship between the desired indicators of the research in explaining the functional efficiency of the houses and the tools introduced to measure these indicators in the body of the houses are explained according to the characteristics and abilities of each of them. As mentioned earlier, this article aims to evaluate the link between architectural concepts related to functional compatibility and their impact on the functional efficiency of spaces in a house. Since the nature of both issues is related to the discussion of space arrangement and how to configure different spaces in a house, therefore, the most suitable method for their analysis is to use the technique of space syntax. This technique consists of various tools that can be used to analyze different spatial patterns and relationships between their components. In this technique, various tools are used to analyze the spatial configurations, among which the most important are the two software "Depthmap" and "Synthetic Plugin in the Grasshopper software". Depthmap software is used to analyze visual and physical access in the plans, and Grasshopper software is used to extract explanatory diagrams related to the plans and also to analyze the mathematical relationships between their different spaces. The indicators presented in the theoretical framework of the research after the analysis are presented in the form of quantitative data, and from the qualitative analysis of these data, it is possible to understand their relationship with the issue of functional compatibility and functional efficiency. Therefore, in this research, both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyze the data. Also, the collection of information has been done by field, documentary and library methods. The independent variable in this research is functional efficiency, the dependent variable is the spatial layout pattern, and the mediating variable is the issue of functional compatibility in the building.

Iranian architecture has historically confronted various climatic challenges in desert regions, often leading to innovative solutions. One such challenge is the increase in temperature coupled with decreased relative humidity, particularly during the hottest days of the year. A sustainable climatic solution for achieving thermal comfort and mitigating harsh weather conditions in this region involves the integration of central courtyards and basements. However, the lack of moisture in the air renders the mere construction of these spaces insufficient for thermal comfort. To address this, pond spaces were incorporated into the yard and, in some cases, into the cellar or basement to help lower temperature and increase relative humidity.

This study employs descriptive and analytical methods alongside library and internet research. Additionally, simulation techniques were utilized to explore the impact of the pond factor within the two spaces of the cellar and yard.

The findings indicate that introducing a moisture source (pond) results in an average temperature reduction of up to 3.5 degrees Celsius in the yard and up to 2.5 degrees Celsius in the basement compared to scenarios without a pond on the hottest day of the year. Furthermore, the presence of a pond in the yard does not lead to significant changes in the temperature and humidity levels of the basement, even with air circulation.

While the pond is essential for reducing the temperature of the yard itself and cannot be omitted from the design of desert homes, its role in enhancing thermal comfort within the cellar is particularly notable during peak heat hours. In the pond scenario, the temperature difference compared to the outside reaches approximately 9 degrees Celsius, whereas the scenario without the pond yields a difference of about 5 degrees. This underscores the undeniable importance of the water pond and the associated humidity in achieving thermal comfort.

Changing the lifestyle and culture of individuals over time has led to the formation of major changes in the spatial system of contemporary houses compared to traditional homes. The most important of these can be the change in the quality (physical and visual) access qualities of contemporary houses compared to traditional houses. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to compare the qualitative visual and physical access to traditional and contemporary Iranian residential uses and to identify the factors influencing these changes. Since the achievement of this goal is possible due to the analysis of spatial configuration of the samples, the concept of space syntax is used for this purpose. The tool used in this analysis is the Depthmap software, which uses its outputs to analyze the patterns. Also, the objective observations of the authors of the works and analysis of the relevant documents will lead to a qualitative analysis of the works. The samples studied in this research are four traditional patterns of a garden in Kashan and four apartment models in the same city as a contemporary example. For each of the two traditional and contemporary groups, software and software analyzes of visual and physical access were performed individually and, by extracting the characteristics of each of them, the software, describes the similarity and differentiation between them. Were analyzed. The results of the research showed that one of the important factors in creating or changing the factors of the quality of space and in general the logic of the configuration of space in the interior of the houses, changes in different scenarios of physical and visual access to the living space Sometimes Therefore, many differences and differences between the characteristics of spatial configurations in homes are due to the type of access, whether physical or visual, in them.

The architecture of Iranian homes has systematic patterns in their bodies, which are the basis for their classification. This classification, which is associated with the identification of hidden patterns in space, is known as the language of the pattern. A pattern system, or, in other words, a pattern language in Iranian architecture, can be explained in terms of attributes, which are attributes of a space and they take on a particular function, depending on their shape and position in the structure of the structure. Accordingly, the present study seeks to assess the language of the house model on the mid-scale and based on the "attributes of the spaces". In this regard, a number of houses in the two cities of Yazd and Tabriz were selected as case examples; houses in Yazd as representatives of the buildings of the central cities of Iran's Plateau and Tabriz's houses representing the border towns of Iran and more varied species on the same scale. Were selected. The results of this study showed that some of the characteristics of the division of triads in Tabriz's houses, especially in Kooshki species (Qajar period 3), have distanced some of the characteristics of the sustainable pattern traits in the Iranian architecture. This is despite the fact that the division of triads in Yazd houses sees a more stable form. Tabriz is one of the historic cities of Iran, which enjoyed a special boom during the Qajar period as crown prince. The deployment of this city on the paths of Iran and the west, especially during the Qajar period, has added further prosperity to the city. However, the numerous earthquakes that took place in the city last about 200 years ago completely destroyed the city's structure. Also, the continual wars in the city and the prevalence of several episodes of epidemic in it caused the inhabitants to evacuate several times and consequently the gradual destruction of the city. Therefore, except for a limited number of buildings such as the bazaar and citadel, other buildings, including houses, were rebuilt and renovated during a relatively long period of the Qajar period. In front of Yazd city on the central plateau of Iran, it is more stable due to the large geographic distances with the borders of the country as well as much less communications outside its borders. Therefore, the impact of imported and extraterritorial elements from the West or East on the city and the overall view of this city is probably less than Tabriz. In this study, the "triple division" of the traditional houses of these two cities has been analyzed in order to more accurately assess the theme of the template language. Different ways of representing this pattern in the system of the configuration of the houses of this Two cities have been investigated. Accordingly, the research questions can be explained as follows:What are the common features of the pattern language architecture of the three-dimensional spatial pattern in the houses of Tabriz and Yazd?

One of the urban elements are houses in which their configuration has undergone many changes during the Qajar period. Therefore, considering the change in the physical system of houses, it seems that their functional relations must have also witnessed many changes, which has provided the basis for dealing with the issue in the current research. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the changes made in the physical-spatial structure of the architechture of a house during the Qajar period and to evaluate these changes on the functional system of different spaces of the house during this period. Based on this, 9 houses in Tabriz belonging to the Qajar period were selected as research samples for the purpose of this investigation. The analysis of the spatial-functional structure of the houses was conducted using the space syntax technique, in this regards, syntactic mathematical relationships, as well as deepstamp software and syntactic plugin in Grasshopper, were used to analyze the data. The results of the research indicated that with the passage of time and the change in the physical system of the houses during the Qajar period, even though there were changes in the shape and location of some elements and changes in the use of houses, there have not been many changes in its functional system. In other words, “spatial relations” as a subset of functional relations, with the physical transformations of space have not undergone many changes.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate and measure the efficiency of the yard space with an emphasis on the concept of functional radius in different types of traditional Iranian houses (Kashan & Esfehan). In reviewing the relative depth of sink function, it is necessary to convert the quantitative data of the plan into quantitative data... In the physical composition of each home, spaces are divided into two categories: "service spaces" and "service spaces", where the combination of spaces together has a direct relationship with the function of the service provider or service provider. The layout model of the spaces of each home expresses the particular type of spatial relationships of that house, which is sometimes unique in buildings, and sometimes with a stable pattern, in the spatial relationship of the houses jointly observed. The purpose of this article is to examine the performance of the yard in a variety of Iranian house patterns, which is based on the definition of the functional radius of the yard in different patterns of the house. In order to test the above process, three different models of a gull, two gullies and three gullies in Kashan and three samples with the mentioned characteristics in Yazd were selected as case samples. In this research, in order to determine the functional efficiency of space, justification graphs and syntactical maths are used. Different parts of the house, like many other spaces, have spatial priorities and special rankings for better service and therefore a good performance. In the physical composition of each home, spaces are divided into two parts: "Service spaces" and "Service spaces", where the combination of spaces together has a direct relationship with the function of the service provider or service provider. The layout model of the spaces of each home expresses the particular type of spatial relationships of that house, which is sometimes unique in buildings, and sometimes with a stable pattern, in the spatial relationship of houses is seen jointly. The purpose of this article is to examine the performance of the yard in a variety of Iranian house patterns, which is based on the definition of the functional radius of the yard in different patterns of the house. In order to test the above process, three different models of a gull, two gullies and three gullies in Kashan and three samples with the mentioned characteristics in Yazd were selected as case samples. In this research, in order to determine the functional efficiency of space, justification graphs and syntactical maths are used. Accordingly, the research question in relation to the research goal is as follows:How does changing the functional radius in space increase or decrease the efficiency of the yard in the Iranian home?Accordingly, the hypothesis on the answer to the research question is as follows:The greater the functional radius of a space in the configuration of the building, the effective radius and the sphere of influence of that space decrease, and thus the efficiency of the space increases.

The function of a space in a building greatly depends on the position of that space in its general configuration system and its desirable performance occurs when the space in relation to other parts of the building can meet the expectations of its users. This topic is known in the literature for functional efficiency. For this purpose, the present study by selecting 18 homes of the Qajar period in Tabriz has analyzed the functional efficiency changes of these houses in line with their structural-spatial transformations. The quality of access in this study, known as the independent variable, was measured in terms of four indicators of permeability, flexibility, spatial integration, and relation between components, and the impact of each of these indicators on the functional efficiency of the houses was analyzed. The results of the research indicated that high-quality accessibility indexes were found in homes built in the early and mid-Qajar period, However, at the end of the Qajar period, these indicators declined, the most important factor in this regard is chaning the architectural system from introverted to extroverted and changing the function of the courtyard from a server space to a mere passageway space.

Iranian traditional houses have unique features that are not easy to discover only by examining architectural information such as plan, etc. To facilitate the spatial analysis of the house, there is a need for a tool to translate the space into a simple and understandable language. The space syntax method is one of the techniques making it possible to analyze the spatial structures of the environment. This method is based on the use of a tool called justified graphs that explain the relationships between spaces using concepts such as depth, integration, choice, difference factor, and control. However, some spatial features cannot be assessed with the data extracted from these graphs and there is a need to use some other indicators in this field, some of which are "space area", "geographical location" and "the distance between spaces". Therefore, in the present study, considering the claim that analyzing the spatial structure of the environment using graph tools has defects, other indicators, in addition to the space syntax method, are applied in order to provide a more comprehensive analysis and increase the validity of the results from the study of the environment. The research results indicate that in some cases, despite considering the effects of spaces in drawing justified graphs, there is no required delicacy in establishing the necessary distinction between various types of space in these graphs and as a result, the resulting analyses are not very accurate. Also, in other cases, a number of features of the building cannot be generally examined by justified graphs, although they are of the main features of the building and distinguish different buildings in terms of the quality of space.

In addition to their objective, overt aspects, different spaces have subjective, covert dimensions, which cannot be inferred simply through analysis of their physical structures. These features, which are classified as cognitive features of space, are largely influenced by the space users’ types and methods of perception of space. You receive part of the environment information via presence in the space and with the help of your sensory abilities. Depending on your needs and motivations, some of the information is perceived by your mental system, and recognition is ultimately achieved through analysis of the perceived information and their registration in mind. Thus, mental or cognitive maps are formed for you, which in turn result from transformation of an objective entity into a subjective one, on which basis your mental image of an environment takes shape. These cognitive maps are largely dependent on the values, beliefs, memories, aspirations, etc. of people who use an environment. Therefore, it can be argued that people have different types of perception of the environment. Therefore, the quality of the objective and subjective features is effective in space users’ cognition and perception of the environment, and they utilize one or both of these perceptions to evaluate the environment. Moreover, the physical quality of the space is effective on its recognition, which turns recognition of the structural features effective in identification of space into another aspect of the significance of this research. Therefore, the present research sought to investigate the cognitive and perceptual aspects of a traditional market as a case study by evaluating the perceptual quality of the environment using Gestalt psychology and analyzing the system of spatial configuration using space syntax and to analyze the space users’ spatial-cognitive behavior in the relatively complex environment. After the factors required by both theories were introduced, the process of analysis began. On the syntactic analysis side, the market map was loaded in the software environment, and the market was analyzed using the values of factors such as the cone of vision, spatial depth and integrity, and spatial accessibility and quality. On the cognitive analysis side, the method of drawing cognitive maps was used for extraction of the Gestalt factors. Therefore, the research population was asked to enter the market through a specific entrance and draw their mental images of its structure in the croquis format after traveling around the market for thirty minutes. After data were collected using both methods, the obtained findings were analyzed and compared. The results of the research indicated that several objective and subjective factors are effective, either at the same time or with some prioritization with respect to each other, in proper wayfinding in spaces, particularly unfamiliar and less familiar ones. Moreover, the results obtained from the syntactic analysis of an environment are in some cases consistent with those of its cognitive analysis, and they contrast in other cases, depending to a great extent on the spatial features of the environment and the elements used in it. Accordingly, a traditional market in Iran was selected for a case study, and people’s spatial behavior in the urban space with a relatively complex structure and their perception thereof was analyzed. Therefore, the questions of the research are as follows. Which configuration features of a market are perceived and considered more closely by users? How do different people—particularly those who are unfamiliar or less familiar with the space—find or, in other words, choose the ways to their destinations in the market?

Culture is a set of values that exists in a community or a nation and reflects the approach, think, believe, behaviors, and lifestyle of people. The notion of public culture refers to the common values that are common in society. These values are in the domain of thinking, belief, views, and structural aspects, as well as practical aspects such as the behavior and lifestyle of human beings, and are characterized by being collective and transformative. The views of some theoreticians in the field of housing and culture, especially traditional and rural housing, reflect the significant impact of culture on the physical aspects of space and current behavior patterns. On the one hand, Rapoport believes that from a far past, home for man has been more than shelter, and spiritual and religious aspects are fully evident throughout the construction process of the houses until it is established and used.On the other hand, the influence of cultural factors along with factors such as climate, building techniques, indigenous materials and etc., on the formation of the physical-spatial structure of the house is undeniable, and in some of its traditional types, the arrangement of various organs it significantly affects. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of cultural values on the formation of behavioral patterns in the home environment . Behavioral patterns are also dependent on the function and form of the house, which its proper shape has led to enhance the performance of the space function.The process of this research is defined in four stages. In the first stage, several cultural indicators were extracted as a sample of related literature and the behavioral dimensions associated with them were explained in the home environment. In the next step, the components of functional performance were investigated. These components were extracted through "space syntax" indicators and the collected data was evaluated and analyzed by "Depthmap" software used in the space layout method. The third stage consists of extracting the theoretical framework of research in which the relationship between elements of architecture affecting the functional efficiency and cultural values prevailing on the way of life is explained and, finally, in the fourth stage in order to demonstrate the hypothesis that the impact of the cultural values governing the lives of people on enhancing the performance of space in the home, the above are tested in two examples of rural - traditional homes. The results showed that the existence of cultural and spiritual values, in addition to the impacts on behavioral patterns and the arrangement of spaces in the internal environment, is also effective on improving the optimum functional performance of space in traditional homes and specifically rural settlements. Therefore, the goal of this study is to answer this question, “How can one affect the use of cultural values of inhabitants in the architecture of houses on formation of some behavioral and structural-physical forms in homes?”, In other words, can these behaviors lead to proper functioning of homes by adjusting the relationships of individuals in space?

Urban sprawl and the presence of old and worn-out tissues in the central core of the cities have led planners to think about providing solutions and programs to improve these textures. The purpose of this study was to assess the principles of new urbanism in order to apply these components to the revival of old tissues and identification to the tumultuous neighborhoods around urban rivers. The research has also been conducted to answer these questions. Which of the evaluated points of the new urbanism principles have been well-placed to restore the urbanized urban waste of the 4th district of Rasht and whether the plans and plans have been carried out Has the quality been improved in order to improve and identify the neighborhoods? The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose, and in terms of the nature and method of descriptive-survey and inferential work. The statistical population of this study is all citizens of district 4 of Rasht city. The random sampling method was from the citizens of the region to 384 people. The results of the questionnaire and the help of the SAW method have been used in the GIS environment in order to rehabilitate the old habitat of rivers in Rasht city. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the experts and the reliability of the questionnaire was measured through Cronbach's alpha.

Tourism is one of the most dynamic economic activities of the present era which plays an important role in the sustainable development of the cities. From one side tourism acts in certain spatial pattern foundations. One of these urban tourism spatial patterns that could be considered as the key element in the sustainable urban development. Tourism is combined of numerous factors and is engaged with them which in this midst social, cultural, economic, environmental and fundamental structures are considered as the important factors amongst them
The present study with the

For this manner and considering the importance of the study, the purpose of the research is to analyze the social, cultural, economic, structures in growth and development of urban tourism in the city of Galugah. The people under study in this research are the families, managers and tourists of the city of galugah.

This research is of an applied and descriptive-analytical nature. The statistical population of this study is households in the city of Golgah, officials and tourists. To investigate the effects of the proposed factors in tourism, the tool of the questionnaire used by the statistical population was the response and the data were analyzed by SPSS software and the HOLSAT model. Analysis of research data has been carried out. The results of this study indicate that both of the hypotheses are confirmed by the statistical tests taken from the components of the two hypotheses, and these structures have been able to contribute to the development of tourism in the region.

The results indicate that in the tourists and the host society sector, the quadruple aspects under study in the research is at a 99 percent meaningful relation to sustainable tourism development, meaning that it is the mark of the effectivity from social-cultural, economic, skeletal and fundamental affluence in the sustainable growth and development of urban tourism. The results of the HOLSAT model indicate that the performance of the components of economic structure is controversial and the performance of some of the components of socio-cultural structure is indicative of the need for re-planning in this direction

Professor Pirnia classified house space in three spatial system, large, small and breack Peymoon which the basis of these categories include spatial scale, number and arrangement of different spaces in them. Despite the nominal researches, there is not specific research about the introduction of spatial features and patterns ruling over them. The present study follows the concept of privacy and additionally analyze the spatial structure of three spatial systems and the way of responding to this principle. The method of "space syntax" is used. After the introduction of the originator of privacy architectural elements in space, such indicators were defined which are used to analyze and assess each of these factors. Then six samples of traditional houses of three Peymoon in the cities of Kashan and Isfahan were selected and above factors were measured for any of the houses. The method used in this study was quantitative, and method of data analysis was descriptive-analytic. The analysis tools were including justification charts, mathematical relationships and Depthmap software and any index was analyzed on its own device. The results showed that confidentiality was a rule in all three systems of the house and has always attracted the attention of their creators. However the way of being flexible was different in the three spatial system. The comparison of spatial structures in response to confidentiality showed similar behavior in two different cities about the indicators such as introversion, privacy, hierarchy, and location houses. While there was differences about forbidding the nobility and the hierarchy of orders from outside to inside the house between the cities.

The statistics and information provided by countries and regions indicate the extent, severity and variety of vandalism in different sectors and the related damages and costs. Studies have shown the importance of finding this issue in the urban community of Iran. Despite the damage and damage caused by vandalism in the urban public spaces of the country, enough statistics and information in this field, in particular the scope, dimensions, scope, causes and motives of the subjects Under the ruin of vandalism in hand. Considering these conditions, the necessity of paying attention to this social problem of the public spaces of the cities of the city is of particular importance. According to the studies, the public spaces of the expert settlements and the city of Ardabil are facing such problems and problems that need attention It has made this issue even more important. Accordingly, in this research, we decided to study the phenomena of vandalism and its ideas about the causes of the emergence of Vendal behaviors and its adaptation to the settlements of experts and Kowsar in Ardebil and provide solutions to reduce this problem and create a balance in the public spaces of the city under study.

In the historical form of the cities of Iran, the Bazzar is considered as an integral part of the city's structure which has formed the core and the main axis of the city and has guided the bones and development of the city. On the other hand, due to the economic role of the Bazzar in the city, the issue of security has been of particular importance. Therefore, it seems that the builders of this kind of buildings have special attention to their physical aspects in order to achieve this goal. For example, the establishment of Qaisarra as a space for the supply of valuable goods in the central Bazzar segment could be a effect in securing these usages. In this regard, it seems that the qualities of the edges of the Bazzar can also have a significant effect on this. Accordingly, the present study by investigates and analyzes various edges in the area around the Bazzar, examines the level of security in these spaces. On the other hand, Timcheh’s space was selected as a case study from among the various spaces available on the Bazzar. Therefore, the present study, while analyzing the permeability quality of the outer edges of several Timches, as part of the Bazzar space, addresses the issue of security in this type of space. In this research, space syntax technique has been used to analyze the configuration of the space of the towns. However, it is necessary to note that this technique is generally used to analyze the spatial structure of environments that consist of several small spaces. While the Timches in their physical structure are composed of spaces such as store, resting place, cellar, courtyards, corridors, entrances, Hashti, and so on. This justifies the application of this technique in the analysis of this kind of construction. After reviewing the literature, three indicators including “readablity”, “visual control and access”, and “space integration” were considered as theoretical framework of the research and tools like “Step depth”, “Integration”, “Connectivity”, “Physical accessibility(Metric depth)”, “Isovist area”, and “Isovist perimeter” were used to analyze them in the Depthmap software environment. The results of the study showed that the impermeable Timcheh in terms of readability index is in a desirable level, and due to having only one input, it is possible to control the entrance and exit of individuals. However, the four-directional permeable Timcheh in term of control and spatial integration indicator are at a higher level than the other Timches this has a significant impact on the security of these Timches. Also, the edge properties of the input (s) are more important in providing space security. Because it determines the amount of accumulated load to space and thus the permeability to space. The location of the Timches is one of the other things that have a significant impact on their security and their creation of crime scenes. Moreover, the presence of concave geometries in the space structure leads to inadequate visual visibility and the possibility of a massive increase in space.

The role of yard in the Iran architecture Undeniable and sometimes are architectural design requirements, due to geographical and climatic conditions. Yard, what on public land (mosque school, caravanserai, etc…) and non-public (such as houses) is often not removed from the body design. In modern mosques, according to the density of buildings and land issues in many cases, the courtyard of the mosque has been removed or the configuration of the body, where it is considered to be variable. While its role in changing the functional efficiency overlooked. The aim of this study is that there are different roles create or increase it is the guarantor yard and based on the creation or improvement of functional efficiency based. Proof of this process the role of the mosque yard using two methods of drawing graphs and its data for as space syntax mathematical well as software is Depth map. to prove the functional efficiency definition of space efficiency provided and then based on this definition, operational efficiency and introduced six indicators will be described indicators link and integration by mathematical justification and proof as space syntax, the selection criteria will be shown with passenger as well as indicators of depth, axial space and convex space with the use of Depth map software and to be analysis outcomes that prove and to prove the yard in changes in the functional efficiency of the courtyard of the mosque will be discussed. the results show the central courtyard design with rectangular geometry is the highest level of functional efficiency compared to other models. according to this research questions in the following cases studied: whether or not there is a courtyard in the configuration mosques is necessary? Proper positioning of the yard in order to improve efficiency and performance like ? What is the most suitable geometry for the yard? .1-The hypothesis of the study is available as follows: The layout of the yard in the spatial structure of the mosque have been set in the geometric center and as well as the appropriate geometrical.2- To enhance the functional efficiency of the mosque, the location of the yard should be considered that is most relevant to indoor space.3- Yard geometry must be such that the axial space proper in there and convex space is minimized. In order to prove this hypothesis (1), first hypothesis (2) and (3) studied considering and the results of these two hypotheses (1) can be achieved. hypothesis (1) will pay the importance of the yard or the lack of it In promoting functional efficiency of mosques hypothesis (2) will pay to the proper location on the courtyard the spatial structure in order to enhance functional efficiency mosques the spatial structure in order to enhance functional efficiency mosques In order to investigate the role of location in improving efficiency should yield yard index "integration", "link", "choice" and "depth" are used. also check on the functional efficiency of the geometry of the mosque courtyard, Index "convex space" and "central space" is used.

Considering widely administration of methylphenidate and also its immunosuppressive effects on different organs, importance of related microscopic studies is obvious.
Determining histological effects of methylphenidate on adrenal glands and lymphatic organs in mice.
A total number of 30 adult male Balb/C mice were provided, weighed and divided into one control and two experimental groups. The control group received water by gavages once a day, for 40 days. The experimental groups were orally administered MPH hydrochloride (2mg/kg and 10mg/kg body weight,) respectively. Animals were anesthetized and blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture for analysis of blood cells. Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and adrenal glands were removed and processed for microscopic studies through hematoxylin and eosin staining. Spleen samples were processed for plasma cell count and staining (label antibody CD138*). The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and p

Urban furniture is one of the main parts pf urban spaces tht with its presence could improve the quality and efficiency of the space in any place and would provide the comfort and tranquility for the space adequately. Urban furniture organizes aparge part of activities in the city and would cause and increase in citizens’acquiring of the perimeter environment and increses their joy and convenience of them in streets, parks and other urban areas. In the present study, the role and place of urban furniture in urban places of Gorgan city has been analyzed and evaluated from the perspective of citizens. Thepeading approach of this study according to the subject and principals under study, is a combination of descriptive-analytic and field study methods that has been performed with completion of questionnaire in different parts of Gorgan city. The society of study includes the citizens of Gorgan city in the year of 2017 that a number of 384 individuals of them were chosen using the Cochrane formula and the five choice questionnaire withpickert spectrum were distributed amongst them using simple random method. The questionnaire of the study is researcher made that its visual vaidity has been approaved bypecturers and its realiability has been approaved using the CronBach’s alpha equalt to 0.85. for evaluation of research hypotheses the single sample T examination and Chi square examination in the SPSS software were used. The results gathered from the study shows that the urban furniture influences beautifying and giving identity to urban spaces, physical and mental health of citizens and qualifying the urban spaces. Also amongst the variables of urban furniture and tourism attraction in Gorgan city and also amongst the variables of urban furniture and tourism developmentpies a positive and meaningful relationship.

It seems that the influence of cultural and social fabric of every society on architectural space in every period of history is undeniable. Sometimes it was so strong that many users were affected in space. in theory that was raised by Bill Hillier, for the first time based on the difference space factor, to check the value of a space in a plan using quantitative methods (mathematical way space) were discussed. the aim of this study was to evaluate the social and cultural logic of space resulting in access to space of value and is in line with this logic. in order to test the hypothesis of social and cultural logic in the house, four traditional houses that built in the period of Ghajar were select. three of the houses in Yazd, and another example in order to apply a comparative study is located in Tehran. the research is descriptive and analytical method and using qualitative and quantitative strategies to assess and describe the probabilities, social and cultural logic space will be discussed. The quantitative method was used space syntax mathematical relationship (a mathematical space difference). in proving the quantity method, first paid to justify graph each house data on the spatial difference for each of the areas of the yard, porch, lobby, entered in the relevant formula and the results in table format for each of the four houses that were presented and in qualitative way, from the two indicators "depth" and "ring" was used. to evaluate the quality, depth of the index and ring in the two samples is analyzed and examined. that to achieve that, should the findings used to justify graph to justify the quality of the space, previously stated that again, the three space (the yard, porch and three-door or five-door) were selected for review. the results showed that social and cultural relationships profound effects on the physical structure and spatial configuration of traditional houses of Iran. also, using physical information, such as architectural plans and charting its justification and describe the information derived from it, it is likely to prove valuable space and to the spatial resolution or the integrity of its relationship with realized. according to the survey regarding the qualitative and quantitative analysis, in order to get space in order to explain the logic of social and cultural value of the house, then the research questions in this regard arises: Can having physical information architecture, cultural logic - social or otherwise realize the value of space? How can using quantitative and qualitative methods and, according to information from the physical space set achieved, the value of each sub-spaces found space?
Mentioned hypotheses, the answers to the questions above is explained is as follows: Assumptions: by examining the difference space and the results of his physical information from the architectural space, can be realized values of the different spaces.
Using mathematical space syntax style quantify and using the concepts of deep and ring by qualitative method can be realized value of space.

Establishing appropriate moving circulation in various spaces of art galleries is one of the most important indicators considered especially in the design of such spaces. The importance of this issue is the optimal operation of such spaces and is largely dependent on the proper functioning of this sector. Achieving optimal routing solutions in the interior spaces is one of the factors that increases the space readability. The need to address this issue goes back to this problem of the cultural uses, such as museums and galleries; the indicators related to the space readability are not seriously addressed by the designer. This causes the reduced space efficiency and sometimes subtly reduced space satisfaction. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the routing process in the interior spaces of the galleries as well as to explain the principles and elements of space cognition required to facilitate routing in such spaces. In order to achieve this, first the theoretical framework to explain the optimal routing factors in the galleries was identified. These factors were categorized on the qualitative and quantitative scales leading to qualitative and quantitative approaches towards examining the case. In the quantitative approach, the space cognition elements including the route cognition indicating the power to analyze the data in detail beside the power of predictability prior to the design implementation. The qualitative elements as the indicators of the environmental information were explained by objective observations. The results show that in order to create the appropriate routing in the interior space of the galleries, the space should be examined both in terms of the spatial cognition elements and environmental information elements. Regarding the uses such as art galleries, the increase of the readability, spatial cognition and cognitive maps along with the route encourages the person to continue and causes a pleasant feeling of satisfaction along the way for him. Thus, in spaces with complex mapping which need the use of routing elements in terms of the space cognition indicators, creating such invoices in the way of the visitors helps to improve the routing operation. In fact, these types of elements reduce the complexity of the space on the one hand, and on the other hand, express respect for the visitors by helping them to have easy and appropriate access to various spots in the environment. In other words, generally, the routing elements help to "organize the human behavior" in the environment. Moreover, about how the information and data can be organized in a way to optimize the routing process, it can be said that in the present study, first, the space cognition elements ( (syntactic indicators) were explained through which the key spots in the space were introduced and examined. Therefore, in the current study, the architectural elements used to evaluate the environmental information were introduced each of which were placed based on the space cognition indicators. Therefore, the space cognition elements must be compatible and in corporation with the other elements of the galleries besides including the space cognition features.Keywords: Wayfinding, Art galleries, Space exploration, Space syntax, Environment information

Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem and epidemiological studies are important to identify predictive factors. It is the aim of this study to analyze birth weight as a predict factor of obesity among preschool children.
554 preschool children (4-6years-old) were selected by multistage random sampling from rural areas in Rasht. Data collected from health records of households of health systems and interview with parents. Weight and height of children was measured. We considered children with weight- for- height>/= 85th percentile to be overweight and weight- for- height>/= 95th percentile to be obese. Data Analysis was done with SPSS Software Ver. 16. ödescriptive statistics and X2 was used.
Overall, 256 children(46.4%) were boys, 37 (6.7%) of children were overweight and 36 (6.5%) of these were obese. At birth, 42(7.2%) of children were low birth weight and 28(5%) of them were high birth weight. There was a positive relation between birth weight and catch –up weigh in other periods of life but There were not any differences between overweigh and obesity rate with low birth weight, appropriate birth weight and high birth weight in children.
It seems that birth weight does not predict obesity in childhood and environmental factors have more power on obesity that must be noticed.

Functional quality of cumulative spaces is special to environmental and urban design. In line with improvement of functional quality of these urban places, it is important to take security elements into account. These elements include both objective and subjective indicators. The absence of these components in such spaces with unlimited users affects their overall performance. The aim of this study is to examine some visual or skeletal components in one of these communal spaces, i.e. parks. To validate research findings and user preferences, subjective factors (users’ perception of space) will also be evaluated. In this research, the objective quality of space will be assessed through space syntax indices following the characteristics of the space syntax theory which investigates the physical parameters of space. Other research tools include field research (environmental and field data), questionnaires, interviews and researchers’ observations. The subjective and perceptual characteristics of users in terms of “security” are hereby placed under investigation. After stating the problem and introducing Space Syntax theory in the environment analysis, this paper tries to analyze the issue of crime hotspots (security or lack of security) in the environment regardless of the effective factors on the users’ perceptions (first step). After analyzing the issue by this method, the survey strategy was used to validate the obtained results and to adapt them to the views of space users (second step). To achieve the objectives of the research, after the introduction of research tools, the total area of the park was determined by syntax factors and then open questionnaires, field observations and cognitive maps were used. The results showed that the population of the research avoided some parts of the park due to different subjective reasons. In some cases, environmental quality and, in some other cases, subjective characteristics of the environment were effective on creating a sense of insecurity with the space. Ultimately, it seems that subjective factors have priority over environmental indicators in selecting a space. Other important results of the research are as follows: - The central area of the park seems to be desirable. This is because of its shallow depth and lack of permeability as well as the low level of monitoring due to the structural and skeletal features of the environment. - A favorable environment in urban parks in terms of security is a place which has relatively large terraces with few wide passageways without any deadlock. - Safe spaces in parks have proper lighting. Accordingly, there should be no tall and broadleaf trees in the main communication areas, especially on the passageways, so that they would not block lighting in the night. - When these spaces have innovative design features and create the subjective sense of belonging to the place in people, even in the absence of some objective characteristics of a safe environment, they will lead to increased usability of the environment, socialization of the space and thereby maintaining a desired level of security in the environment

Functional efficiency performance space-oriented mosque like any other, it is influenced by the spatial configuration. In fact, religious spaces with unique featuressince the beginning of Islam has remained unchanged and only their own spaces. This special feature makes frequent use of specific patterns in the architecture of these buildings. The relationship between inputs, yard bedchamber (s)(or Shabestan) of the Mosque of these qualities. In many cases, there is a porch or Ivan of a communication node. In the form of a semi - open space, is the interface between the yard and bedchamber of the mosque. This study examines the role of the mosque›s porch to improve operational efficiency. In connection with the evaluation of functional efficiency using space efficiently, several studies have been completed. For example, Mustafa and his 2013 study, a variety of patterns and consider the variable dome mosques, with the introduction of elements of space efficiency, to evaluate the performance of these buildings have. To study and analyze the configuration space and the functional efficiency in a variety of patterns and a variety of home business has passages. Also in the article Khan (2012) to review and explain the functional efficiency indicators is discussed in hospitalsand the role of each component in order to optimize the layout of the interior space efficiency buildings, healthcare, according to the definitions analyzed and assessed. It should be noted that the present study was to evaluate the functional efficiency of the mosques with central courtyard space structure. Therefore, in this regard, this study intends to basic position Ivan element in achieving this important space in the form of mosques, explain. The hypothesis is also provided as follows: according to the calculation of operational efficiency indicators such as the depth of space, the association and the vision and perspective, space Layout mosques four porches highest functional efficiency.The research questions to examine the role of mosques Eyvan the configuration is as follows: Is Eyvan improve operational efficiency mosques is effective? Is count on a mosque porch can improve the efficiency of its performance? How to Eyvan role in promoting functional efficiency realized in the mosques?In order to achieve this goal in the first to introduce a paidwhich explains the components of operating efficiency and definitions of it through studies that have been conducted and evaluated the degree plan.So, in order to achieve this, two methods were used.The first method uses mathematical syntax space.That information required to be used in formulas, the plot justification for each of the samples obtained.The second method, using the software Depthmap and analyze its output. the final results obtained from these two methods revealed Eyvan and spaces that are dependent on the spatial structure of mosques increased spatial depth, the degree of integration and better links between the yard and the Bedchamber the combination of these factors, improving operational efficiency between the input space, garden and Bedchamber (s) in the mosque. Software Depthmap including tools to analyze the different spaces of urban spaces and architectural spaces, is used.With this software, such as deep space indices visibility and visibility cone, and so on are useful.The software has features that can be used to evaluate the efficiency indicators of the performance of different spaces payments.The application for each of the areas in question, determine the calibration.Accordingly, any portion of space considering the total area of the space and the position of the observer is standing, will have a different grading. Among other results obtained from this study can be pointed to the role of mosque porch improve operational efficiency;this means that the number of mosques in the central courtyard porch increase its operational efficiency significantly increased. create or increase the potential of space in mosques four porches because of elements such as Eyvan and its related spaces (bedchamber behind it) than other samples The event observer relative to the surrounding atmosphere and can be changed at first glance, this feature can be used to improve the performance of the mosque.- Four-eyvan mosques because of the sequence of spaces and their propagation, has more depth than the input space and depth are less than a yard spaceBut due to space communication with other spaces in total efficiency is better than the other mosques patterns.a total of four Eyvan mosques pattern due to the increased level of communication spaces with each other, flexibility and permeability is there more space and thus it tends to facilitate the movement of worshipers in the mosque is different spaces finally, with regard to the importance of the porch to improve the operation efficiency of mosques, you can mosque pattern layout of four porches due to its superior performance to other mosques patterns used in the construction of mosques today.