مسعود براتی

Plant models are a suitable tool for simulating important agricultural parameters. Due to the existence of environmental stresses in each region, plant models should be evaluated and approved in each region. In recent years, many models have been used to investigate the relationship between water, soil and plants. One of these models is AquaCrop model. The mentioned model should be measured and evaluated for each product and in each specific region. The basis of this model is the reaction of the yield to water productivity, and it simulates the yield by using climate, plant, soil and management variables. Sensitivity analysis helps researchers to have enough information about the effect of each parameter and the amount of its changes in the calibration stage.

The research was carried out in the form of a completely randomized factorial design in the second half of November 1400 and 1401 in the greenhouse. The treatments include three irrigation water treatments (60, 80, and %100 of irrigation water, I1, I2, and I3, respectively), three salinity levels (1, 4, and 7 dS/m, S1, S2, and S3, respectively). There were two types of amendment materials (Biochar (B) and Nanobiochar (NB)) and three levels of Biochar and Nanobiochar (0, 2 and 4% ). At the end of the harvest season, the yield of the product was measured and the water productivity was calculated.Crop data of the one year were used for model calibration and crop data of the second year were used for model validation. The root mean square error (RMSE), mean bias error (MBE), R2 and relative error percentage (RE) were used to test the accuracy and effectiveness of the model. Also, in the research, the sensitivity of the model to the humidity parameters in crop capacity, wilting and in saturated state, plant coefficient for transpiration, effective root depth, upper and lower limit of soil water discharge coefficient for plant development, maximum canopy growth, growth coefficient and reduction of cover and Normalized water productivity was investigated.

According to the comparison of the measured and predicted values of the yield and water productivity of quinoa and the calculation of statistical evaluation indices in both calibration and validation stages, it can be stated that the AquaCrop model has been able to simulate the yield and water productivity in the conditions of using water with different amounts and qualities and Biochar and nanBiochar modifiers. Relative error percentage (RE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean bias error (MBE) and coefficient of determination (R2) for the yield in the validation stage with Biochar amendment material are 0.66, 33.38, respectively. 24.12 and 0.98 and 0.29, 0.33, 0.11 and 0.96 were obtained for water productivity in this stage, respectively. Relative error percentage (RE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean bias error (MBE) and R2 for the yield in validation stage with NanoBiochar amendment material are 0.12, 22.08, respectively. 5.61 and 0.98 and for water productivity at this stage, 0.17, 0.29, 0.05 and 0.96 were calculated respectively. Considering the lower values of the error statistics in the conditions of using the NanoBiochar amendment, it can be said that the model has been able to simulate the yield and water productivity better in these conditions.

According to the obtained results, it can be stated that the Aquacrop model is an acceptable reliable level using the simulation of the yield and water productivity of quinoa plant under different quantitative and qualitative treatments of irrigation water and soil amendment are used and help farmers, designers, experts and agricultural managers as a powerful and efficient tool to choose optimal irrigation management.

The sustainability of supply chain processes is one of the up-to-date infrastructures needed by organizations in tough competitive conditions, so that supply chain sustainability has become a strategic organizational issue. The health system has one of the most complex supply chains due to its relationship with human health, and the drug supply chain is a part of this system. The purpose of this research is "to design a maturity model of supply chain sustainability with a continuous improvement approach in the pharmaceutical industry of Iran". This research is an exploratory mixed research. The first stage of the research is qualitative due to the need to determine the required components of the model. In this stage, using the methods of literature review and systematic review, the required data were collected from scientific articles of domestic and foreign journals and analyzed using the methods of content analysis and thematic analysis, and in the second stage of the research, the opinions of 16 academic experts and An industry was collected and analyzed in the form of quantitative data using a questionnaire in the Delphi method, it is quantitative. The designed maturity model has a descriptive, prescriptive and comparative approach. Designing a supply chain sustainability maturity model for other industries, clarifying the status of the country's pharmaceutical industry's supply chain sustainability using the designed maturity model, and developing a supply chain sustainability standard for Iran's pharmaceutical industry are suggested for future research.

With the emergence of a phenomenon called "Fourth Industrial Revolution" and its technologies and applications, developed countries such as: Germany, America, Japan and some developing countries such as: China, India, trying to create suitable infrastructures. They have evaluated and improved their level of readiness in order to enter to the fourth industrial revolution in various industries to achieve its many benefits through digitization. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the readiness level of organizations and industries to enter this digital industrial revolution, and in line with that, the necessary strategies to achieve the desired readiness level and implement the technologies and systems of the fourth industrial revolution are determined. Therefore, the present research aims to introduce the best Industry 4.0 readiness models by a wide review of the research literature and analyze the models in order to help organizations to use the appropriate readiness models and evaluate their degree of readiness. The results show that the best model based on the six research evaluation criteria is Impuls readiness model and Warwick University's readiness model is in second place.

Today, with the globalization of business and the acceleration of competition, organizations need to be equipped with new competitive tools to meet the growing demand of customers and be diligent in developing their software and system. Sustainable supply chain processes are one of the most up-to-date and required infrastructures of organizations in tough competitive conditions. In recent years, the sustainability of the pharmaceutical industry has been considered by researchers, policy makers and managers of this industry. The purpose of this study is to identify the drivers, enablers and challenges of supply chain sustainability in the pharmaceutical industry in order to identify future research opportunities. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the method of systematic review and content analysis has been used to review 46 scientific research articles with specific reference to the pharmaceutical industry. Findings show that the trend of articles on the sustainability of the pharmaceutical industry in recent years is upward and the focus of researchers is more on environmental sustainability and the challenges of implementing sustainability and the social and economic dimensions of sustainability have been less considered. In order to strengthen the drivers and enablers and limit the challenges of supply chain sustainability in the pharmaceutical industry, research topics: Investigating the impact of supply chain sustainability on energy efficiency, Investigating the impact of drug waste management on social and economic dimensions, Designing sustainability reporting structure, Designing sustainability requirements The supply chain has been proposed for future research.

The purpose of this paper is presenting a model for the factors affecting labor and employer complaints in Isfahan. Data were collected through interviews and questionnaires from a sample of 14 experts in the field of labor relations working in the Department of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare of Isfahan. According to the study of literature review and investigating of 3111 cases of complaints registered in the labor office of Isfahan city, 13 factors were identified that affecting labor and employer complaints in Isfahan city. These factors were analyzed using interpretive structural modeling approach and were classified into three levels. Legal gaps and poor employee and employer information were at their lowest level and had a high influence on other factors. Nine factors, including downsizing, layoffs, resignations, closures, unemployment insurance, employer mismanagement, workers' dissatisfaction with working conditions, the employment of foreign nationals, and employer violations of law enforcement, were at the top of the model and are most dependent on other factors. Finally, exchange rate instability, Employer violation in enforcing the rules, and the advice of profiteers and non-experts are in the middle level of the model and play a mediating role between level 1 and level 3 factors. This model can provide the appropriate policy in the field of labor relations for responsible organizations.

Supply chains are subject to numerous changes that increase the complexity and vulnerability to disturbances. Therefore, for survival organizations and their supply chains must be elastic. In other words organizations must develop the ability to respond to an unforeseen disorder and after enduring the disorder, have a quick return to their core position or move to a new and better place with more competitive advantage. One of the approaches to dealing with these disorders is to identify and predict disturbing supply chain risks and provide solutions to reduce these disruptions. Considering this approach, in this research the identification of disturbing risks in Mobarakeh Steel Company's supply chain and then reducing their potential effects for the next four periods has been considered. According to the experts of the company the graphite electrode is the most important and strategically important material. Therefore the risks associated with supplying this substance were introduced as supply chain disruptive risks and weighed them using ANP method. According to the results it was found that the most important risk for the company's experts is the risk of non-flexibility of suppliers of graphite electrode with a weight of 0.5436. Other risks, the risk of long delivery orders, the risk of low quality and the risk of price increases, have the weights of 0.1911, 0.1716 and 0.0937, respectively. The weights of these risks was considered as the coefficients of four objective functions in which each of them intended to minimize one of the identified risks. Then due to the importance of the company's risks and using the absolute priority method the company's optimization model was solved and it was determined how much graphite electrode should be purchased from each supplier in each period.

In order to improving competitive powers, banks are looking for increasing their brand equity by applying relationship marketing. Business ethics plays a major role on protection, development and improvement of relationships between customer and organization and increasing brand equity of organizations. The main aim of this study is to analyze the relation between relationship marketing and brand equity of bank with considering the moderating role of business ethics.
The methodology of research is a descriptive-correlative study. The statistical population is special customers of Sepah Bank in Isfahan city and statistical sample included 190 selected customers. First, some branches from each geographical region were selected through cluster sampling. Then, the selection of customers referred to the branches was performed through availability and some questionnaires were distributed among them. Data were analyzed by SPSS and PLS Software and the structural equations method based on the three-stage approach of partial least squares.
The results showed that all dimensions of relationship marketing except bonding have significant relation with brand equity of bank. Also, the business ethics moderate relationship between shared values and brand equity, however, the business ethics do not show moderating effect on other relations.
The business ethics seems necessary for every business but cannot disrupt the relation between relationship marketing and brand equity of bank.

The aim of this paper was to investigate the impact of supply chain relationships factors on competitiveness in Iranian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in automotive parts industry. To achieve this aim, the competitiveness indicators and supply chain relations factors have been identified and their relationship has been investigated by structural equation modeling approach. Data collected from 175 small and medium enterprises active in the automobile part industry that have been surveyed through a questionnaire. The results showed that five hypotheses were rejected and the other hypotheses were approved. The significant value of this research can be retained by SMEs managers in automotive parts industry. The results are particularly important for them to improve their understanding on the relationship with other parties in the supply chain.

In order to evaluate the effect of sowing date on growth analysis, physiological and morphological traits eight rapeseed cultivars, a field experiment was carried out cropping in Bojnourd. The experiment was conducted as split plot design with three replications. Main plot including sowing date (Sep.21, Oct.17) and sub plot were cultivars(Zarfam, Licord, Ebonit, SLM046, Opera, Elvis, Okapi and Orient) Investigated traits included: TDM, RGR, CGR, plant height, crown diameter, sub branches number, pod length, pod per plant, grain per pod, 1000 grain weight and grain yield. Also traits correlation and growth equations were determined based on growing degree day. Result growth analysis showed that sowing date had not significant effect on TDM, RGR and CGR. However, all cultivars were died in the last sowing date, significant Difference occurred among cultivars for growth analysis traits, but sowing date × cultivar had no effect on TDM and CGR. The maximum of growth indices were detected on Oct.17 and Zarfam and Ebonit cultivars had the maximum of growth in this time. Also sowing date had effect on all characters expect 1000 grain weight and grain yield. A positive correlation were observed between grain yield with pod per plant (r= .68**) and sub branches number (r= .43**), respectively. In conclusion, there is no significant difference between the first and second sowing date, so it is seemed that early sowing date is useful for Bojnourd due to protecting from cool injuring. Also between cultivars, Ebonit and Zarfam, in order, have a priority, respectively.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the key supply chain relationships (SCR) factors in Iranian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in automotive parts industry. Further, these factors are structured to determine their interactive behavior. For this reason, an interpretive structural modeling (ISM)-based approach hasbeen employed to model the SCR factors. Also, the Delphi questionnaire method is used for gathering information. The paper identified thirteenSCR factors used by researchers and practitioners. ISM is used to establish mutualrelationships among these factors and to prepare a hierarchy-based model. By presenting SCR factors in the form of hierarchy using ISM and ranking them into various driving power and dependent categories, this paper is an attempt to develop insightsrelated to supply chain relationships in the Iranian SMEs context.

Moisture is one of the most important factors during and after the harvest in hay crops. Hay moisture content has a considerable impact on different stages of harvest and post-harvest such as baling, transportation, storage, etc, and therefore its role is very evident in production performance. The conventional method of moisture measurement of forage is by weighting method that is time-consuming and destructive. In this study, a capacitive sensor for real-time and continuous measurement of hay moisture content was designed, fabricated and evaluated. Alfalfa samples used in laboratory evaluation was obtained from alfalfa fields at research farm of College of Agriculture at Shiraz University, at three levels of moisture content, three levels of density and five levels of capacitor plates spacing. The results showed a significant relationship between moisture content and capacitance sensor’s output. Also temperature showed a significant effect on the sensor’s outputs.

Importance of safflower as an oilseed crop, particularly due to fatty acid contents linoleic its world production has been focused. In the present study amount of moisture content in safflower seed at different ambient temperatures of 25, 40 and 60˚C were measured using gravimetric method. In order to run the experiments a controllable environmental chamber was used. The obtained E.M.C experimental values were employed to plot the isotherm curve at different environmental air temperatures. These data were also used to find the best fit E.M.C prediction equation. The data were fed to fourteen popular mathematical models namely: Caurie, Chung–Pfost, GAB, Halsey, Henderson, Kuhn, Modified BET, Modified Chung–Pfost, Modified Halsey, Modified Henderson, Modified Oswin, Modified Smith, Oswin and Peleg. The well known statistical factors such as coefficient of determination (), chi-square (), root of mean square error (RMSE) were calculated to validate the goodness of fit. The peleg model was selected as the best model for predicting the EMC at 25 and 40˚C temperatures level and the Oswin model was selected as the best model for predicting the EMC at 60˚C temperatures level. The results showed that increasing the environment temperature at a constant relative humidity, the equilibrium moisture content showed decreasing trend.

Outsourcing is recently adopted as a cost reduction strategy by many Iranian organizations. Although this trend shows the necessity of considering all factors effecting such a decision, lack of a model especially in service industry is perceived. In this paper the authors propose a model for outsourcing decisions in Sanat o Madan Bank. This model is designed through experience and expert surveys. The proposed model evaluates outsourcing decision from three aspects which are feasibility, quality and cost appropriateness. This model was applied for assessment of ATM outsourcing decision in Sanat o Madan Bank. The results support the decision from all three aspects.

The purpose of this paper is to improve supply chain relationships in Iranian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in automotive parts industry. For this reason، an Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) has been employed to categorized supply chain relationships metrics. Also، the questionnaire method is used for gathering information. The paper identified thirteen supply chain relationships factors and related metrics for them، used by researchers and practitioners. The questionnaire answered by 175 Iranian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in automotive parts industry. Afterward، the IPA Matrix is developed and some recommendations presented for improving supply chain relationships in the Iranian SMEs.

Tooth discoloration of anterior teeth is an important esthetic problem for both the patient and dentist. One of the causative factors in this regard is placing intracanal medicaments. The aim of this study was to compare discoloration potential of calcium hydroxide vs. triantibiotic paste when being placed into the pulp chamber space. Forty extracted upper human central incisors، with no caries or crack were selected for this study. Digital photographs were taken from the buccal aspect of all specimens under a standard situation. RGB/HSB variables were recorded، using Photoshop software،. Then access cavities were prepared and canals enlarged using #1، #2، and #3 gates glidden drills and peeso reamers. The teeth were randomly divided into two experimental groups. In group A calcium hydroxide and in group B triantibiotic compound was placed in pulp chamber space. Then access cavities were sealed with a self-curing glass ionomer cement. After incubation of the samples for four months digital photographs were taken in the same standard situation and RGB/HSB variables were recorded. Pre- and post-treatment data were compared and analyzed using paired-t and independent t-tests. Both experimental groups showed a significant discoloration after four months in their labial surfaces. (p<0. 05) Discoloration changes in calcium hydroxide group was much more than that of triantibiotic group but the difference was not significant (p>0. 05). Tooth discoloration was indicated following use of both calcium hydroxide and triantibiotic dressing within the pulp chamber space، but the difference between two groups was not statistically significant. (p>0. 05).

Nowadays one of the most important decisions for the companies is whether to outsource a part of the organizations’ value chain or not. Some studies show that majority of them, consider outsourcing as a cost reduction approach, not as a strategic decision. Some researches have paid attention to this concept. This paper presents a decision making framework which consists of five criteria, thirty scenarios and eight strategies. According to this framework, activities outsourcing decisions can be made. This framework has been applied for thirty three manufacturing sets of Samand automotive. The suggested option for twenty six of them is “Supplier Development and Outsourcing”,for five sets is “Insourcing”. “Partial Outsourcing” is suggested for one set and “Spin off” for another one.

Subsequent to the Islamic revolution, the Islamic Republic of Iran embraced a foreign policy which entailed a reform in the existing state of affairs in the world. Furthermore fundamental beliefs such as the “No East nor West policy” and “Support for the deprived in the world” became the core fundamentals for its foreign policies. These issues caused a continuous tension between the Islamic Republic and the international states; as a result in every periodic stage an issue prepared the grounds for this tension. Respectively, the Iranian foreign policy following the revolution towards the third world countries, has fortified the role of these countries in the Iranian foreign relations. Issues such as the Iranian nuclear rights, and the state of Human rights in Iran, are currently the key factors for cyber attacks launched by the Western countries against the Islamic Republic of Iran. This paper intends to examine the role of the Latin American countries in these files and to analyse their behaviour in this regard. The hypothesis of this study is that the behaviour of the Latin American countries is manipulated by the variable of United States. In other words, the more harmonious has been their foreign policy with the United States, the more unfriendly behaviour they have shown.

The aim of the present study is to conduct a survey of the implementation of enterprise resource planning and customer relationship management systems in Iranian manufacturing and service companies. The focus of this survey is on some aspects of implementation of these systems including motivations, obstacles and problems, results obtained from implementation of these systems, criteria for selecting these systems, criteria for selecting suppliers of these systems, and key success factors in implementation of these systems.

Improper coronal restoration after root canal therapy leads to penetration ofmicroorganisms along root canal or through voids of root canal filling to periapical tissues and ultimate failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sealing ability of amalgam and C&BMetabond against coronal microleakage of Entrococcus Faecalis. In this experimental in vitro study, 54 premolar teeth were randomly dividedto two groups of 24 teeth and for each the access cavities were prepared. The pulp chamber floorobturated with amalgam or C & B Metabond in two test groups. A further two groups of three teethserved as negative and positive controls. The external surface of each root, except the apical region,was covered with two layers of nail varnish. The teeth were inserted into Eppendorf plastic tubes andsuspended in glass vials containing sterile BHI broth. Entrococcus faecalis were placed in the accessof test and control groups and opacity of BHI was examined twice a week. The results were analyzedusing fissure exact test and ANOVA (E=0.05). Leakage was present in 13/20 of amalgam group; whilst 4/21 of the samples of C&B Metabondleaked at 3 months period. This difference was statistically significant and the sealing ability of twomaterials was increased by time lapse (p value < 0.05). C&B Metabond showed better sealing ability as a coronal seal thanAmalgam againstEntrococous Feacalis at 3 months period and its use is advised for double sealing before finalcoronal restoration.