مسعود ناظری

More than a decade has passed since the bullying entered the literature of Iran's organization, and many researches have been conducted. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the studies of workplace bullying in Iranian society. Therefore, all the researches of the society in question have been studied and researched in terms of methodology. This research is development oriented and the method of data collection is library study. The statistical population of the research is all articles published in domestic scientific-research journals on the topic of workplace bullying, which includes 32 studies. Also for sampling, all elements of the society were investigated. This study was conducted in the six months of autumn and winter of 1401, and articles with the title of workplace bullying, organizational bullying, and occupational bullying in terms of 8 parameters, including: Frequency of researches in each year, specialized field of researchers, organizational affiliation of researches, research approach, data analysis method, data collection tools, antecedents and consequences of bullying, and the studied work environment., have been examined. Also, since the beginning of bullying in the organizational literature of the current society, the years 1398 & 1400 have contained the most researches, and Islamic Azad University has been the leader, with ten published researches. Finally, according of the study, it is suggested that the researches be conducted with a qualitative, meta-analysis and meta-synthesis approach so that the consequences and antecedents of this type of behavior can be better and more understood in the current culture.

Water scarcity is one of the most important limiting factors threatening the production of horticultural crops. Approximately, 45% of the world's arable land is subject to permanent or intermittent water shortages, and approximately 50% of the world's annual yield is lost due to drought. Due to climate changes, especially the increase temperature and decrease rainfall in recent years in Iran, most of the gardens are facing limited water resources. In order to reduce water stress, increasing water use efficiency by naval technics seems to be crucial. Peach fruit growth mainly depends on adequate water supply. Therefore, water stress reduces the growth of the fleshy part and the quality of the peach fruits. Split root means placing a part of the root in different conditions compared to the remains of the root. Studies on split root culture were done in the laboratory for the first time. Increasing water holding capacity by split root system may improve soil- plant water availability. Furthermore, many studies indicated that Mycorrhiza and Trichoderma fungi improve the absorption of water and nutrients by plant. Increasing the absorption of water and nutrients leads to increasing growth and yield. The aim of this research was to improve the water efficiency and the use of low-yielding lands by placing a bag containing pumice and inoculating the roots with fungi.
This experiment was performed as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications for two years. Treatments included placing the bag close to the trunk of peach trees in three levels (without bag, one bag and two bags), different levels of irrigation (50, 75 and 100% of field capacity) and root inoculation treatments with mycorrhiza, Trichoderma fungi and control without fungus. Redtop peaches grafted on GF677 rootstock were planted in May 2018. The bags were placed at a depth of 60 cm and at a distance of 40 and 60 cm from the tree trunk. The bags size was 40 liters filled with pumice. At 20 cm from the top of the bag, three holes were made to remove excess water from that part and as a signal to cause the root to move towards the bag. For plants treated with mycorrhiza, 250 g of Mycorrhiza glomus was mixed and for plants treated with Trichoderma, 4.5 g of Trichoderma harizanium was mixed with pumice in the bag. In treatments with no bag placement, the plant roots were inoculated with fungi. Characteristics such as relative water content (RWC), yield, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), TSS/TA, total phenol and fruit anthocyanin were measured at the end of growing season. Fruit skin color characteristics including L*, a*, b*, Chroma and Hue were measured with a colorimeter. Statistical analysis was performed by SAS software version 9.1. Mean data were compared using Duncan's multiple range test. drawing diagrams done by Excel software.
 
The results showed that bag placement increased RWC. The highest RWC of leaf was measured in the treatment of placing two bags, 75% irrigation and root inoculation with Trichoderma fungus. In the main effect of bag placement, irrigation levels and root inoculation, the highest RWC of leaf was observed in placing a bag, 100% irrigation and root inoculation with Trichoderma fungus, respectively. The treatment one bag, 100% irrigation and root inoculation with mycorrhiza improved vegetative growth and produced the largest trunk diameter.  Yield in terms of fresh weight of fruit in two-bag placement, 100% irrigation and root inoculation with mycorrhiza was increased by 1.8 compared to the control. The highest TA was measured in the treatment of placing a bag, 50% irrigation and root inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus. Treatment without bag placement, 75% irrigation and without fungus inoculation had the highest total soluble solids and TSS/TA of fruit. The index ratio of TSS/TA is used to determine the taste of the fruit. The highest total phenol and anthocyanin of fruit was observed in treatments without bag under 50% irrigation levels. One bag placement, 75% irrigation without fungal inoculation treatment and no bag placement treatment, 50% irrigation, mycorrhiza inoculation caused the a* and L* of the fruit skin increased. The interaction effect of the three factors of bag placement, irrigation levels and root inoculation with fungus had no significant effect on Hue and b*.
The results of this experiment showed that water consumption can be reduced by placing a bag. The finding of the experiment led to the conclusion that a bag placement treatment, 75% irrigation and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus improve fruit yield and quality of peach trees
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Workplace bullying in banks is a deviant behavior which has imposed huge physical and intangible costs on them; however, no model has ever been provided to manage it. This study is implemented to design a framework for workplace bullying management in the banking industry.

The present study was of qualitative nature and used the systematic approach of grounded theory. Data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with the banking managers. After interviewing the seventeenth manager, theoretical saturation was reached.

With the analysis of data, 350 codes, 60 concepts and 6 categories were obtained. The final framework was formed based on the central phenomenon of workplace bullying (persistent harassment) which includes the following factors: a. contextual factors (job characteristics, reaction to bullying, demographic characteristics), b. causal factors (fit environment for bullying), c. mediating factors (personality, social elements, educational system, family conditions), d. strategies (developing employee-oriented culture, enacting anti-bullying laws, effective human resource management), and e. consequences (individual, organizational, social). 

In addition to recognizing the antecedents and consequences of workplace bullying in the current culture, the important role of society in the formation of bullying and its interaction with the society is identified. Also, according to the findings, the victim's perception of the bullying process is considered to be a significant factor.

In order to control the bullying phenomenon and weaken its effects on the banking industry, it is suggested that this industry applies such strategies as anti-bullying laws, employee-oriented culture and effective human resource management, which were presented in this research.

Sunburn is one of the most important problems in pomegranate cultivation, which results in reduced yield and fruit quality. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of antiperspirant application on quality and biochemical properties of pomegranate fruits in Qom. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with nine treatments and three replications. Treatments were talc (T), zinc oxide (ZnO), kaolin (K), zinc oxide+talc (ZnT), talc+kaolin (TK), zinc oxide+kaolin (ZnT), zinc oxide+talc+kaolin (ZnTK), shading with 50% light passing and control (sprayed with water). The results showed that the fruit quality characteristics were significantly affected by treatments. The highest fruit skin thickness was observed in control and the lowest was seen in ZnT treatment. ZnK treatment resulted in highest aril length, but the other treatments had no effects on aril diameter, length and diameter of pomegranate kernel. The highest fruit skin phenol content was seen ZnTK treatment and the other treatments were almost at similar significant levels. The lowest pH of the skin and aril peroxidase were observed in the Shading and the combination of talc, kaolin and zinc oxide had the highest peroxidase activity. ZnK enhanced laccase activity by 77% compared to control. The highest and lowest lipoxygenase activity were measured in ZnTK and kaolin treatments, respectively. Because of its good peroxidase level and lower lipoxygenase and laccase activity, the zinc oxide seems to be a good treatment for increasing the quality of pomegranate fruits.

Improving water use efficiency in horticultural crops can be achieved by adopting appropriate practices. An experiment was conducted to reduce water stress in Peach var red top grafted on GF677. The experiment was arranged in a factorial completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments consisted of bag placement beyond tree trunk (0, 1 and 2 bag/tree), irrigation rate (50, 75 and 100 % of field capacity) and fugues (0, Mycorrhiza and Trichoderma). The results indicated that the highest content of chlorophyll and fruit number were observed in 2 bag 100 irrigation and Trichoderma treatment which 18% was higher than that of control. The increased both trunk diameter and stem growth were achieved in the treatment 0 bag, 100 irrigation, Mycorrhiza, 1 bag, 75% irrigation and Trichoderma, respectively. Treatment 0 bag, 75% irrigation and 0 fungi had the highest content of total soluble solid (TSS) and TSS/Titratable acidity. In general, the treatment of 1 bag, 75% irrigation and Mycorrhiza led to increased growth, yield and quality of fruits.

The most important factor limiting the production of horticultural crops, especially in countries like Iran, is water deficiency. Application of appropriate methods to increase water efficiency in fruit trees is the most important factor for optimal fruit production. This study was conducted as a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications on Redtop peach trees grafted on GF677. Treatments included placing the bag near to the tree to direct the root to the bag and creating semi-hydroponic conditions that were performed at three levels without bag, one bag, and two bags. Also, to estimate the effects of the split root system in increasing water efficiency, different levels of irrigation were performed at three levels of 50, 75 and 100% of field capacity. Effective fungi inoculation at three levels including no fungus, Mycorrhiza glumus and Trichoderma harizanium were applied to evaluate the efficiency of water. Physiological and qualitative properties of saplings were evaluated 24 months after planting. The results showed that leaf growth parameters were significantly increased by bag insertion, fungal inoculation and irrigation. One bag placement, 75% irrigation capacity and inoculation of Trichoderma increased leaf fresh and dry weights by 62 and 52%, respectively. Fruit diameter and length were increased by 6 and 8%, respectively, in placement of two bags. Bagging was increased sugar content and titrable acidity compared to control. Mycorrhiza fungi enhanced titratable acidity and Trichoderma enhanced fruit firmness up to 9 and 32%, respectively.

Empathy is defined as the ability to simulate the mental states of others. Recent studies havedemonstrated empathy-like behaviors in other animals including rats and mice. The objective of the currentstudy was to evaluate the effect of acute administration of morphine and naloxone on cognition andnociception changes following observing conspecifics undergoing nociceptive stimulus.

Adult male Wistar rats were used (n = 8 for each group). One cagemate received formalin injectioninto the hindpaw five times within a nine-day period and the other cagemate observed the pain while beingpretreated with saline, morphine, or naloxone [10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)]. Pain behaviors, anxiety-likebehaviour, locomotion, balance and muscle strength were evaluated in the observer animals.

Observing a cagemate in pain increased anxiety-like behavior and reduced thermal pain threshold in theobserver animals. Administration of morphine reversed these effects and naloxone did not affect the responses.

Results of the current study reveal an important role for opioid receptors (ORs) in empathy forpain, so that activation of this system dampens the empathy-like responses.

Today, one of the most important challenges of organizational behavior is the Personnel bullying in the workplace. Accordingly, the aim of present study is to identify of workplace Bullying antecedents and consequences through the meta-analysis of existing researches in this field. This research is an applied one in terms objective, descriptive in terms of research type, and quantitative in terms of data nature. The Statistical population of the study includes 146 valid internal and external papers, 18 of which were evaluated using judgment method. The criteria for selection of articles include using valid research method, surveying of Bullying antecedents and consequences, and the empirical research, which it has been analyzed using the CMA2 software. Identification reliability was obtained by the referees’ agreement on the selection of researches and classification. The coding reliability was obtained by referees’ agreement for use of specific concepts for coding the variables, and also the reliability of the significance level and effect size are obtained by agreeing to calculate the effect size of between the two Meta analysts. The results showed that the most important antecedents of workplace bullying include Stress, Organizational silence, HR management, Machiavellian character and Job demand; also the most important consequences of workplace bullying include Stress, Turnover Intentions, Negative affectivity and Burnout.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and pain can be appeared repeatedly following traumatic events. Although in acute stress condition, pain perception significantly covered by stress, few studies have discussed the changes in pain perception in a PTSD stress conditioning. In the present study, changes of facial acute pain and allodynia have been investigated in an animal model of PTSD.

Male Wistar rats were divided to two groups as control and under stress. PTSD was induced by single prolonged stress (SPS) method and confirmed by elevated plus maze (EPM) and rats plasma corticostrone levels. Acute facial pain and allodynia were evaluated by the eye wiping test and von frey test in the experimental groups.

SPS rats spent less time and made a fewer entries into the open arms of EPM (p < 0.05). The corticostrone level was significantly decreased in Stress + DEXA group compared to the Control + DEXA (p < 0.05). The number of eye wiping was significantly decreased in SPS-induced rats compared to the control (p < 0.001). The response threshold of applying von frey filament in face of SPS-induced rats was significantly increased compared to the control (p < 0.001).

Acute pain perception and allodynia of face area of rats was reduced in SPS-induced animals. Increased endogenous opioids in PTSD condition may lead to this observation.

The present study was performed on propose of assessment and comparison of stress, depression and emotional intelligence among medical students and engineering students This cross-sectional study was done on 383 student in 1st to 3rd year students of medicine, dentistry, nursing, computer science, electronics, and materials, 60 members of each subject were selected and classified randomly. The emotional intelligence questionnaire (SSEIT-33), the obtained stress (PSS-10) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-21) were used to assess the significance of the data which was examined and analized utilizing Pearson's correlation coefficient, chi-square, and t are independent groups, were analyzed. The mean score of emotional intelligence in the general population was121.4±13.4, the mean score of experienced strees score was 17.5±6.8, and the mean score of Beck depression test was 10.28±8.7. In addition, a significant negative correlation was observed between emotional intelligence and stress (r = - 0.417, p = 0.01) and between emotional intelligence and depression(r = -0.372, p = 0.01). There was no significant difference between students of different disciplines in terms of emotional intelligence, stress and depression(p> 0.05); moreover, the relationship between age, gender, marital status and education level of emotional intelligence, stress and depression was not significant (p> 0.05). In concultion, the results showed that emotional intelligence was effective to lessen stress and depression, and the difference regarding to these technical components was not noticed between medical students and engineering students.. Therefore, the promotion of emotional intelligence in medical and engineering students appears to be necessary.

Female physicians, especially gynecologists and pediatricians, have a comprehensive knowledge of the complications caused by Cesarean section. These specialists play a pivotal role in raising maternal awareness, providing prenatal care, performing screening tests and delivery of healthy infants. Given the significant correlation between the type of delivery and the mental development of neonates, this study aimed to compare the rate of Cesarean section among female gynecologists and pediatricians with other specialists. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 179 female physicians with at least one living, healthy child in 2012. Data were collected using questionnaires including the degree of specialty, mode of delivery and the reason (medical or non-medical), maternal age at birth time and the employment status of the subjects. In total, more than 60% of the studied specialists chose Cesarean delivery for non-medical reasons, and the rate of C-section among gynecologists and pediatricians was 2.36 times higher compared to other specialists. In addition, the possibility of C-section declined to 42% with the increasing number of childbirths, and the risk of C-section increased between 25-30% with the age. Gynecologists and pediatricians preferred C-section 4.2 times than other specialists, and no significant differences were observed between the employment status of the subjects (faculty members vs. Others) and the choice of delivery mode. According to the results of this study, the preference of C-section for non-medical reasons was noticeably higher among gynecologists and pediatricians compared to other specialists. Therefore, these two groups could not be considered as a proper model to reduce the rate of C-section.