مصطفی ظهیری نیا

Child marriage, regardless of gender, refers to the marriage of individuals under the age of 18. Recognized as a violation of fundamental human rights, child marriage is condemned by various international conventions, treaties, and agreements, including the Convention on the Rights of the Child. While both girls and boys can experience early marriage, the harsh reality is that the consequences are far more severe for girls. Female child spouses are particularly vulnerable to partner violence, mental health issues, and limited decision-making power due to the inherent power imbalances in these relationships. Child marriage is linked to a range of adverse economic, socio-cultural, and psychological outcomes, contributing to lower socio-economic status and higher poverty rates among child spouses. Moreover, intergenerational patterns of early marriage perpetuate this cycle. Girls affected by child marriage often find themselves dependent on others, lacking significant decision-making power, which diminishes their quality of life. Additionally, without the necessary skills and abilities, these girls struggle to become active contributors to society. As a result, we witness a decline in human capital and a decrease in women's participation, ultimately diminishing the role of women in society.

This study employed a qualitative research method grounded in an interpretive paradigm. The implementation strategy followed the systematic contextual theory as outlined by Strauss and Corbin. The focus of this research was on girls affected by child marriage in Bandar Abbas City. Sampling was conducted using theoretical and purposive techniques. Through purposive sampling, the researchers intentionally engaged with individuals, who possessed adequate knowledge and insight related to the phenomenon under investigation.The sampling process continued until theoretical saturation was reached, meaning no new information emerged during interviews. Ultimately, 21 girls, who were married before the age of 18, were selected for participation. Interviews lasted between 40 minutes to 1 hour, depending on the depth of the participants' responses. Data collection involved in-depth, semi-structured interviews, which were analyzed using a 3-step coding approach: open, axial, and selective coding.

The findings of this research revealed that one of the most significant aspects of child marriage was the presence of binding structures within marriage traditions. These frameworks rooted in epistemological, value-based, and cultural foundations shaped the meanings associated with marriage, the perceived value of marriage, and the roles of gender and femininity. These concepts had been institutionalized through customary, religious, and cultural structures. Religious frameworks played a crucial role in reinforcing these binding structures as the beliefs of families and previous generations elevated the sanctity of marriage. Within this context, children often adhered to established traditions and familial obligations, accepting them without resistance due to deeply ingrained religious values. Ultimately, the interplay of customary and cultural norms, parental authority, gender stereotypes, and social pressures contributed to the prevalence of early marriage among these girls.The economic and livelihood challenges faced by families were significant factors contributing to the phenomenon of child marriage. Many girls grew up in financially disadvantaged households, struggling with issues related to welfare and education. In their pursuit of improved economic conditions and to meet financial needs, some girls had resorted to marriage as a solution. Additionally, many child brides harbored idealized and romantic notions of marriage, believing that these dreams would materialize once they were married.Field studies on child marriage revealed that, contrary to the initial assumption that this issue predominantly affected impoverished families, it also occurred among those with average economic status and even among families with higher incomes. While structural poverty and economic challenges were critical factors underlying child marriage in Bandar Abbas, the issue could not be solely attributed to financial circumstances. This research posited that the mechanisms driving child marriage extended beyond economic factors, delving into the deeper cultural, religious, and gender stereotypes that shaped perceptions of gender and marriage. These underlying influences were rooted in cognitive and linguistic foundations that defined the meanings associated with sex and marriage.

Urban regeneration is a comprehensive and integrated approach, emphasizing the expansion of intergroup relationships through voluntary associations, clubs, unions, and typically local and non-governmental groups. This applied research aims to assess the desirability of social participation in the reconstruction of the historical neighborhood of Soro. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical methodology, this study is designed to evaluate the desirability of the social participation component in redeveloping the historical context of Soro from the perspective of local residents. The information was collected through library studies, employing a questionnaire and interviews. The sample size consists of 400 local residents, and for data analysis, SPSS software and the factor analysis method were employed. Through content analysis and a review of various sources and theoretical texts, indicators were extracted and classified into four groups: internal, relatively internal, external, and relatively external indicators. The results revealed that 44% of social indicators are most influenced by internal factors, followed by 28% for cultural indicators, 16% for physical indicators, and 12% for economic indicators, respectively.

The present study sought to phenomenologically review the life experience of women in polygamous families and describe their lived experiences. A descriptive phenomenology study was conducted, and the field of study consisted of polygamous families of Minab in Hormozgan Province, Iran. Purposeful sampling method and snowball method were used. Semi-structured interviews were performed with 33 women who had lived in such families for many years, and their narratives were analyzed using the Colaizzi analysis technique.Data analysis revealed five key concepts of ruined life, maladaptive emotional reactions, spiritual and mental disorders, second wife, the favorite, tranquility in life, and encounter with co-wife from strife to pity; there were also 17 secondary concepts and 105 primary concepts. The results manifested that today the phenomenon of polygamy is no longer an acceptable norm for women in the study field, in contrary to the perception that it was considered as a cultural and relativistic matter. today the phenomenon of polygamy is no longer an acceptable norm for women in the study field, in contrary to the perception that it was considered as a cultural and relativistic matter. This phenomenon is considered as painful for women with identical conditions, religion, and culture as it is perceived as painful for other women with different religions and conditions; this is a completely internal matter for all women.

Public health is important in all aspects of life, including personal, social, and professional. Nurses not in good physical and mental condition faced problems in managing their organization. This study aimed to investigate the general health status of nurses in Kerman hospitals. This study had a descriptive-analytical design. The statistical population included all hospital nurses in Kerman; 500 nurses were selected using proportional sampling. The instruments included the Goldberg General Health Scale (GHQ-28) and a demographic and background information questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, and one-way analysis of variance were used to analyze the data using SPSS-24 software.   The mean and standard deviation of nurses’ general health score was 1.25±0.71. Most nurses (77.6%) suffered from some degree of physical and mental problems and, consequently, did not have the necessary general health. Also, male nurses had higher general health than female nurses (P<0.001). However, there was no significant relationship between general health and other variables.  More than half of the nurses suffered from some degree of physical or mental problems and were not in good general health. Therefore, it is suggested that the relevant officials at the Ministry of Health and nurses at the studied hospitals prioritize specific programs and strategies.

Social health is one of the most important dimensions of well-being and improving the quality of life in all societies. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the different aspects of social health, and examine the relationship between social health and one of the most basic variables, namely the sense of security. The theoretical framework of this research was based on the theories of Keyes, Mead, Buzan, and Weaver. This research is of a survey type, done by collecting required data using a questionnaire among the employees of the executive bodies of the government and public sector under the social security organization of Bandar Abbas city. The sample size of this research was 346 people who were selected by simple random sampling method. Data analysis was done using SPSS software and using tests such as T, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression coefficients. According to the findings of the research, the level of social health and also the level of feeling of social security of the respondents were at an average level; whereas the income of the respondents has a direct and significant relationship with their social health. Also, a significant relationship between social health and the feeling of social security among the employees of the executive bodies of Bandar Abbas city was shown; this means that the higher the level of social health, the greater the feeling of social security in people.

The vitality, physical excitement, and activity in a city context occurs when the original inhabitants of that context, together with private investors, are interested in the presence, life and activity of the subject, and it is worth considering for themselves; therefore, any intervention In urban context, such as upgrading, rehabilitation, reconstruction and rehabilitation, it is effective when it comes to maximizing the participation of people living together with investors and, if this partnership is social, its impact will double, so to realize this, Factors influencing social participation must be recognized. This research will exploit the content and argumentative content analysis methods first and then the components that affect social participation in urban regeneration are extracted. Then, using the spss software and factor analysis, the components affecting The four categories will be divided into a range of factors (from internal factors to external factors), and, moreover, the types of factors will determine the way social participation in regenation be. The social factor has the highest frequencywith 32%, after that, the cultural factoris 26% and the physical factors had14% highest frequency.

Today, water scarcity and pollution have endangered the lives of millions of earth's inhabitants, especially in poor countries. According to statistics, 80% of the world's population have access to only 20% of safe and healthy water supplies. Water-borne illnesses are also the cause of many deaths in poor countries. Thus, with over-harvesting and contamination of water resources, the global water crisis will escalate and political and social tensions will increase in the global arena, especially in arid and semiarid countries (Maleki et al., 2014). Increasing demand for water has put pressure on water supply systems and this has created environmental problems such as overuse of water resources and disrupting the ecological balance (Rafizadeh, 2015). The country uses about 150 billion cubic meters of surface and ground water resources annually, which now accounts for more than 60 percent of water capacity for various uses. According to global indices of a country that consumes more than 40% of its water resources, it has entered a phase of water stress, so Iran has entered this phase, an event that will likely lead to serious crises if the current trend of consumption and non-implementation of compensatory policies continues (Sabet Raftar, 2002: 3).

The research method of this research was survey. The research tool was a questionnaire and 300 people were selected to determine the sample size based on Cochran formula. The sampling method was multi-stage cluster random sampling. Face and structural validities were used to determine the validity of the research questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha method was used to determine the validity and reliability of the research. SPSS software was used for data analysis. The data analysis was descriptive-analytical performed in two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics.

The results showed that the subjective participation of the respondents with an average of 3.80 indicated a high level of participation, with 63.7% of the respondents saying that they were mentally high and 2.7% were very low. The research data showed that the objective participation of women was moderate (mean 3.16). The frequency distribution of the respondents showed that 39.7% of the respondents stated that they were objectively average. The data showed that overall female participation was moderate (Mean= 3.21).The results of regression analysis showed that the research variables explain 22.2% of changes in the participation of rural women. The highest impact on the dependent variable was for the organizational support variable, followed by traditional values ​​and norms, and the income variable was the third most influential factor on women's participation.The results showed that the respondents were relatively mentally prepared to participate in water use management, but had a low level of objective and practical participation. On the other hand, some organizations such as Water and Wastewater, Agricultural Jihad, councils and other relevant bodies offer programs and measures to encourage women to increase the participation of rural women in water consumption management. It can be in the form of lectures, numerous meetings with women, distributing brochures and encouraging actions to manage water consumption.The findings also showed that traditional values ​​and norms are a major obstacle to women's active participation in water consumption management. Traditional norms and beliefs limit the role and presence of women in the society and women are not allowed to attend meetings, lectures, and conferences. Due to patriarchal culture, men are the main decision makers in many areas and women do not play much role in the decision-making process, and women are threatened and punished if they do not follow the norms and traditions. Therefore, one of the serious challenges of active women's participation is the power of rural beliefs and traditions that do not allow women to participate actively in decision-making in the field of water and face limitations, and this prevents them from actively participating.

Hope and optimism about the future are signs of dynamism and vitality in society and of social development, and can be linked to social capital. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between social capital and the students' hope for the future at universities in Bandar Abbas (IAU, PNU and Hormozgan) who were studding in these university during the academic year of 1395-1396(2016-2017). The research method in this study is descriptive-survey typea and data is collected using the questionnaire designed by the researcher. The statistical population consists of all the students undergraduate degree, Master's degree and Ph.D. (IAU, PNU, and Hormozgan) in Bandar Abbass City. From this population, 380 of them where selected and studied using Random Stratified Sampling. The results of the research showed that there is a meaningful relationship between the dimensions of social capital (social trust, social norms and social participation) with hope for the future.

The expansion and widespread use of social net works plays an important role in the daily lives of young people in particular. The study is to study the consequences of the use of social networks. This qualitative study, using the phenomenological approach with purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews was conducted. After analyzing the interviews, users' motivation categories were extracted to use social networks, negative consequences, as well as positive consequences of using social networks. Lack of cultural programs, attractive location and lack of recreational facilities are motivating reasons to use social networks. The possibility of easy social interaction as a positive consequence of social networks and the use of inappropriate language, differences between family members and consumerism of the consequences of social networks were negative. These findings can reflect the consequences of using social networks.

The main objective of this study is to examine the value differences across the generations. Theoretically, this study is based on the grounded theory and social interpretive theory. Methodologically, the present study employs the qualitative method. The research data have been collected through the in-depth interview technique with a sample belonging to two varying generations in rural and urban areas of Roudbar: 12 individuals of the old generation and 15 individuals of the young generation.
According to the research findings of this analysis, the two generations represent varying value orientations. This suggests that while the old generation represents predominantly a retrospective value orientation, the young generation’s orientation is substantially centered on welfare and material values. As a result, these two generations tend to behave differently despite sharing a similar context of behavior. The young generation is increasingly attracted by modern and material values which not only enlarge the generational gap but also can lead to a value disconnection across the generations.

In this study, the effect of domestic and satellite TV on social trust has been investigated. The research method is survey and a questionnaire was used to collect the required data. The statistical population of the study consisted of people aged 18 years and older who resided in Bandar Abbas during the research period. The sample size is 384 people using the Cochran formula and a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and spss statistical software. Findings of the research indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between the amount of domestic TV viewing and trust, but the amount of satellite television viewing with social trust has an inverse relationship. The average total social trust in women is higher than that of men, but the difference is not statistically significant. Among the dimensions of the variable of social trust, the relationship between age and the relationship between personal trust is positive and significant, but in other dimensions, there is no meaningful relationship between trust and age. Also, institutional and social trust has a negative and significant relationship with income. The results of studying the direct and indirect effects of independent variables on dependent variables show that the direct and indirect effects of independent variables are most affected by the order of watching television and domestic television.

High population pressure in coastal areas has led to loss in many mangrove areas. Although these areas are fish nursery grounds, but there are no accurate and up-to-date data available. In this research, the catch data in the Qeshm Island marine protected area (MPA) were investigated using 11 stake nets. Totally, 81 specimens belong to 60 genera and 63 families caught, which majority of them were discards. The commercial fish were young, andin almost all commercial fishes, the whole catches were smaller than LM50. Moreover, in case of butterfish, only 15.3% of the caught individuals were in the legal catch size. Hence, this catch composition would be a potential threat to fish stocks. The major numeric and weight based specimens were Dussumieria acuta (10.05%) and Arius maculatus (5.9%), respectively. In addition, the Clupeidae containing seven species was the most abundant family in the catch composition. Moreover, the majority of catches were occurred in the late winter to early spring and late summer to mid or late fall.

With passage of time in societies, some historical and ancient knowledge such as fortune telling and magic events have not completely disappeared, and despite the lack of acceptance by the official discourse of society, the fortune has been on the margin, and people refer to the magic according to their livelihoods. This research is aimed at identifying the reasons for the visit to the fortune teller. The field study has been Zahedan City; a city characterized by cultural complexities, linguistic, religious, and ethnic diversity. The participants in the present study were 12 people who were interviewed in semi-structured interviews, and then the data were analyzed using three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. Findings indicate that the conditions are grounds for referring to the crises of a person's life that a person seeks to resolve. The difficulties and frustrations of individuals create the causal conditions that the person inevitably comes from. Intervention conditions act as catalysts and barriers to visiting the field. The core category of the research is "conditional-passive belief." Thus, in the system of semantics of individuals, the fortune telling is conditional on the individual, the time, and the other, and is associated with a kind of passive.

Smuggling of petroleum products had many obvious and hidden issues that impact on the community. Fuel smuggling is undoubtedly harmful consequences on the society. Minab people experience the past few years the phenomenon of smuggling of fuel. It is necessary to adopt appropriate decision to control of this phenomenon. This study examines the social and economic consequences of fuel smuggling as a new phenomenon in Minab city by qualitative analysis. Data was collected using semi-structured interview techniques and data analysis use based on Grounded theory. Based on purposive sampling and theoretical saturation criterion, the interviewe was conducted with 18 informants involved in Smuggling of petroleum products. After analyzing the interviews, Categories business boom in the region, traffic insecurity, luxury and comfort seeking, income gaps, environmental hazards, destruction of institutional trust, undermining work culture, financial corruption, illegality and reduction social problems were extracted. These findings can provide a clear picture of the consequences of the phenomenon of smuggling of fuel.

Economic and social changes in the past decade attract many immigrants to Bandar Abbas city. But there is very little information about convergence, social cohesion and interaction between identity groups. This article reviews the state of convergence and social cohesion between identity groups in the city of Bandar Abbas. A qualitative study was conducted. Data for this study was drawn from twenty six in-depth and semi- structured interviews, using the purposive sampling. The results show that, despite the differences in behavior and attitudes between different identity groups, these differences have not created a major challenge to the social interactions of citizens. Social interaction and marriages between identity groups, and joint ventures, are signs of social cohesion and convergence of identity groups in the city of Bandar Abbas.

In a higher level of abstraction these categories; the core category is "waste browsering; the consequence of an inadequate social support". Today waste browsering, in order to find and collect recyclable goods to sell and earn money in the community has increased. Waste browsering is undoubtedly harmful consequences on the society. It is necessary to adopt appropriate decision to cotrol of this phenomenon as a social problem. This paper studied reasons and grounds of waste browsering in Zahedan city. For this purpose, the grounded theory is known as a process-centric strategy is used in qualitative research. The present study participants were 9 cases of waste browsers. Participants were selected according to theoretical sampling and semi-structured interviews conducted with them. The major categories include; Job shortages and the need to earn a living, Lack of state or organizational support, addiction, Lack of family support, Protection of human dignity, Lack of social ban.

Participation is considered one of the most important issues in the research on social capital, so that its importance has been widely emphasized by various political and social theorists. Formation of student organizations and students’ participation in them are affected by various individual and social variables. The present study aims to investigate the extent of trust and its relation to social participation of the students of Hormozgan University. The Statistical population consists of all Hormozgan University students in 2013-2014 academic year, 250 of whom were selected through stratified random sampling. The method of this research was survey which was done using a questionnaire. In order to assess the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, content validity and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used. In this study, Putnam’s theory on social trust was used as the theoretical framework. The collected data were put into SPSS software to be analyzed. The results of the study demonstrate a moderate participation of the students, which is positively and directly correlated with social trust. In addition, the results of multiple regression analysis show that 39 percent of the dependent variables can be explained and predicted by the independent variable. The main finding of the current research is that trust in university officials is the most influential factor affecting students’ social participation, whereas students’ trust in teachers is deemed to be the least important one.

Nowadays, due to the large number of the disabled in society and lack of sufficient resources to cover them through organizations and service institutions, it is necessary to do a thorough review of handling the disabled (e.g. services, treatment, and so on). Considering the inefficiency of the institution-based method of service delivery, the present study intends to explore a new method of providing rehabilitation services for the disabled, with a different view of what has been common in this regard so far (community-based rehabilitation services).

Upgrade country and national productivity made possible in the light of shadowing work and it can be achieved through the man's efforts, work demands, and progressive work culture. Advanced work culture can be appropriate for hard work, creativity, innovation, commitment and responsibility. Social consciousness and discipline among the people. This study seeks to improve understanding of various aspects of the work culture of academic experts through the constructionism approach and grounded theory. The target population of research is all the experts of Borujerd University. By using purposive and theoretical sampling, 40 people were selected. The research data is collected using semi structured interviews. Results show that eight categories of participation, recognition, reward system, job qualification, empowerment, acculturation, innovation and negotiation about the role are the solutions for increasing work culture. Then, aspects of the nuclear issue as a "DeconStruction Strategic work space" were drawn and discussed. Among which, acculturation and reward systems have the greatest impact.

Based on the Ronald Inglehart's theory of value transformation, the present paper intends to examine the condition of people's value orientation in order to investigate the relationship between social and economical indexes of human development and the type of value orientation. The data were obtained from 393 questionnaires completed by individuals aged between 18 and above in BandarAbbas through direct interview method. The analysis of the data revealed that 44.8% of respondents had material value orientation, 50% of them have both material and meta material value orientation while only 5.1 % of them have meta material value orientation. Thus, it may be concluded that people give higher priority to material values. Furthermore, the results show that younger individuals compared to older ones, and also individuals with higher education compared to those with lower education give more priority to meta material values. Therefore, considering the Scarcity hypothesis, which states that value priorities of a person is a reflection of his social and economical environment, it may be concluded that in the population investigated for this study, people prefer material values because their basic needs have not been fully satisfied. In addition, findings of the present study show that there is a meaningful relationship between variables such as education, parent's education, life expectancy, and the extent of the use of mass media and the type of value orientation that people have.

The tourism industry has become an important sector for both developed and developing countries, including Iran. This study attempts to identify the perceived impacts of tourism by residents in Bandar Abbas, located on the south of Iran. The impact of tourism was measured by the Ap and Crompton's model (1998) in which, four aspects are categorized for tourism impacts; economic, cultural, social and environmental.Based on a survey of 390 local residents, tourism impacts were assessed by a 33-item tourism impact scale. According to the mean measures, the most strong perceptions toward tourism effects are associated with economic (M=3.78), and the second one is cultural aspect (M=3.61). In fact, these two aspects are considered as positive effects of tourism. On the other hand, the mean score of negative impacts was higher on social (M=3.38) and environmental (M=3.33) aspects in terms of the perceived impacts of tourism. The study also revealed that men have more negative social perception and positive environmental perception compared to women. The findings also showed that there is no relationship between the marital status, job status and monthly income with tourism perception.