معصومه جواهری

Epidemics and deaths caused by influenza viruses are an important concern worldwide. The use of neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir is an effective and valuable way to treat the diseases caused by these viruses. However, the mutation in several parts of the gene leads to the emergence of drug-resistant strains, and an ever-increasing rise in drug-resistant strains is a global problem. Histidine-to-tyrosine mutation at position 275 (H275Y) of neuraminidase protein is one of the most common oseltamivir resistance mutations. This study aimed to detect H275Y mutation in influenza A (H1N1) virus circulating in the Hamadan province of Iran using real-time polymerase chain reaction  (RT-PCR).

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 110 swab samples isolated from patients with suspected influenza virus infection between 2015 and 2016. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from samples and the RT-PCR method was used to determine virus types and subtypes. The positive samples were evaluated for detection of H275Y mutation using RT-PCR.

Out of 110 patients in this study, 50 (45%) were females and 60 (55%) were males. The mean±SD age of participants was 40.74±2.42 years. Influenza A (H1N1) virus was found in 22 (20%) out of 110 patients, including 9/50 (18%) females and 13/60 (21.7%) males. There was no significant relationship between the virus and gender (P=0.81). No drug resistance related to H275Y mutation was observed in 22 positive cases.

The findings indicated that no drug resistance mutations have occurred, and oseltamivir is still an appropriate option to treat infections caused by the influenza virus in Hamadan province, Iran. However, due to the increasing number of resistant strains, an annual review of oseltamivir resistance is recommended and further studies are needed in this regard.

Water and foodborne diseases are major causes of mortality worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting an gastroenteritis outbreak in Hamadan county in summer of 2019.

This study was performed based on the outbreak investigation process. After producing hypotheses based on preliminary field studies, a case-control study was conducted on 45 cases and 45 controls to investigate the factors associated with the outbreak. New cases of the disease were included according to the case definition. A logistic regression model was used to investigate potential risk factors.

A total of 171 people were affected in this outbreak from 25 June 2019 to 01 July 2019. The at-risk population in this outbreak was 3410 individuals. The attack rate was 5.1%. Abdominal pain, vomiting, and nausea were the most common symptoms with a prevalence of 77.8%, 73.3% and 68.9%, respectively. The results of the case-control study showed that the consumption of tap and spring/well water increased the odds of disease by 4.63 and 4.13 times compared to boiled water, although these relationships were not statistically significant. The odds of diseases were significantly lower in people aged 30-45 years and 46-85 years compared people aged 15 years old and younger.

Based on the results of this study, the outbreak was related to contaminated water consumption. Therefore, regular monitoring of drinking water status is very important for the local health system.

Since human resources and employees are one of the most important assets of organization, identification of factors associated with these resources that can affect their performance and job stress is becoming increasingly important to study.The present study examined the relationship between job stress and the performance of different health units.
The present study is a cross-sectional study.All of the health care workers of urban and rural health centers in Hamadan city were included in this study.The study population included 150 people and all of them were examined.The questionnaires included the Stress Relief Elliot(1994)and an annual checklist provided by the Ministry of Health.The data analyzed in SPSS software with Pearson and independent –T test.
The mean of stress level and performance were55.16, 79.64 which respectively was 55.14, 78.21in family Health unit, 57.06 and 76.87 in Disease control unit and 54.03, 83.31in Occupational and Environmental Health unit respectively.The results showed that the significant and negative relationship between employees stress and performance of units (p=0.001).The results also showed that age had a significant positive correlation with service history and performance (p =0.001) and negative significant relation with stress (p =0.001).
Regarding the confirmation of relationship between stress level and staff performance that shown in this study, and the fact that human resources are the key factor in determining the quality, accessibility and cost of health care, it is recommended that managers take effective actions for reducing stress and increasing productivity planning.

In this research diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were deposited on AISI316L stainless steel by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method. In order to improve adhesion of the coating, plasma nitrocarbuizing method was performed on substrates before DLC deposition. Raman spectra of the coating showed that sp3 fraction of the film was 39%. Biological properties of the uncoated, plasma nitrocarburized and DLC coated samples were analyzed. MTT results showed that 316L stainless steel didn?t have appropriate biocompatibility and nitrocarburizing process and DLC deposition improved the biocompatibility of the samples due to preventing the release of toxic elements such as nickel. Cell viability of the uncoated, plasma nitrocarburized and DLC coated samples was about 29%, 40% and 71% respectively.

One of the most important health indicators is the death rates. In fact, death data by age and sex are the main inputs to measure the health status of the community and with other epidemiological information, they are stone of economic and social decision making. Aim of this study was to investigate the causes and the 5-year trend of mortality from 2007 to 2011.
This study is a cross-sectional study that was conducted on the death death of Ilam province by urban and rural areas from 2007 to 2011. Is done, the data collected by the costructed form.
Findings: The results of this study showed that The mortality rate respectively in urban and rural areas of Ilam province in 2007 years, 3.3 and 5.2 and about 4.6 and 3.6 per thousand was reported in 2011 years, The mortality rate of women during these years from 3.1 to 3.6 and from 4.8 to 4.9 in the men reached. The highest number of deaths in urban and rural areas in the age group 70 years and older. In all the years of study in cardiovascular disease is the largest cause of death.
The results of this study showed that respectively, in urban and rural areas, 43/9 percent and 36 percent in year 2011, 52/9 and 39/1 percent percent is caused by cardiovascular diseases. During the study period 86 to 90, trend of mortality due to: cardiovascular diseases increased, cancers decreased, accidents have decreased somewhat fluctuating but overall, somewhat lower suicide; reduce aging and other cases were almost constant. Given that the incidence of this disease is largely dependent on life style, It seems planning to improve lifestyles through education and laws and regulations on risk factors such as smoking, lack of exercise, diet, stress, and sonon provide basis for reducing these diseases.

The presence of dye in aqueous solution can cause carcinogenic and leave mutagenic effects on the hu-man health. This study aimed to eva-luate the performance of lime coagulant using polymer in the removal of dis-perse red 60 dye from synthetic waste-water.

This study was conducted in the batch system. The effects of the coagulant aid dosage, pH, dye concentration, coagulant dose, sett-ling time, velocity and time of slow mi-xing was studied. Jar test and UV/Vis spectrophotometric were used to coag-ulate and determine of concentration, respectively.

Results indicated that dye was removed for 90.61% in the prese-nce of preastol optimum concentration and removed for46.21% (0.08 g/l) in the absence of preastol optimum concen-tration, respectively. The optimum solu-teion pH range was extended using the coagulationaid and the velocity of the mixer in jar test had a substantial effect on the dye removal. Discussion &

Based on results, the use of the coagulant aid de-creased the coagulant dose and incre-ased (almost two times) the dye removal percentage in the same condition. Thus, coagulation process through coagulant-aid could be used as an effective meth-od to remove dye from textile waste-waters.

Diabetes is the most prevalent metabolic disorder. This disorder can affect on different organs of body، and as a result، it can affect the quantity and quality of life. Not having enough knowledge on their own health، one is not able to retain and promote his/her own health. The aim of this study is to determine health literacy among diabetes type 2 patients in Imam Khomeini Hospital، Saqez، Iran.

The study is a cross-sectional one in which diabetes type 2 patients were participated. Data collection were done by using TOFHLA، and demographic questionnaires. Data analyses was done by using independent t-test and analysis of variance.

Totally، 1563 diabetes type 2 patients participated in the study. Mean score of health literacy was 27. 19. A significant relation exist between health literacy with age، sex and education levels. (P<0. 05). The results of the study didn''t reveal any significant relation between health literacy and nephropathy and retinopathy.

It is concluded that the level of health literacy is very low، therefore it is crucial to promote health literacy of diabetes type 2 patients.

Family violence is an aggressive behavior happening among some couples. According to WHO reports، familial violence against women is a health priority and has many complications. This study investigated the physical، mental and sexual violence exposure among the married women in reproductive age in Zahedan، Iran. This cross sectional study carried out on 354 married women living in Zahedan city in 2009. The data was collected through interview and by using a valid and reliable questionnaire. At first، the subjects were categorized based on violence exposure level، and then the data were analyzed using descriptive statistic and chi square test. P-value<0. 05 was considered statistically significant. The results showed that the exposure prevalence with physical، mental and sexual violence was 5. 4%، 20. 9% and 9. 7%، respectively. The educational level of husband، number of children and age of marriage were related to all three types of violence (P<0. 04) and ethnicity، educational level and husband''s job were related to physical and mental violence (P<0. 05). Additionally، mental and sexual violence were associate with monthly income of family (P<0. 05). It seems that violence exposure among Zahedanian women is more than expected. That is probably due to low Socio-economic statues and illiteracy

QoL can be an important index for determining the social status and performance evaluation of presented services. The main goal of this article is to show the application of longitudinal latent regression model for evaluating the quality of life and assessing the effect of time and other covariates.

This was a longitudinal study under 71 blind veterans. Under study population includes all blind war veterans that their data collected from SF36 questionnaire with assist of Foundation of martyrs and veterans affair during 2007، 2009 and 2011. SAS/9. 1. 1 software was used to analyze the data set.

Mean age and blindness long range (±SD) devotees were 48. 97 (±10. 655) and 25. 74 (±3. 692)، respectively، also they have 2 average additional ulcers with their blindness. Age and length of blindness except than additional disability (0. 046) were not statistically significant and the QoL has not meaningful change during the study time. Also variance component of the model were statistically significant. Discussion and

Result of this article shown that approximately half of devotees had low QoL. Whereas there was no significant time effect but the QoL of blind war in second and third year were lower than first year.

Pandemic influenza has always been a common problem of human societies. Preparedness for dealing with massive economic and social crisis that simultaneously causes a worldwide involve-ment requires a readiness and on-time response. This study was conducted to evaluate the level of preparedness of schools and universities against pandemic influenza in Ilam (western Iran).

This cross sectional study was designed and developed by the researchers to determine the level of prep-aredness of schools and universities against pandemic influenza H1N1.In this study, plan documents for dealing with H1N1 flu were surveyed by using a modified version of CDC and WHO check lists.

The mean preparedness score of schools was based on the CDC and WHO checklists respectively, 78/9 (±11/9) and 73/4 (±9/6), and for the universities 67/42 (±13/9) and 49/44 (±16/1). In general, we found that the schools preparedness was “high“but preparedness of the universities was”low”. There was a significant statistical difference among the preparedness levels of the elementary, guidance, and high schools, (p=0 /04).

Despite the good level of schools, the universities prepared-ness level was "low" and the major problem was accounted for education and planning to deal with pandemic flu.

Influenza pandemic H1N1 is an acute respiratory infectious disease that is combination of two types of influenza virus type A (H1N1). This study aimed to identify risk factors affecting influenza pandemic H1N1. In this case-control study, the cases were 18 positive cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 and the controls were the patients who were admitted during the same time as the cases to sections of Orthopedics, Urology, Surgery and Women of the same hospital for reasons other than influenza. The data were collected through a form by two experienced nurses and then were fed into SPSS, and were analyzed using independent T-test and chi-square. A significant relationship was observed between pandemic H1N1 influenza infection and a history of domestic travel, contact with confirmed patients, respiratory diseases, and diabetes (P0.05). People with underlying diseases, especially respiratory diseases, diabetes, heart disease and a secondary infection and cardiovascular disease most likely are susceptible to influenza pandemic H1N1.

Community involvement is the most important strategy in development. In health program planning, community assessment is a process in which society members get a thorough understanding of all matters, problems, resources, weaknesses, strengths, needs, and surveillance related to health by collecting, analyzing, and publishing relevant data and information. This study was conducted to identify and prioritize problems of the Chahestani region, a poor region in Bandar-Abbas city, Iran, with active participation of the people.

The study was based on a model designed in North Carolina, US. In this model, the assessment process is performed in eight steps. In the first seven steps problems are identified and prioritized, and in step 8 a plan of action is developed to deal with the problem selected.

A total of 60 problems were identified, of which the following were considered to be top priorities: lack of responsibility of the authorities, insecurity, unemployment, poverty, sewerage disposal, insufficient water, insufficient electricity, unpaved roads, lack of green space, and dirty streets and passages.

Most of the problems identified were non-health problems, including social, cultural, and economic issues.