فهرست مطالب معصومه سادات حسینی

Cryptocurrencies is a class of digital asset that is controlled using cryptographic algorithms and often works in a decentralized manner. Some experts believe that cryptocurrencies could be the future currency or international money. Therefore, cryptocurrencies and related technology might disrupt many things, including finance and law. Fiat currencies derive their authority from the government or monetary authorities. For example, the Federal Reserve back-stops each dollar bill. However, Cryptocurrencies are not backed by any public or private entities. Therefore, it has been difficult to make a case for their legal status in different financial jurisdictions throughout the world. In order to determine the positions, capacities, and challenges of cryptocurrencies in international monetary and financial law, it is necessary to first analyze the status of cryptocurrencies as money and then examine the position of cryptocurrencies in the International Monetary Fund as well as some other international financial organizations. Monetary and financial organizations have had different positions towards cryptocurrencies. The International Monetary Fund has done little more than encouraging the use of government cryptocurrencies. The position of international financial institutions has also been different in this regard: from the pessimistic approach of the Bank of International Settlements and the European Central Bank to the organizing approach of the Financial Action Task Force, as well as the passive approach of the World Bank Group. It seems that in order to use the benefits of cryptocurrencies (such as blockchain technology in international transactions) and avoid the problems caused by them (such as currency instability and financial crimes), it is necessary to complete and strengthen the international monetary and financial law system in this regard.

Myth-making from different political, social and cultural events flows in today's world and contemporary societies. Modern human, like his ancestors, have the power of myth-making and he uses this power when he encounters with a situation which is beyond his perception and his potency. It seems that one of the methods to achieve to this goal is creating superheroes whose abilities are suitable with man's needs and desires and his altitude to existence and world. In fact, making these myths is a reaction to fears and inabilities of modern human encountering with the world around him. Today's man has desires and dreams which cannot fulfilment them, so he actualize them in the form of heroes and local athletes. Due to the new world's technologies and developments to illustrate impossibilities, now superheroes can exist on screen. But how they represent myths on cinema screen? This survey studies on the way of representing contemporary myths and analyzing the elements of superheroes. Heroes and superheroes in comic books and in cinema are characters in "contemporary myths" because they have many things in common with myths in their classical meaning. This study relies on Umberto Eco's opinion about superheroes. The way of narration and its dominant components based on character (double identity), repetitive plot, conspiracy, paradox, and time and place has been studied. This research is based on this hypothesis that contemporary myths have components which is traceable in newfound superheroes of cinema and shows that dominant components of these superheroes; narration, time, place and characters show that according to eyewitness and sample surveys, narrative components of contemporary myths can be seen in the form of placeless and timelessness, repetitive plot, conspiracy, paradox and character's double identity.

Cyanoprokaryotes are simple photosynthetic microorganisms which have an important role in the soil carbon and nitrogen cycle. The current study aimed to investigate the flora of cyanoprokaryotes from medicinal plants bed. Also phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA marker was performed to investigate the phylogenetic relationships between different cyanoprokaryotic taxa and evaluate the efficiency of this marker in separation of taxonomic boundaries between taxa especially in the case of complex taxa, which their relations are not well-defined. For this purpose, after collection of soil, isolation and purification of strains were performed. The cyanoprokaryotic taxa were identified morphologically and 16S rRNA marker was used to approve the identifications. Phylogenetic analysis performed using Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference. Totally, 42 cyanoprokaryotic taxa were identified and Nostoc was an abundant genus in the soil of medicinal plants bed. The phylogenetic tree revealed Nostocales as a monophyletic group. Also, Wollea together with Anabaena, and Nostoc together with Desmonostoc created monophyletic groups. Results revealed that, 16S rRNA is an effective phylogenetic marker in high classification rankings such as order, family and genus. However, 16S rRNA could not be an effective marker in separation of close genera such asNostoc and Desmonostoc.

Including the Persian art that the communication function inseparable, with a Persian inscription culture, is calligraphy. Inscriptions and calligraphy , the arts, and especially the ways that to arrangement of pottery, in islamic periods, was applied. The Seljuk period, provided context to the art industry artists could with Inscriptions to advance their art. Art pottery, the art in this period, reached its zenith. Mina›i pottery(A type of pottery belonging to the Seljuk period) is one of the species of is due to the enormous costs of making it, in terms of social status, class and the wealthy privileged of the period and paintings, miniatures, compared with the manuscript the same period. One of the most used in the decoration of pottery, inscriptions with the black line on the edge of the designs. Now this question can be asked: Is inscriptions on pottery, dishes ownership can be attributed to a particular class in society Seljuk? Pottery study and application of inscriptions on them, the evidence on the widespread use of this Pottery, in the other classes Seljuk periods. In this type of pottery, paintings special importance and that this points, the balance among the manuscripts of the few that has been ascribed to the sixth and seventh century AD. This research has been conducted on field and collection library resources. The present study is considering study and reading inscriptions on Mina›i pottery in(Bonyad Museums Institute) Dafineh museum, the themes used in the inscription to say in relation to the cultural, social and political period.

Over the years, a variety of patterns and designs have been created on pottery thanks to the potter’s interest and talents. Being regarded as the main element of pottery decoration, the designs represent the concepts such as creeds, beliefs, thoughts, tendencies and ambitions. Paying attention to wisdom and knowledge as well as allusion to cultures, traditions and national myths are the main issues referred to in poems and proses and other artistic works of this country. In the 6th and 7th centuries AH, Kashan experienced boom and revitalization in pottery art. This could not have been achieved without attention of the ruler and authorities towards the art and artists. In this process, the Iranian potters took advantage of motifs and artistic decorations of pre-Islamic era in order to design pottery. Some of these designs are deemed to be as great masterpieces of painting in Islamic era.
The purpose of the present study is to introduce the features of Mina’i pottery of Kashan illustrating the concepts of Lyrical literature. Taking “Bijan and Manijeh” and “Bahram and Azadeh” stories into account, the most outstanding designs of lyrical literature on these pieces of pottery have been reviewed. The study was carried out using a descriptive-analytic method and the data were obtained through desk research. The results of the study indicate that Mina’i pottery technique have had greater contribution in portraying the lyrical poems compared with other techniques. Moreover, the Kashani potters have made an outstanding contribution in creating culture and artistic works appropriate for their current society. Indeed, it can be argued that these concepts and artistic and literal motifs of the aforementioned era have had Sasanian archetypes, with this difference, that these concepts are exaggeratedly represented in artistic works of the Islamic era.

Civil politics has been always a serious issue for the philosophers issue and they have had a serious consideration to this thought following the prophets step by step. It should be noted that it has been considered by the prophets both in practice and theory and by philosophers just in theory. Among Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle have dedicated many of his works to the political thought. Al-Farabi has gained the title of “the philosopher of politic” in Islamic philosophy, too. It seems that Avicenna has dedicated a part of his treatise to the civil politics. And other philosophers, after al-Farabi and Ibn Sina, such as Mulla Sadra have added nothing new to it. In other words, philosophers such as Mulla Sadra have attempted just to develop the synopsis discussions of al-Farabi and Ibn Sina.